Speaking outline

Chapter 4
Comment on the statement: “A man too busy to take care of his health is like a
mechanic too busy to take care of his tools. "

Intro:
- Health - most important element of life
- Maintain good health - essential to ensure happiness and keep working
>< However, many people - burn their energy with their busy schedules
=> Fail to take care of themselves
=> A very detrimental practice
=> There is a saying: “A man too busy to take care of his health is like a mechanic
too busy to take care of his tools. "
- Purpose of speech: analyze this saying and demonstrate why it is accurate

Body:
- Explanation:
+ A man too busy to take care of his health -> unable to maintain his
performance and productivity to work more
=> Analogous to a mechanic that does not care for his tools - incapable of
keeping the quality and performance of what helps him to get his job done
- Demonstration:
+ When a person cannot stay healthy - loses energy and motivation to work
effectively -> Productivity and quality of work declines
+ The person will experience excessive stress -> harmful to their life and work -
> reaping their happiness
- Provide relevant evidence and examples

Conclusion:
- Recap: Health - imperative to work and life => It is vital to maintain good health
=> The aforementioned quote is highly true
- People should bear in mind the saying & take some time to take care of
themselves => Improve their working life

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Connecting to the Topic
1 What do people do during leisure time to keep their hearts healthy? List as
many activities as you can.

People who have enthusiasm for maintaining a healthy heart indulge in myriads of
activities:
- Taking regular exercise: Various physical activities - From doing exercises at
home, doing aerobics to sports, workouts and gymnastics
- Picking up hobbies that involve physical movement and exertion: Any activity
that requires the person to move and work a lot (e.g gardening, jogging, hiking,
camping,…)

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2 Which of these activities do you do regularly? Once in a while?

I participate in a wide range of activities on a regular basis:

- Studying and practicing -> Acquire and enhance personal knowledge and skills
- Doing exercises - maintaining high level of fitness while relieving myself of
stress
- Socializing - Hanging out with friends and joining group activities
- Surfing the Internet - Scrolling through various stuff on the virtual space
- Reading books and novels - indulging myself in the thrilling world of literature &
attain fascinating knowledge

When it comes to more sporadic activities, I do a spectrum of things:

- Taking part in social events/ festivals organized at school or other places
- Going for a brief walk around the neighborhood on a cool and sunny day,
sometimes also listening to music while walking

Note: You can modify the answer and choose your own preferred activities based
on your liking.
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3 Are there "downsides," or negative aspects, to any of these activities? What
might they be?
There can be some existent downsides of surfing the Internet that lies in the
amount of time spent doing it and the content one gets exposed to:
- Excessive amount of screen time can do detriment to a person’s health - causes
eyesight problems and headaches, as well as diminished attention span
- Loss of concentration - unable to focus on primary tasks and necessary works
- Exposure to negative or harmful content - spoils the mind and mentality of people

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Building Background Knowledge
Did You Know? (The fact)
- An elephant's heart beats about 25 times per minute.
- The heart rate of a canary is about 1,000 beats per minute.
- Most people's hearts beat about 75 times a minute. However, this rate can go to
over 175 beats a minute for a short time when the body is working hard.
- A clam's heart rate varies from two to 20 beats per minute.
What Do You Think? with a partner, do the following:
1. Discuss all of the things that you think make your heart beat faster.
There can be various reasons for your heart beating faster, some more harmful
than the others:
- The human heart normally beats faster during exercising, which is a natural
reaction with health benefits so long as it’s not excessive
- Consuming caffeine can also elevate heartbeat, usually within safe levels, but
drinking too much coffee can cause several dangers for the heart
- A person can experience heart palpitations when having high levels of stress
and anxiety, leading to some negative effects if prolonged

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2. Think about a time when your heart was really pounding. Take turns telling
about this experience.
- Where were you?
- Who else was there?
- Why was your heart pounding? What happened?
There was a specific experience when I had my heart pounding ferociously due to
intense intimidation and thrill.
- I was on a hill top with my family during a holiday - we took the activity of
climbing there with powered carts and then going down with the same vehicles - It
was returning to the foot of the hill that got my heartbeat to the climax - I was
accompanied by my family and two cousins - There were two people on each cart,
with me being with one of my cousins.
- My heart was pounding to the extreme because of the immense speed at which
the carts were travelling, and the strong winds that were hitting my face.
- We got back to the ground station safely, and it was a fascinating experience.

Note: You can modify the answer and choose your own preferred experience based
on your liking.

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3. Discuss what you think a clam would be doing to get its heart rate to increase to
20 beats a minute (10 times the resting rate of two beats a minute).

Clams don't have a very high heart rate to begin with. Under normal circumstances,
a clam's heart rate will be quite low, perhaps in the range of 4-8 beats per minute.

To increase its heart rate to 20 beats per minute, a clam might:

- Experience a surge in adrenaline: could be caused by a predator nearby, a change
in water conditions, or even just being handled by a human.
- Increased activity level: If a clam were to suddenly start digging or moving its
shell, its heart rate would increase to provide more oxygen to its muscles.
- Experience a change in water temperature: Clams are cold-blooded, so their body
temperature is affected by the temperature of the water around them. If the water
temperature were to suddenly increase, the clam's metabolism would speed up, and
this would cause its heart rate to increase as well.
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Chapter 5
Comment on the statements: Space isn't remote at all. It's only an hour's drive
away if your car could go straight upwards.
This is a questionable statement and also ambiguous.
- NASA and the US military define any height above 80km from the surface as
space, but the most widely accepted height is 100km.
=> If your car could go upwards, it’s similar to a 100km drive, which would take 2
hours if you travelled at 50 km per hour. => If it’s not 100 km per hour or faster, a
car cannot go to space within an hour if it could go straight upwards.
- Space is remote if we also use other comparisons:
+ The troposphere, which is the layer of the atmosphere that we’re living in
right now, is only 12km high.
+ The stratosphere extends from the troposphere to 50-55km above the
surface, and most aircrafts cannot fly at higher levels than this layer.
+ The world’s highest mountain, Mount Everest, is not even 9km tall.
=> Space is actually very far when it comes to height if we take into account the
above juxtapositions.
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1 If you were a member of this space station crew, what would you ask your
project supervisor about your duties?

The work of a space station crew would be complex and challenging, hence I
would ask my supervisor:
- All the safety protocols and prohibitions on the space station to maximize safe
and secure operation
- How to inspect, maintain and repair equipment on the space station
- What experiments and research need to be carried out during operation
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2 What would you ask the project dietician about meals?
- I would ask what the dietician about what consumables are available and the right
way to consume them (as we are in a micro-gravity environment)
- How to maintain nutrition while having a minimal consumption to suit limited
food and water resource
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3 What would you ask the project doctor about health and hygiene?
- How to maintain the cleanness of the space station and of all the equipment
- How to keep myself clean while still saving water resource, and how to prevent
illness and infections
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Building Background Knowledge
Did You Know? (The fact)
■The success of high-tech projects sometimes depends on low-tech solutions.
During a space mission to close the doors on the Hubble Space Telescope, all the
astronauts' high-tech repair tools failed. They finally just gave up on the high-tech
tools and forced the doors closed by hand,
■ Astronauts F. Story Musgrave and Jeffrey Hoffman needed to replace Hubble's
outdated camera with a new one. To protect the camera from damage by the
sunlight, they did the job at night. For light they used the two flashlights on their
helmets while the other astronauts on the shuttle shined their flashlights out the
window.
■ Often billions of dollars of equipment cannot do a job that a simple walk by two
astronauts can accomplish. In one instance, space walks were used to replace a
failed gyroscope and to restore power to another gyroscope on the international
space station. The gyroscopes control the orientation, or position in space, of the
station. After the astronauts completed their work by hand, all four of the station's
gyroscopes were running simultaneously for the first time in three years.
I. What Do You Think? Take turns speaking about the following with a partner.
1. What do the three situations above have in common? Why are they both
amazing and amusing?
- The similarity among the three instances is that those were problems that could
not be sorted out by intricate high-tech equipment but by manual operation of the
astronauts.
- The fact that tasks maneuvered by astronauts managed to solve the technical
issues in space, which were unmanageable by expensive technologies, were
amazing. But at the same time it was amusing that billions of dollars worth of
equipment could not do what was carried out by a few men.
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2. Share any other situations you know about where low-tech solutions came to
the rescue and "saved the day."

The Astronaut's Duct Tape: In 1970, the Apollo 13 spacecraft was on its way to the
moon when an oxygen tank exploded. The astronauts were in danger of running
out of air, and they had to return to Earth immediately. However, the spacecraft
was damaged, and it was not clear if they would be able to make it back safely.
The astronauts used their ingenuity to solve the problem. They used duct tape to
seal a hole in the spacecraft, and they were able to make a safe return to Earth.
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3. Are you familiar with the international space station? What about a gyroscope,
or the Hubble Space Telescope? Share your knowledge about these high-tech
instruments.

- The ISS is a large spacecraft orbiting Earth, serving as a home and laboratory for
astronauts. It's a joint project involving space agencies of five countries and
regions: USA, Russia, Japan, Europe and Canada. The ISS provides a unique
environment for conducting experiments in various fields, including biology,
physics, astronomy, and meteorology. Microgravity, or weightlessness, allows
scientists to study phenomena that are difficult or impossible to observe on Earth.

- A gyroscope is a device that exploits the principle of angular momentum to

maintain its orientation. It consists of a spinning rotor (a wheel or disc) mounted on
a set of gimbals, which allow it to rotate freely in any direction.

- The Hubble Space Telescope is a large telescope orbiting Earth, launched in

1990. It's one of NASA's most successful and long-lasting science missions. Being
above Earth's atmosphere, Hubble can capture images and data without the
blurring caused by the atmosphere. This allows it to observe objects with much
greater clarity and detail than ground-based telescopes.

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II. Debating the Issue The space program is very expensive and not everyone
agrees that the government should spend so much money on it. In this activity, you
will participate in a debate on this issue.
■ Position A (support funding): Think of as many reasons as you can why the
space program is important. To get started you might think of other fields of study
that have benefited from space exploration.
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Support Funding for the Space Program
- Technological Advancement and Innovation:
+ Space exploration drives innovation in fields like materials science (heat-
resistant materials, lightweight alloys), computing (miniaturization, powerful
processors), medicine (remote surgery, medical imaging), and telecommunications
(satellite technology).
 + Many everyday technologies are spin-offs from space research, such as
GPS, memory foam, scratch-resistant lenses, and water purification systems.
- Scientific Discovery and Knowledge:
+ Space missions expand our understanding of the universe, including the
formation of stars and planets, the possibility of life beyond Earth, and the origins
of the universe itself.
+ Studying other planets helps us understand Earth's climate, geology, and
potential future.
- Economic Benefits:
+ The space industry creates jobs in engineering, manufacturing, research,
and related sectors.
+ Space-based technologies like satellites provide essential services such as
communication, navigation, weather forecasting, and Earth observation, which
have significant economic value.
- Inspiration and Education:
+ Space exploration inspires young people to pursue careers in science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), which are crucial for future
economic growth and innovation.
+ It fosters a sense of wonder and curiosity about the universe, promoting
scientific literacy and critical thinking.

■ Position B (oppose funding): Think of reasons why the space program shouldn't
receive funding. To get started you might think of more important projects that
need funding and list as many as you can.

Oppose Funding for the Space Program

- High Cost and Budgetary Concerns:
+ Space programs are incredibly expensive, requiring significant investment
in research, development, launch infrastructure, and mission operations.
+ These funds could be allocated to address pressing issues on Earth, such as
poverty, hunger, disease, education, and infrastructure.
- Opportunity Cost:
+ Every dollar spent on space exploration is a dollar not spent on other vital
programs.
+ A cost-benefit analysis may suggest that investing in other areas could yield
greater returns in terms of human well-being and societal progress.
- Uncertainty of Returns:
+ While space exploration can lead to valuable discoveries, the timing and
magnitude of these benefits are often uncertain.
 + Some argue that investing in more immediate and tangible needs should be
prioritized over long-term, speculative ventures.

Chapter 6
Comment on the statements:
“Only after the last tree has been cut down,
Only after the last river has been poisoned,
Only after the last fish has been caught,
Only then will you find that money cannot be eaten”. JJ -Cree Indian prophecy
Native Americans, United States

Intro:
- Materialism has been criticised unrelentingly in modern society - It defies the
natural world and harms nature in general
- People do not realize the detriment of material values and the importance of trees,
water and wildlife until these things have become exhausted.
=> And this was stated in a Cree Indian prophecy
- Purpose of speech: explain the meaning of this statement and demonstrate why it
is true

Body:
- Human societies are fundamentally dependent on ecosystems for a wide range of
services: food & water, raw materials, climate regulation…
- Environmental Degradation: The pursuit of economic growth has often led to
widespread environmental degradation: deforestation:
+ Deforestation: Loss of forests reduces biodiversity, disrupts water cycles,
and contributes to climate change.
+ Pollution: contamination of air, water, and soil harms human health and
disrupts ecosystems.
+ Overexploitation of resources: depletes natural resources and threatens
their long-term availability.
- Economic systems, while essential for organizing production and distribution, do
not operate in a vacuum - They are embedded within the natural world and are
ultimately constrained by ecological limits
=> Money, as a medium of exchange, has no intrinsic value if the resources it can
purchase are no longer available.

Conclusion:
- Material wealth is ultimately worthless in the absence of a healthy and
functioning natural environment.
- The essential resources for human survival—clean air, water, food, and a stable
climate—are derived from nature, not from economic systems.
=> We need to develop more sustainable economic strategies and save natural
resources - Once the planet runs out of resources, humanity will be doomed.

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Connecting to the Topic
1 What do you think this saying means? If you look after the pennies, the dollars
will look after themselves.

Intro:
- Most people dream to do big things, achieve great ambitions in life >< But they
overlook the small details and minor elements of their life
- In order to become successful, one needs to pay more attention to minuscule
factors.
=> There is a statement that advocates for this idea: “If you look after the pennies,
the dollars will look after themselves.”
- Purpose of speech: elucidate on this saying and provide reasons for it

Body:
- Meaning:
+ Pennies: A small value - Little things that are thought to be insignificant in our
life, things that people usually overlook
+ Dollars: A bigger currency - Achievements and acquisitions that can make
someone become great
+ “If you look after the pennies, the dollars will look after themselves.”: If
people give more care to details happening, they will become more likely to be
successful, being able to accomplish their goals thanks to being meticulous
- Evidence: Give specific examples

Conclusion:
- The aforementioned statement holds a lot of truth: minor elements actually play
significant roles in our life => We should be able to take care of them before
thinking about achieving something big.
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2 Do you agree or disagree with this saying? An investment in knowledge always

pays the best interest.

Intro:
- Knowledge has been embraced and upheld throughout the history of mankind - It
grants people great power and enables them to do great things.
=> Knowledge holds indispensable role in human civilization - It works for every
individual
=> There has been a saying: An investment in knowledge always
pays the best interest.
- Purpose of speech: analyze this statement and determine whether it is really
accurate

Body:
- Personal Growth: Knowledge expands your understanding of the world and
yourself. It allows you to make informed decisions, solve problems creatively, and
adapt to new situations.
- Career Advancement: Acquiring new skills and knowledge makes you more
valuable in the job market. It can lead to promotions, higher salaries, and greater
job satisfaction.
- Financial Stability: Increased earning potential translates to better financial
security and the ability to achieve your financial goals.
- Societal Impact: Knowledge empowers people to contribute meaningfully to their
community and the world. It enables them to engage in informed discussions,
participate in civic activities, and drive positive change.
- Lifelong Fulfillment: Learning keeps your mind active and engaged. It fosters
curiosity, a love of learning, and a sense of purpose throughout your life.

Conclusion:
- Because of various reasons, it is safe to say that knowledge is indeed the
“investment that always pays the best interest”.
- People should keep this in mind, and strive to acquire profound knowledge both
in their field and in others so as to become successful and contribute to the
community.
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3 Have you ever met anyone like the person in this saying? Someone who has
the opinion that money will do everything, may well be suspected of doing
everything for money.

- This saying suggests that people who believe money is the ultimate solution to all
problems might be tempted to prioritize financial gain above all else, potentially
compromising their ethics or values.
- Example:
+ A lot of politicians constantly emphasize the importance of economic
growth and believes that money can solve all societal issues.
+ They might be more susceptible to accepting large campaign donations
from corporations, even if those corporations have interests that conflict with the
public good.
+ Their actions might be driven by the desire to accumulate more money and
power, even at the expense of their constituents' well-being.
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Building Background Knowledge
Did You Know?
■ Over the last 60 years, a branch of the World Bank called the International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) has lent over $200 billion to these ten
countries (in order of total amount borrowed): Mexico, Brazil, India, Indonesia,
China, Turkey, Argentina, Korea, the Russian Federation, and the Philippines.
■The International Development Association (IDA), the World Bank's low-cost
lending branch, provides funding to the poorer member nations. Since 1960, the
IDA has lent over $142 billion, with over $100 billion still owed by borrowing
nations.
Most of the money loaned by the World Bank is used for transportation, law,
justice, and public administration projects.
■ Many people disagree with some of the projects the World Bank helps support.
For example, they question the value of building a dam to provide water for crops
when it leaves thousands of people homeless and destroys forests along with
endangered plants and animals.
1 What Do You Think? Which are more valuable: modern conveniences or
natural resources? Imagine you live in a village that will be flooded when a new
dam is built to provide electric power to the region. In pairs, discuss and note what
you think are the pros and cons, the advantages and disadvantages, of such an
action.

Pros:
Cons
- Renewable energy source:
Hydroelectric power - a clean and - Displacement of communities: The
renewable energy source -> reducing flooding of villages and displacement
reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing of people is a major social cost.
carbon emissions. - High upfront costs: The construction
- Reliable power supply: Dams of dams requires significant
provide a stable and controllable investment.
source of electricity, unlike solar or - Risk of dam failure: Dam failures,
wind power which can be though rare, can have catastrophic
intermittent. consequences & requires a lot of
- Flood control: Dams can help maintenance
regulate water flow and reduce the
risk of downstream flooding.

2 What Do You Know About Banks? What are the different kinds of services
that banks perform? In small groups, share as many services as you can think of
and write them on the lines of the sunray diagram below. Add extra lines if you
need them. When you are finished, share your ideas with the other groups in order
to compile (put together) one complete list for the class.

- Savings Accounts: designed for customers to save money and earn interest over
time; may have limitations on the number of withdrawals allowed.
-Personal Loans: installment loans for personal use, such as debt consolidation,
home improvements, or unexpected expenses.
- Mortgages: loans secured by real estate property, used to finance the purchase of
a home or other property.
- Credit Cards: provide a line of credit that customers can use for purchases, with a
minimum payment due each month and interest charged on outstanding balances.
3 What Do You Think About Banks? Are banks friends or enemies? Discuss the
following questions in small groups. Then share the highlights of your discussions
with the whole class.
1. Banks may be seen as friends in a time of need. For instance, when the owner of
a small business wants to expand, he or she may go to the bank for a loan. On the
other hand, banks may be seen as enemies in a time of hardship. For example, if a
family can't pay the mortgage on their home, the bank may foreclose and take
away the property. Think of a person or family who has been helped or hurt by a
bank. What did the bank do? How did this affect the people involved?

A couple took out a loan to gather up enough money for getting the house. In this
case, the bank has helped to afford the accommodation:
- The loan served to provide enough money for the construction and ownership of
the house.
- Payment is carried out in small portions over a course of 10 years, which makes
itself more affordable and the couple can pay off the debt more securely.
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2. Can you think of a business that depends on a bank for its operation? What does
the bank do for the business? Getting a loan is sometimes the only way to buy a
house or get a business started. Try to describe ways that the bank has helped or
hurt this company.

In 2018, Sweetgreen raised $200 million in funding, which included debt financing
from banks. This funding was used to accelerate their expansion plans, invest in
technology, and further develop their supply chain. This demonstrates how access
to bank loans can be crucial for a restaurant chain's growth trajectory.

It's important to note that while Sweetgreen has utilized bank loans, they have also
raised significant venture capital funding. This combination of funding sources is
common for rapidly growing companies.

By looking at a specific example like Sweetgreen, we can see how banks provide
essential financial services that enable businesses to start, grow, and operate
effectively.
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