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2nd year - Global Studies

EXAMEN PREVIO

A- Listening comprehension
Listen to the beginning of a radio interview with a girl who created an app. For each question,
choose the correct answer. (12 points)

1- When did Holly’s interest in recycling begin?

a- when she watched a documentary

b- when she attended a talk

c- when she read an article

2- People have told Holly they like the app because

a- they think it’s fun to play.

b- it’s easy for them to use.

c- it makes them feel good.

3- Holly thinks the most difficult thing about making the app was

a- advertising it to customers.

b- attracting someone to create it.

c- thinking of an idea for it.

4- Holly’s main goal is to

a- make sure all plastic is recycled.

b- change the way people think.

c- reduce the use of plastic.

5- What does Holly do in her spare time?

a- She creates art.

b- She takes photographs.

c- She writes a blog for her website.

6- What are Holly’s plans for the future?

a- to be employed by an environmental company

b- to start a computer company

c- to teach at a university
B- Reading Comprehension
Read the article about navigation and then do the following activities. (14 points)

IT IS MID-AFTERNOON ON THE ISLAND OF BORA BORA in French Polynesia, and it feels like a carnival.

The air smells of barbecue, and thousands of cheering spectators crowd the shore to see the end of the

Hawaiki Nui Va'a, a challenging 130-kilometer (80-mile) Polynesian canoe race that virtually stops the nation.

"This is our heritage," says Manutea Owen, a former canoe champion and a revered hero on his home island

of Huahine. "Our people came from over the sea by canoe. Sometimes when l am out there competing, I try

to imagine what they must have endured and the adventures they had crossing those huge distances."

PIONEERS OF THE PACIFIC

Manutea Owen's ancestors colonized nearly every island in the South Pacific Ocean in what was perhaps

the most remarkable feat of human navigation before humans went to the moon. Only recently have scientists

begun to understand where these amazing voyagers came from, and how, with simple canoes and no

navigation equipment, they could manage to find and colonize hundreds of distant islands scattered across

an ocean that covers nearly a third of the globe. This expansion into the Pacific was accomplished by two

extraordinary civilizations: the Lapita and the Polynesians.

From about 1300 to 800 B.C., the Lapita people colonized islands that stretch over millions of square

kilometers, including the Solomon Islands, the Santa Cruz Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, New Caledonia, and Samoa.

Then, for unknown reasons, they stopped. There was an interval of around 1000 years before the civilization

of the Polynesians, descendants of the Lapita, launched a new period of exploration. Then they outdid the

Lapita with unbelievable feats of navigation. expanding the boundaries of their oceanic world until it was

many times the size of that explored by their ancestors. Their colonies included the Cook Islands, French

Polynesia, Easter Island, and Hawaii, eventually reaching South America around 1000 A.D.
HOW DID THEY DO IT?

There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers: How did the Lapita

and early Polynesian pioneers accomplish, many times over, a feat that is analogous to a moon landing?

Very little evidence remains to help scientists understand their remarkable sailing skills. Unfortunately, no

one has found an intact Lapita or early Polynesian canoe that might reveal how they were sailed. Nor do the

oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights as to how they were able to navigate areas

of open ocean hundreds or even thousands of kilometers wide without becoming Iost. "All we can say for

certain is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable of ocean voyages. and they had the ability to sail

them," says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland, in New Zealand.

Nonetheless, with little evidence, scientists have been able to develop some theories about the secrets of

these explorers' success.

Sailors have always relied upon the so-called trade winds, winds that blow steadily and in predictable

directions over the ocean's surface. Geoff Irwin notes that the Lapita's expansion into the Pacific was

eastward, against steady trade winds. Sailing against the wind, he argues, may have been the key to their

success. "They could sail out for days into the unknown…, secure in the knowledge that if they didn't find

anything, they could turn around and catch a swift ride home on the trade winds." For returning explorers,

successful or not, the geography of their own archipelagos provided a safety net, ensuring that sailors

wouldn't sail past and be Iost again in the open ocean. Vanuatu, for example, is a chain of islands 800

kilometers (500 miles) long with many islands within sight of each other. Once sailors hit that string of islands,

they could find their way home.

Irwin hypothesizes that once out in the open ocean, the explorers would detect a variety of clues to follow to

land: seabirds and turtles that need islands on which to build their nests, coconuts and twigs carried out to

sea, and the clouds that tend to form over some islands in the afternoon. It is also conceivable that Lapita

sailors followed the smoke from distant volcanoes to new islands.

HELPED BY “EL NIÑO”?

These theories rely on one unproven point—that the Lapita and early Polynesians had mastered the skill of

sailing against the wind using a sailing technique called "tacking." Rather than give all the credit to their

bravery and ability to tack, Athol Anderson of the Australian National University believes that they may also

have been lucky—helped by a weather phenomenon known as El Niño.

El Niño occurs in the Pacific Ocean when the surface water temperature is unusually high. It disrupts world

weather in a variety of ways, but one of its effects is to cause trade winds in the South Pacific to weaken or

to reverse direction and blow to the east. Scientists believe that El Niño phenomena were unusually frequent

around the time of the Lapita expansion, and again between 1200 and 1600 years ago, when the early

Polynesians began their even more distant voyages. Anderson believes that the Lapita may have been able

to take advantage of trade winds blowing east instead of west, and thereby voyage far to the east without

any knowledge of tacking techniques.

The success of the Lapita and their descendants may have been due to their own sailing skill, to reverse

trade winds, to a mixture of both, or even to facts still unknown. But it is certain that by the time Europeans

came to the Pacific, nearly every piece of land, hundreds of islands and atolls in all, had already been

discovered by the Lapita and Polynesians. Exactly why these ancient peoples set out on such giant

migrations remains a mystery. However, as Professor Irwin puts it, "Whatever you believe, the really

fascinating part of this story isn't the methods they used, but their motives. The Lapita, for example, didn't

need to pick up and go; there was nothing forcing them, no overcrowded homeland. They went because they

wanted to go and see what was over the horizon.”

1. Another title for this reading could be

a. How Ancient Peoples Explored the Pacific

b. How El Niño Helped the Lapita

c. The Race Between the Lapita and the Polynesians

d. The Myth That the Lapita Explored the Pacific

2. The phrase “these amazing voyagers” in paragraph 3 refers to

a. men who went to the moon

b. the Lapita and early Polynesians

c. today's Polynesians

d. Manutea Owen and the people of Bora Bora

3. Which of the following statements is a fact, not a theory?

a. The Lapita followed smoke from volcanoes to find new islands.

b. Lapita sailors knew how to sail against the wind.

c. The Lapita stopped exploring when the weather Changed.

d. No one has found an intact Lapita canoe.

4. How might EI Niño have assisted early Pacific sailors?

a. by making the water temperature more comfortable

b. by reversing the direction of the trade winds

c. by making tacking easier

d. by providing more wood to build canoes

5. What is true for both the Lapita and the early Polynesians?

a. They reached South America.

b. They may have been helped by El Niño.

c. They colonized New Caledonia and Samoa.

d. Their navigational techniques are well understood.

6. What does Irvin mean by “they wanted to go and see what was over the horizon” in paragraph 10?

a. They were motivated by a curiosity about new places.

b. They hoped for greater security in faraway places.

c. They desired better living conditions on other islands.

d. They needed to find food and fresh water overseas.

7. What would be a good heading for the final paragraph?

a. A Mystery Solved

b. Descendants of the Lapita

c. But Why Did They Go?

d. An Uncertain Future
C- Vocabulary
1- Complete each space with a suitable word. Not all words will be used. (12 points)

collapse insight attempting carrying out subtle

examine challenge scientific effective diameter
investigation vast determining moist prove

Our universe is a place of awe-inspiring wonder and perplexing mysteries. From the formation of galaxies

to the intricacies of life on Earth, countless questions beg for answers. This is where science, with its

rigorous methods of investigation, steps in.

Scientific inquiry is a structured process aimed at acquiring knowledge and (1) ________________ the

truth about the natural world. Scientists (2) ________________ phenomena through observation,

experimentation, and data analysis. By (3) ________________ controlled experiments and meticulously

recording results, they can (4) ________________ or refute hypotheses and gain (5) ________________

into the underlying mechanisms at play.

However, the scientific process is not always linear or straightforward. Nature is often complex, and (6)

________________ aspects can have a (7) ________________ impact on outcomes. Scientists may need

to repeat experiments numerous times, accounting for potential errors and refining their methods to achieve

(8) ________________ results.

Throughout history, countless scientific breakthroughs have been achieved through painstaking (9)

________________. For instance, meticulous observations of the night sky by early astronomers led to the

development of our understanding of the solar system and the vastness of the universe.

The process of (10) ________________ discovery is not without its challenges. (11) ________________ to

replicate experiments and prove results can be a rigorous endeavor. Additionally, scientific inquiry often

requires a healthy dose of skepticism and the ability to (12) ________________ existing paradigms.
D- Grammar
1- Rewrite the second sentence using the word given so that the meaning stays the same. Use
between two and five words. (15 points)

a- Paul visited me during my online yoga lessons. WAS

Paul visited me ___________________________________ taking my yoga lessons.

b- I’ve been playing sports for 10 years. PLAYING

I ___________________________________ ago.

c- The movie started before we arrived. ALREADY

When we arrived, the __________________________________.

d- They have never visited a smaller town. IS

It ___________________________________ they had ever visited.

e- I am not as bad at tennis as you. THAN

You ___________________________________ me.

f- I’ve never eaten a hamburger that was tastier than this one. THE
This is ___________________________________ ever eaten.

g- It’s a long time since our last conversation. SPOKEN

We ___________________________________ long time.

h- I haven’t cut my nails for 10 days. CUT

The last time __________________________________ 10 days ago.

i- Maria is 5 feet tall, and Lourdes is 6 feet tall. NOT

Maria ___________________________________ Lourdes.

j- She put the kids to bed and then watched a movie. HAD
As soon as ___________________________________ to bed, she watched a movie.

k- I thought my marks would be very poor. WERE

My marks ___________________________________ I had thought.

l- Thanks, but I had something to eat earlier. ALREADY

Thanks, but I ___________________________________ eat.
 m- Tom ordered the cheapest dish on the menu. EXPENSIVE
Tom ordered ___________________________________ on the menu.

n- If we sleep more, we will feel better. MORE

The ___________________________________ the better we will feel.

o- The lottery winner was announced at lunch time. WERE

We ___________________________________ the lottery winner was announced.

E- CONTENT
Complete the sentences with ONE WORD in each gap. (12 points)

UNIT 8 - BUILDING WONDERS

1- Ponte Vecchio is a very famous _________________ in Florence, where people can buy

_________________ and souvenirs.

2- What is special about the _________________ of Santa Maria del Fiore is that no one knows exactly

how it was built. It didn’t have a _________________ support system and its base had no true centre.

3- Chichén Itzá is a major city of the _________________ Empire. It is made of stepped

_________________, temples, and other stone structures.

UNIT 2 - SCIENCE & INVESTIGATION

4- In 2001, two men __________________ an old woman in her home in Tasmania and managed to

escape. When investigating the crime scene, detectives found a __________________ filled with blood.

5- When investigating the crime scene of a __________________ in Phoenix, police found a

__________________, which led them to a suspect. A geneticist was able to prove that the man had been

at the crime scene, through __________________ DNA analysis.

6- CT imaging technology has helped scientists piece together more clues about the life and death of the

__________________. The study revealed an __________________ buried in his shoulder, indicating that

he was shot from __________________.

UNIT 3 - CITY SOLUTIONS

7- Richard Wurman set out on a five-year study called ____________________ to collect information about

urbanisation, focusing on ____________________.

8- A great example of how to manage rapid urbanisation is __________________, the capital city of

__________________ Korea. It went from being one of the __________________ countries in the world to

being __________________ than many countries in Europe.

UNIT 4 - DANGER ZONES

9- Scientists have long suspected that animals might have a ____________________ sense which alerts

them when natural ____________________ are about to strike.

10- No supervolcano has erupted in recorded human history. Scientists theorise that Yellowstone’s magma

____________________ expands periodically from a plume of hot rock moving up from deep inside the

Earth, which makes it a caldera at ____________________.

F- Writing
Choose one of the following rubrics and write a well-structured process essay. (20 points)

1- What to do if there is an extreme cold in Tucuman

2- How to prepare the perfect trip for summer holidays.

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Good luck!