State and explain Kirchhoff’s current law in electric circuit. State their sign conventions. Kirchhoff’s first law (Current law or junction law): Statement: The algebraic sum of the currents at a junction is zero in an electrical network.——— ie, YI, =0 where Ij is the current in the i” conductor at a junction having n conductors. Sign convention: a. The currents arriving at the junction are considered positive. b. The currents leaving the junction are considered negative. iii, | Explanation: a. Consider a junction P in a circuit where six conductors meet as shown in the figure. Is I \ [L- Ls Za took Ig iy, b. Arriving currents I), 13 and I, are considered positive and leaving currents Ip, Is and Ig are considered negative. c. Applying the sign convention at junction P, l-h+h+l—-Is-I6=0 I+h+l=h ts + Is d. Thus the total current flowing towards the junction is equal to the total current flowing away from the junction.Q.5. Ans: State and explain Kirchhoff’s voltage law in electric circuit. State their sign conventions. Kirchhoff’s second law (Voltage law or loop theorem): Statement: The algebraic sum of the potential differences (products of current and resistance) and the electromotive forces (emfs) in a closed loop is zero. ie., dR +E =0 Sign convention: a. While tracing a loop through a resistor, if the tracing is along the direction of conventional current, the potential difference across that resistance is considered negative. If the loop is traced against the direction of the conventional current, the potential difference across that resistor is considered positive. The emf of an electrical source is positive while tracing the loop within the source from the negative terminal of the source to its positive terminal. It is taken as negative while tracing within the source from positive terminal to the negative terminal.*Q.22. Obtain the balancing condition in case of a Ans: i. Wheatstone’s network. Construction: Four resistances P, Q, R and S are connected to form a quadrilateral ABCD as shown in the figure. A battery of emf E along with a key is connected between the points A and C such that point A is at higher potential with respect to the point C.iii. ii. iii. iv. A galvanometer of internal resistance G is connected between points B and D. Working: When the key is closed, current I flow through the circuit. It divides into I, and I; at point A. I, is the current through P and I, is the current through S. I=],+k The current I, gets divided ‘at point B. Let I, be the current flowing through the galvanometer. The currents flowing through Q and R are (I; — I,) and (1; + I,) respectively. Consider the loop ABDA, applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law in the clockwise sense shown in the loop. -I,P-1,G+1LS=0 +) Now consider loop BCDB, applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law in the clockwise sense as shown in the loop, ~()-1)Q+(b+1,)R+1,G=0 ....2)vi. The bridge is said to be balanced, when the current passing through the galvanometer is zero. i.e., I, = 0. This condition can be obtained by adjusting the values of P, Q, R and S. Substituting I, = 0 in equation (1), I,P a LS =0 1,P=18S .+ (3) Substituting I, = 0 in equation (2), = 1,Q + LR =0 1,Q=LR .. (4) Dividing equation (3) by equation (4), PS QR This is the balancing condition for Wheatstone bridge.*Q.23. Explain with neat circuit diagram, how you Ans: i. ii. iii. iv. will determine the unknown resistance by using a metrebridge. Construction: Metrebridge consists of a one metre long wire of uniform cross section, stretched on a metre scale which is fixed on a wooden table. The ends of the wire are fixed below two L shaped metallic strips. A single metallic strip Separates the two L shaped strips leaving two gaps, left gap and right gap. Usually, an unknown resistance X is connected in the left gap and a resistance box is connected in the other gap. One terminal of a galvanometer is connected to the point C on the central strip, while the other terminal of the galvanometer carries the jockey (J). Temporary contact with the wire AB can be established with the help of the jockey. A cell of emf E along with a key and a rheostat are connected between the points A and B. Resistance box @> , AR! LG. RG. os k J hr D_ Metre scale iii iMii. iii. Working: A suitable resistance R is selected from resistance box. The jockey is brought in contact with AB at various points on the wire AB and the balance point (null point), D is obtained. The galvanometer shows no deflection when the jockey is at the balance point (point D). Let the respective lengths of the wire between A and D, and that between D and C be J, and J . Then using the balancing conditions, X _ Rw Al) R_ Ry where Rap and Rpp are resistance of the parts AD and DB of the wire respectively. If 7 is length of the wire, p is its specific resistance, and A is its area of cross section then I. Rap = © (2) pl, Rpg = — ood pp (3) From equations (1), (2) and (3), pl, /A ply /A X_Rw _ R Ry= R X=2R am |e~ a |~ Thus, knowing R, /, and Jp, the value of the unknown resistance can be determined.Q.74. Explain with the help of formulae how a moving coil galvanometer is converted into an ammeter in detail. Ans: i. To use a M.C.G as an ammeter, a shunt (low resistance) is connected in parallel to the coil of M.C.G. ii. In the arrangement as shown in the figure, I and I, are the current through the circuit and galvanometer respectively. Therefore, the current through shunt S_ is, 1,=(1-1,)S AWWW L___] Since S and G are parallel, potential difference across them is same. Gl,= SIs (1) Equation (1) is useful to calculate the range of current that the galvanometer can measure. If the current I is n times current Ij, then I =n Ig. Using this in equation (1), GI, s-(5 This is the required shunt to increase the range n times. If I, is the current through the shunt resistance, then the remaining current (I — 1) will flow through galvanometer. Gd-1)=sl, Gl-GI, = SI, Sl +Gl,= Gl (5) This equation gives the fraction of the total Current through the shunt resistance.Q.78. Explain with the help of formulae how Ans: ii. iii. moving coil galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter in detail. To use a M.C.G as a-voltmeter, a high resistance is connected in series with the M.C.G. A very high resistance X is connected in series with the galvanometer for this purpose as shown in figure. I, _ | If*his the voltage to be measured, then V=1,X+]G ° 1,X=V-I,G Vv X=—-G (1) I & where I, is the current flowing through the galvanometer. If voltage V is ny times voltage V, (voltage across galvanometer) then, V =n, Vg=ny (1,G) Using this in equation (1), X=G(n,- 1).*Q.50. Distinguish between a potentiometer and a voltmeter. Ans: | (No. | Potentiometer 1. “Its _ infinite. _ It does not draw any ‘current from the source _eamef. _ | iii. | The potential | difference measured | by it is equal to actual otential difference | (p.d.)._ v. iit measures e.m.f as ___ well as p.d. vi. It is used to measure reading. a ae __It is not portable. _ resistance is of known The _It has low sensitivity. It cannot be used to | | internal resistance of a | resistance ofacell. _ E It is s portable. Voltmeter Its resistance is high but finite. | It draws some current from the source of e.m.f. potential difference measured by it is less than the actual potential difference (p.d.). I It measures only p.d. measure the internal | Hels is less Becurats x. Tit is used to measure | It is used to measure | lower as lower voltage values | well as