ENEL 371
Chapter 2
Three-Phase Circuits
The vast majority of electric power is generated in three-
phase form.
The majority of electric power transmission is done in
three-phase.
Unlike DC systems, AC systems have the advantage of
easily changing voltage levels using transformers.
Three-phase AC systems have the following advantages,
when compared to single phase AC systems:
More power (per kg of metal) can be achieved using a three-
-
phase machine.
Instantaneous power in a three-phase is constant.
Generation of Three-Phase Voltages and
Currents for single phase
+ line
Neutral
We can look at a three phase generator as three single
phase sources with their phase angles differing by 120
from each other.
Only four wires are needed (one for each phase and one
for the neutral) ÷±
-
Neuter
If the three loads are equal we have a balanced system. In
this case the current on the neutral line is zero. (In the
ideal case, we would then only need three wires.)
Generation of Three-Phase Voltages and
Currents
Using
①
𝑣𝐴 𝑡 = 2𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑉
𝐕𝐴 = 𝑉∠0° 𝑉
Polar form
-
𝑣𝐵 𝑡 = 2𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 120° 𝑉
𝐕𝐵 = 𝑉∠ − 120° 𝑉
2
I
𝑣𝐶 𝑡 = 2𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 240° 𝑉
𝐕𝐶 = 𝑉∠ − 240° 𝑉 L
3
load
Gen 𝑉∠0°
𝐈𝐴 = = 𝐼∠ − 𝜃 → 0 is the
angle
𝑍∠𝜃 bad
of
.
𝑉∠ − 120°
𝐈𝐵 = = 𝐼∠ − 120° − 𝜃
𝑍∠𝜃
𝑉∠ − 240°
𝐈𝐶 = = 𝐼∠ − 240° − 𝜃
𝑍∠𝜃
Voltages and Currents in a Three-Phase
phase overdid fear components is
Circuit line quantities
n ✓ 7-
difference
-
I
I
,
U -
phase system
and live quant G)
in II
phone
- .
is value between 2 lines
We can connect sources and loads in wye (Y) connections or
delta ( )connections.
The voltages and currents in a given phase are called phase
quantities.
The voltages and currents in the lines connected to the
generators are called line quantities.
I line I
In Y tarnation the phase =
Int the V f- line ✓
e-
n
phase
§
Vac
wMf
line Ñr±
quantity
Juab
-
prosit
i.→ •
✓
photo I be
I
I =/ line
In A Ahhhhh the phase
V = n ✓
" ' l l' n n
Voltages and Currents in the Wye (Y)
Connection
For a 3-phase Y-connected generator connected to a resistive
load, we have:
𝐕𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠0°
𝐕𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠ − 120°
𝐕𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠ − 240°
The current through each source (or phase) is:
𝐈𝑎 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠0°
𝐈𝑏 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠ − 120°
𝐈𝑐 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠ − 240°
The current through each phase is equal to the current on
each line:
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝜙 for the Y connection
Voltages and Currents in the Wye (Y)
Connection
Voltages and Currents in the Wye (Y) Midterm
Connection ① Fed 7-
The relationship between phase
voltage and line voltage is:
𝐕𝑎𝑏 = 𝐕𝑎 − 𝐕𝑏
→ 𝐕𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠0° − 𝑉𝜙 ∠ − 120° v.v
- time
𝐕𝑎𝑏 = 3𝑉𝜙 ∠30° V5
-
→ %
lime voltage leads
phosevtiy 330°
So we get:
-
phase
𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 3𝑉𝜙
The line voltage leads the phase voltage -
by 30 V3
= I phase
7- line
V line f- Vphoe
Voltages and Currents in the Delta ( )
Connection
For a 3-phase -connected generator connected to a
resistive load, we have:
𝐕𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠0°
𝐕𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠ − 120°
𝐕𝑐𝑎 = 𝑉𝜙 ∠ − 240°
The current through each source (or phase) is:
𝐈𝑎𝑏 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠0°
𝐈𝑏𝑐 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠ − 120°
𝐈𝑐𝑎 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠ − 240°
The phase voltage is equal to the line-to-line voltage:
𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 𝑉𝜙 for the connection
Voltages and Currents in the Delta ( )
Connection
Voltages and Currents in the Delta ( )
Connection
The relationship between phase
current and line current is:
𝐈𝑎 = 𝐈𝑎𝑏 − 𝐈𝑐𝑎
𝐈𝑎 = 𝐼𝜙 ∠0° − 𝐼𝜙 ∠ − 240°
𝐈𝑎 = 3𝐼𝜙 ∠ − 30°
So we get:
𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝜙
The line current lags the phase current
"
by 30
I live =/ I
phase
=
✓ phase
✓ line
Summary
Imf
pane
wrote i
L
J '
I • Power is constant .
2
"
3 times the single phase
' ' .
Power Relationships in 3-Phase Circuits
For a Y-connected balanced load:
-
- it
𝑣𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = 2𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 31--32=33 g)
✓ 33
𝑣𝑏𝑛 𝑡 = 2𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 120° €
𝑣𝑐𝑛 𝑡 = 2𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 240° ☐ 32
The current through each of the three loads is: I
𝑖𝑎 𝑡 = 2𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃
𝑖𝑏 𝑡 = 2𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 120° − 𝜃
𝑖𝑐 𝑡 = 2𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 240° − 𝜃
plt ) Vlt ) Ict)
Instantaneous power:
=
If we calculate the power supplied to each of the three loads using:
𝑝 𝑡 =𝑣 𝑡 𝑖 𝑡
If we add up the three powers, the instantaneous power is:
𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 3𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃 → not dependent out
Pistol constant and
e-
fois constant then is 0
usually doesn't
change
Instantaneous Power
The instantaneous power p(t) is:
p (t ) pa t pb t pc t
or a
p (t ) 2V cos t 2 I cos t
b b
2V cos t 120 2 I cos t 120
C C
2V cos t 240 2 I cos t 240
cos t cos t
p (t ) 2VI cos t 120 cos t 120
cos t 240 cos t 240
Instantaneous Power
Recall:
1
cos A cos B cos A B cos A B
2
Then:
cos t t cos t t
cos t 120 t 120
p (t ) VI cos t 120 t 120
cos t 240 t 240
cos t 240 t 240
Instantaneous Power
Then:
cos cos 2 t
p (t ) VI cos cos 2 t 240
cos cos 2 t 480
3 cos
cos 2 t
p (t ) VI
cos 2 t 120
cos 2 t 120
Instantaneous Power
Consider the following terms:
cos A cos A 120 cos A 120
With A set to 0,
cos 0 cos 120 cos 120 1 1 1 0
2 2
The result will be the same for any value of A.
Instantaneous Power
So, the instantaneous power then becomes:
p (t ) 3VI cos
Compare this with the single phase case:
Pav VI cos v i
pt VI cos v i cos 2 t v i
Power Relationships in 3-Phase Circuits
Three-Phase Power Equations Involving
Phase Quantities
The real, reactive, and apparent power supplied to a
balanced three-phase load are: these V.
= 0 Tess
olvatthesod d = VI sin 0
5
𝑃 = 3𝑉𝜙 𝐼𝜙 cos 𝜃 VI
=
𝑄 = 3𝑉𝜙 𝐼𝜙 sin 𝜃
𝑆 = 3𝑉𝜙 𝐼𝜙
𝑃 = 3𝐼𝜙 2 𝑍cos 𝜃
𝑄 = 3𝐼𝜙 2 𝑍sin 𝜃
𝑆 = 3𝐼𝜙 2 𝑍
Three-Phase Power Equations Involving Line
Quantities
We will develop expressions for power using line quantities by
starting with the phase quantities. Since phase quantities are
different for wye and delta connected loads, we’ll determine these
power expressions for both wye and delta connected loads.
Y-connected loads:
𝑃 = 3𝑉𝜙 𝐼𝜙 cos 𝜃 and recall that 𝐼𝜙 = 𝐼𝐿 and 𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 3𝑉𝜙
𝑃 = 3𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃 If z &I are the
-connected loads: same then Pis same
in YPA loads
𝑃 = 3𝑉𝜙 𝐼𝜙 cos 𝜃 and recall that 𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝜙 and 𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 𝑉𝜙 : .
Oes are also
𝑃 = 3𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃 same
Since P is the same for both configurations, we get:
𝑄 = 3𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sin 𝜃 and 𝑆 = 3𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐿
Make note that the angle is the angle between the phase voltage
and the phase current, not the angle between the line-to-line voltage
and the line current (or just remember that it is the angle of the
load impedance).
Analysis of Balanced Three-Phase Systems
For a balanced three-phase system, we can analyze one phase
of the circuit and make the appropriate phase angle changes
for the other two phases.
We need to change the source and load to be their wye
equivalents, then we can solve the circuit based on one phase
only. We can then change back to any delta configurations if
needed.
Changing between delta and wye equivalent loads: tags from
𝐙Δ
𝐙𝑌 = Ats Y check
3
-
table 2-
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T
3h30
ZA
-
-
Midtown
Analysis of Balanced Three-Phase Systems
Load
source
¥fmm7☐ ~
vi. 0
✓
phase
vdtg 2- Isd
In Y I
,
=
-1-0
,
Example 2-1
Determine:
𝐼𝐿
𝑉𝐿𝐿 and 𝑉𝜙 for
the load
P, Q, and S
consumed by the
load
PF of the load
P, Q, and S
consumed by the
transmission line
P, Q, and S
supplied by the
generator
PF of the
generator
Ig÷+Jood
③¥É%¥⑦zL=n+9j
IL -
120 LOU
=12
(0.062+50.12) ( 12 + j9) ✓
7.94 L 37.1°
A Road
=
-
pagan Plan = +
=
11.3 1- 2.27
Jay =
ILXZ Kord o
"°
=
2281W
119.1<-0-231/-1 :[jhonny
hi
hominins
=
of because
Qgen -
-
drive 1- Oland
"
VOL
=
i. =
1225 VAR
✓u = 53 VIOL = 206.3 ✓ 5pm -
-
Slime 1- Stood
3 VoIp Loso
Road =
7.94 cos (36-90) 2.83K 1- 25.3
= 3×119.1 ✗
=
2855.3 VA
= 2.27 kW
a, =3V0I¢simO Pfgen = esso
=
1.7 KVAR
08L
SL
-
-
3vp.IO/z---2o83kVA • = tant
Pgen
= 37.1°
PF, = cos Ou = cos (36-9) As 37.1--0.798
( tue angle lagging )
tmbggeJ-
means
= 0.8
P Line = 3.IO?Zbs0~zhine=o.O6tj 0.12
= 3×-1.945×0.13 [email protected] )
= 11.3W
① Line =3 Ii zsimo-zb.me
= 22.7 VAR
25-3 VA
Stine = 3 IZ za
One-Line Diagrams
We can
represent three-
phase circuit
using one-line
diagrams
These one-line
diagrams can
include
generators,
transformers,
transmission
lines, and loads
Using the Power-Triangle
Determine the line voltage at the generator. Since we
assume the line to be lossless, we assume the line voltage
at the load to be the same.
Determine P and Q for the load(s).
Determine the total P and Q delivered to the system.
Determine the system PF.
Determine the line and/or phase currents.
Example 2-3
Determine
The overall PF of the system
Find the total line current supplied to the system.
Valuev is RMS
if mentioned otherwise
PTotd= 59.9kW 1- 36.6kW
I = I Load
,
1- I lsadz
= 96.7 kW
Since Load , is A dtobl = 34.6 KUAR 1- £27.16 KUH)
,
V0 ,
,
=
481 =
7- KUAR
Line Loadz is Y
,
48¥
= 277W
Voy PF
=
,,
= lose
Fog Load ,
a-
tail:÷ )
Ida ,
=
4,8% = 48A =
quo →
toe bagging
For Loadz bslu.no ) =
0.997
55.4A
¥
=
-1-0<2
=
Fine = Ptsd
P , ,
=3 HITS Oz ,
=
3×480×48 ✗ 30 V54 cos 0
9.9kW
=
96.7T£
04=3 Vole -1-01 sin
Ozz Tax 480×0.997
, ,
= 34.6 KVAR = 117A
For load
2
Plz = 3 V01
,
,
-1-0<2 As Ozz
= 36.8kW
I =
3Vd I0cz Sino
=
-27.6 KVAR
8-5
I
E-
→o%
601=300
"
I
*
v.io#T.?5:: .--IEjI---i-
" "•
"040
fungiform 12
0.06 JO
-
Land -5136.869
-
=4tj3
gummy
y
Ii I
0.06+0.125*(4+3)
= 23.4 L - 37.5A
VIOL -
Euro I VLL -53117
= 203 U
= 1171-0.630 v
[email protected]
VLL -
-
y w
load
bind 4936.4 VAR
=3 V01 -1-01 =
Quad
8227.58 VA
V34 IL
-
-
=
blood
PF =
As 36.9=0.8 logging
-
thine =3 -7 Zbso
=
6570.7W
196.8
dune = 3×1=23 since =
220 VA
Slime =
3-1-2013 =
Pgen =
Pune 1- Pleased
= 6. 68kW
Qgen = 5. YKVA
Soon
PF = end
o=
torn
-
'
(F) =
?8
0.777 loggia - ?
PF :
