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Statistics
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HYPOTHESIS

TESTING

Unit 4
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture
about a population. This conjecture may or
may not be true.
The problem in a hypothesis test is to
decide whether the null hypothesis should
be rejected in favor of the alternative
hypothesis.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Two types of statistical hypotheses:
• The null hypothesis, 𝐻0 , is a statistical hypothesis
that states that there is no difference between a
parameter and a specific value, or that there is no
difference between two parameters.
• The alternative hypothesis, 𝐻1 , is a statistical
hypothesis that states the existence of a
difference between a parameter
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Illustration 1
A medical researcher is interested in finding out
whether a new medication will have any undesirable
side effects. The researcher is particularly concerned
with the pulse rate of the patients who take the
medication. Will the pulse rate 82 beats per minute,
increase, decrease, or remain unchanged after a
patient takes the medication?
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
The hypotheses for this situation would be

𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 82 and 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 82
This test is called a TWO-TAILED TEST.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Illustration B
A chemist invents an additive to
increase the life of an automobile battery. If
the mean lifetime of the automobile battery
without the additive is 36 months, then
what are the hypotheses in this situation?
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
The hypotheses for this situation would be

𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 36 and 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 36
This test is called a RIGHT-TAILED TEST.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Illustration C
A contractor wishes to lower heating
bills by using a special type of insulation in
houses. If the average of the monthly
heating bills is $78, then what will be her
hypotheses about heating costs with the
use of insulation?
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
The hypotheses for this situation would be

𝐻0 : 𝜇 = $78 and 𝐻1 : 𝜇 <

$78
This test is called a LEFT-TAILED TEST.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Two-tailed Right-tailed Left-tailed
test test test
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 𝑘 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 𝑘 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 𝑘

𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝑘 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 𝑘 𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 𝑘
The null and alternative hypotheses are stated together,
and the null hypothesis contains the equals sign, as shown
(where 𝑘 represents a specified number).
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
State the null and alternative hypotheses for each conjecture.
1. A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use vitamin pills,
the birth weight of the babies will increase. The average birth
weight of the population is 8.6 pounds.
2. An engineer hypothesizes that the mean number of defects can
be decreased in a manufacturing process of compact disks by
using robots instead of humans for certain tasks. The mean
number of defective disks per 1000 is 18.
3. A psychologist feels that playing soft music during a test will
change the results of the test. The psychologist is not sure
whether the grades will be higher or lower. In the past, the
mean of the scores was 73.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Possible outcomes of a Hypothesis test

• A type I error occurs if you

reject the null hypothesis
when it is true.

• A type II error occurs if

you do not reject the null
hypothesis when it is false.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
A statistical test uses the data
obtained from a sample to make a decision
about whether the null hypothesis should
be rejected.

The numerical value obtained from a

statistical test is called the test value.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
• The level of significance is the maximum probability of
committing a type I error. That is, 𝑃 type I error = 𝛼.
• The probability of a type II error is denoted by 𝛽. That is,
𝑃 type II error = 𝛽 .
• The critical value C.V. separates the critical region from
the noncritical region.
• The critical or rejection region is the range of values of
the test value that indicates that there is a significant
difference and that the null hypothesis should be
rejected.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
A one-tailed test indicates that the null
hypothesis should be rejected when the
test value is in the critical region on one
side of the mean. A one-tailed test is either
a right-tailed test or left-tailed test,
depending on the direction of the inequality
of the alternative hypothesis.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Critical and Noncritical Regions for 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 (Right-
tailed Test)
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Critical and Noncritical Regions for 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 (Left-tailed
Test)
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
In a two-tailed test, the null hypothesis
should be rejected when the test value is in
either of the two critical regions.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Critical and Noncritical Regions for 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 (Two-tailed
Test)
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
The 𝒑 -value (or probability value) is the
probability of getting a sample statistic (such as the
mean) or a more extreme sample statistic in the
direction of the alternative hypothesis when the null
hypothesis is true.

Decision Rule:
• If 𝑝-value ≤ 𝛼, reject 𝐻0
• If 𝑝-value > 𝛼, do not reject 𝐻0
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Solving Hypothesis-Testing Problems
Step 1 State the hypotheses.
Step 2 Decide on the significance level, 𝛼.
Step 3 Compute the test value.
Step 4 Find the critical value(s) or the 𝑝-value from
the appropriate table.
Step 5 Make the decision to reject or not reject the
null hypothesis.
Step 6 Summarize the results.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Outcomes of a Hypothesis-Testing Situation for Two
Specific Cases
𝑧 Test for a mean
The 𝒛 test is a statistical test for the mean
of a population. It can be used when 𝒏 ≥ 𝟑𝟎, or
when the population is normally distributed
and 𝝈 is known. The formula for the z test is

ഥ−𝝁
𝒙
𝒛=
𝝈Τ 𝒏
𝑧 Test for a mean
Illustration 1
The leader of the association of jeepney drivers claims
that the average daily take home pay of all jeepney driver in
Butuan City is ₱300.00. A random sample of 100 jeepney
driver was interviewed and the average daily take home pay
of these drivers is found to be ₱ 325.00 . Use 𝛼 = 0.05
significance level to find out the average daily take home
pay of jeepney drivers is different from ₱300.00. Assume
that the population standard deviation is ₱92.00.
𝑧 Test for a mean
Illustration 2
A researcher wishes to see if the mean number
of days that a basic, low-price, small automobile sits
on a dealer’s lot is 29. A sample of 30 automobile
dealers has a mean of 30.1 days for basic, low-price,
small automobiles. At 𝛼 = 0.05, test the claim that
the mean time is greater than 29 days. The standard
deviation of the population is 3.8 days.
𝑧 Test for a mean
Illustration 3
The head of the Math department announced
that the mean score of Grade 11 students in the third
quarter examination in Statistics was 89 and the
standard deviation was 12 . One student who
believed that the mean score was less than this,
randomly selected 34 students and computed their
mean score. She obtained a mean score of 85. At
0.01 level of significance, test the student’s claim.
𝑡 Test for a mean
The 𝒕 test is a statistical test for the mean
of a population and is used when the
population is normally or approximately
normally distributed, and 𝝈 is unknown. The
formula for the 𝑡 test is
ഥ−𝝁
𝒙
𝒕=
𝒔Τ 𝒏
The degrees of freedom is 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1.
The 𝑡 distribution
The 𝑡 distribution is similar to the standard
normal distribution in the following ways:
1. It is bell-shaped.
2. It is symmetric about the mean.
3. The mean, median, and mode are equal to
0 and are located at the center of the
distribution.
4. The curve never touches the 𝑥 axis.
The 𝑡 distribution
The 𝑡 distribution differs from the standard normal
distribution in the following ways:
1. The variance is greater than 1.
2. The 𝑡 distribution is a family of curves based on
the degrees of freedom, which is a number
related to sample size.
3. As the sample size increases, the 𝑡 distribution
approaches the normal distribution.
𝑡 Test for a mean
Illustration 1
A history teacher claims that the average height of Filipino
males is 163 cm. A student taking up Statistics randomly selects 20
Filipino males and measures their heights in cm are shown below.
163 164 165 177 167 163 159 169 159 160
163 163 165 169 163 165 162 174 163 167
Do the collected data present sufficient evidence to indicate that
the average heights of Filipino males is different from 163 cm? Use
0.05 level of significance and assume that the population follows a
normal distribution.
𝑡 Test for a mean
Illustration 2
It was announced over the radio that the average price
of a kilogram of pork liempo in Metro Manila is ₱195.00.
However, a sample of 15 prices randomly collected from
different markets in Metro Manila showed an average of
₱200.00 and a standard deviation of ₱9.50. Using a 0.05
level of significance, is there sufficient evidence to
conclude that the average price of pork liempo in Metro
Manila is more than ₱195.00? Normality is assumed over
the population.
𝑡 Test for a mean
Illustration 3
The average family size of the
Philippines was reported as 4.25. A random
sample of 8 families selected at random
families in a particular street resulted the
mean of 5.50 and 𝑠 = 2.45. At 𝛼 = 0.01,
does the average family size is less than
the national average?
On Central limit theorem
• For a large population that is not normally
distributed, the Central Limit Theorem applies as
long as the size of the samples is sufficiently large. In
some cases, the population is not normally
distributed and the 𝜎 is unknown. In these cases, the
sample standard deviation is a good approximation
substitute for the unknown 𝜎.
• If 𝑛 ≥ 30, it is considered sufficiently large. Use the 𝑡
test.
When to use 𝑧 or 𝑡 test
• If 𝜎 is known, use the 𝑧 test. The variable must be
normally distributed if 𝑛 < 30.
• If 𝜎 is unknown but 𝑛 ≥ 30, use the 𝑡 test.
• If 𝜎 is unknown and 𝑛 < 30, use the 𝑡 test (The
population must be approximately normally
distributed.
GUIDELINES FOR 𝑝 values
• If 𝑝 value ≤ 0.01, reject the null hypothesis. The
difference is highly significant.
• If 𝑝 value > 0.01 but 𝑝 value ≤ 0.05, reject the null
hypothesis. The difference is significant.
• If 𝑝 value > 0.05 but 𝑝 value ≤ 0.10, consider the
consequences of type I error before rejecting the
null hypothesis.
• If 𝑝 value > 0.10, do not reject the null hypothesis.
The difference is not significant.
exercises
1. A researcher estimates that the average height of
the buildings of 30 or more stories in a large city is
at least 700 ft. A random sample of 10 buildings is
selected, and the heights in feet are shown. At 𝛼 =
0.025 , is there enough evidence to reject the
claim?
485 511 841 725 615 520 535 635 616 582
exercises
2. A researcher claims that the average cost of men’s
athletic shoes is less than $80. He selects a random
sample of 36 pairs of shoes from a catalog and finds the
following costs (in dollars). (The costs have been
rounded to the nearest dollar.) Is there enough evidence
to support the researcher’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.10?
Assume 𝜎 = 19.2.
60 70 75 55 80 55 50 40 80 70 50 120
95 90 75 85 80 60 65 80 85 85 45 110
75 60 90 90 60 95 85 45 90 70 70 110
exercises
3. The average local cell phone call length was reported to be 2.27
minutes. A random sample of 20 phone calls showed an average
of 2.98 minutes in length with a standard deviation of 0.98
minute. At 𝛼 = 0.05 can it be concluded that the average differs
from the population average?
4. A researcher wishes to see if the mean number of days that a
basic, low-price, small automobile sits on a dealer’s lot is 29. A
sample of 30 automobile dealers has a mean of 30.1. At 𝛼 = 0.05,
test the claim that the mean time is greater than 29 days. The
standard deviation of the population is 3.8 days.
𝑧 Test for a proportion
A hypothesis test involving a population proportion can
be considered as a binomial experiment when there are
only two outcomes and the probability of a success does
not change from trial to trial. For the binomial distribution,
the mean is 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 and the standard deviation is 𝜎 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞.
Since a normal distribution can be used to
approximate the binomial distribution when 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and
𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5, the standard normal distribution can be used to test
hypotheses for proportions.
𝑧 Test for a proportion
Formula for the 𝒛 test for proportions
𝑝ො − 𝑝 𝑝ො − 𝑝
𝑧= =
𝑝𝑞 𝑝 1−𝑝
𝑛 𝑛
where
𝑋
𝑝ො = (sample proportion)
𝑛
𝑝 = population proportion
𝑛 = sample size
𝑞 =1−𝑝
𝑧 Test for a proportion
Illustration 1
Before the Mayweather-Pacquiao Fight of the
Century, 75% of the people in Manila said that they
preferred boxing over basketball. After the fight, out
of 150 randomly selected people in Manila, 105 said
they preferred boxing over basketball. Does this
indicate that people in Manila are losing interest in
boxing? Use 0.05 level of significance.
𝑧 Test for a proportion
Illustration 2
It is believed that in the coming election, 65% of
the voters in the province of Pampanga will vote for
the administration candidate for governor. Suppose
713 out of the 1,150 randomly selected voters
indicated that they would vote for the administration
candidate. At 0.10 level of significance, find out
whether the percentage of voters for the
administration candidate is different from 65%.
exercises
1. A report by the NCAA states that 57.6% of football
injuries occur during practices. A head trainer claims that
this is too high for the conference, so he randomly
selects 36 injuries and finds that 17 occurred during
practices. Is his claim correct, at 𝛼 = 0.05?
2. Health issue due to being overweight affect all age
groups. Of children and adolescents 6 − 11 years of age,
18.8% are found to be overweight. A school district
randomly sampled 130 in this age group and found that
20 were considered overweight. At 𝛼 = 0.05, is this less
than the national proportion?