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Algorithms sequential parallel a unified approach 3rd
Edition Russ Miller Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Russ Miller, Laurence Boxer
ISBN(s): 9781133366805, 1133366805
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 15.82 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
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 Algorithms
Sequential and Parallel:
A Unified Approach

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 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
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 Algorithms
Sequential and Parallel:
A Unified Approach
Third Edition

Russ Miller
Laurence Boxer

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

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 Algorithms Sequential and Parallel: © 2013, 2005 Cengage Learning
A Unified Approach, Third Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Russ Miller and Laurence Boxer
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ISBN-13: 978-1-133-36680-5
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 To my wife, Celeste, and my children, Amanda, Brian,
and Melissa.

—Russ Miller

To my wife, Linda; our daughter and son-in-law,

Robin and Mark Waldman, and their magnificent
multiprocessing multiplications, Ella, Lilah, and
Gabriel; and our son, Matthew.

—Laurence Boxer

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 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 Contents

Preface xvii
Reference Guide xxiii

1 Asymptotic Analysis 2
Notation and Terminology 5
Asymptotic Notation 7
Additional Notation 10
Asymptotic Relationships 12
Asymptotic Analysis and Limits 12
Summations and Integrals 15
Rules for Analysis of Algorithms 21
Limitations of Asymptotic Analysis 28
Asymptotic Relationships and Common Terminology 29
Summary 30
Chapter Notes 30
Exercises 31

2 Induction and Recursion 36

Mathematical Induction 38
Induction Examples 38
Recursion 41
Sequential Search 44
Binary Search 46

vii
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 viii Contents

Additional Notes on Sequential and Binary Searches 48

Merging and Merge Sort 49
Common Recurrence Equations 55
Summary 56
Chapter Notes 56
Exercises 56

3 The Master Method 60

Master Theorem 63
Examples 63
Summary 65
Chapter Notes 65
Exercises 65

4 Models of Computation 66
RAM (Random Access Machine) 68
PRAM (Parallel Random Access Machine) 70
Distributed-Memory vs. Shared-Memory Machines 84
Interconnection Networks 85
Processor Organizations 88
Linear Array 88
Ring 97
Mesh 98
Tree 103
Pyramid 104
Mesh-of-Trees 106
Hypercube 111
Coarse-Grained Multiprocessors 116
Network of Workstations (NOW) 118
Cluster 120

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 Contents ix

Grid 122
Cloud 124
Additional Terminology 125
Summary 128
Chapter Notes 129
Exercises 130

5 Combinational Circuits 134

Combinational Circuits and Sorting Networks 136
Sorting Networks 136
Bitonic Merge 140
Bitonic Sort 142
Bitonic Sort on Parallel Computers 146
Summary 147
Chapter Notes 148
Exercises 148

6 Matrix Operations 150

Matrix Multiplication 152
Gaussian Elimination 161
Roundoff Error 168
Summary 168
Chapter Notes 168
Exercises 169

7 Parallel Prefix 172

Parallel Prefix 174
Parallel Algorithms 174
Parallel Prefix on the CREW PRAM 175
Mesh 178
Hypercube 180

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 x Contents

Analysis 181
Coarse Grained Multicomputer 183
Maximum Sum Subsequence 183
RAM 183
CREW PRAM 184
Mesh 186
Array Packing 186
RAM 186
CREW PRAM 187
Network Models 188
Interval Broadcasting 189
Solution Strategy 190
Analysis 190
Point Domination Query 190
RAM 192
CREW PRAM and Network Models 192
Computing Overlapping Line Segments 192
RAM 193
CREW PRAM 194
Mesh 195
Maximal Overlapping Point 195
Analysis 196
Parallel Prefix on a NOW, Cluster, or Grid 196
Summary 196
Chapter Notes 197
Exercises 197

8 Pointer Jumping 200

List Ranking 202
Linked List Parallel Prefix 204

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 Contents xi

Summary 205
Chapter Notes 206
Exercises 206

9 Divide-and-Conquer 208
Merge Sort (Revisited) 210
RAM 210
Linear Array 210
Cluster 213
Selection 214
RAM 215
Correctness of Algorithm 217
Analysis of Running Time 217
PRAM 219
Mesh 220
Quicksort (Partition Sort) 220
Quicksort vs. Merge Sort 225
Array Implementation 226
Analysis of Quicksort 231
Improving Quicksort 233
Modifications of Quicksort for Parallel Models 235
Hyperquicksort 235
Bitonic Sort (Revisited) 236
Bitonic Sort on a Mesh 237
Sorting Data with Respect to Other Orderings 241
Sorting on a Cluster 242
Concurrent Read/Write 243
Implementation of a Concurrent Read 244
Implementation of Concurrent Write (overview) 244
Concurrent Read/Write on a Mesh 245

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 xii Contents

Summary 245
Chapter Notes 246
Exercises 246

10 Computational Geometry 250

Convex Hull 252
Graham’s Scan 254
Jarvis’ March 259
Divide-and-Conquer Solutions to the Convex Hull Problem 260
Smallest Enclosing Box 268
RAM 270
PRAM 270
Mesh 270
All-Nearest Neighbor Problem 271
Running Time 273
Line Intersection Problems 273
Overlapping Line Segments 275
Computational Geometry on NOW, Clusters,
and Grids 279
Summary 279
Chapter Notes 279
Exercises 282

11 Image Processing 286

Preliminaries 288
Transitive Closure of a Binary Matrix 288
Component Labeling 290
RAM 290
Mesh 291

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 Contents xiii

Convex Hull 295

Running Time 298
Distance Problems 298
All-Nearest Neighbor between Labeled Sets 299
Running Time 300
Hausdorff Metric for Digital Images 300
Image Processing on a Cluster 302
Summary 303
Chapter Notes 303
Exercises 303

12 Graph Algorithms 306

Terminology 308
Representations 312
Adjacency Lists 312
Adjacency Matrix 313
Unordered Edges 314
Fundamental Algorithms 314
Breadth-First Search 314
Depth-First Search 318
Discussion of Depth-First and Breadth-First Search 320
Computing the Transitive Closure of an Adjacency Matrix 321
Connected Component Labeling 323
RAM 323
PRAM 324
Mesh 329
Minimum-Cost Spanning Trees 329
RAM 330

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 xiv Contents

PRAM 336
Mesh 338
Shortest-Path Problems 341
Single-Source Shortest-Path RAM Algorithm 341
All-Pairs Shortest-Path Parallel Algorithm 345
Summary 346
Chapter Notes 346
Exercises 347

13 Numerical Problems 352

Primality 354
Greatest Common Divisor 355
Lamé’s Theorem 356
Integral Powers 357
Evaluating a Polynomial 359
Approximation by Taylor Series 360
Trapezoidal Integration 364
Approximate Solution of an Equation 367
Summary 368
Chapter Notes 369
Exercises 370

Appendix 1 Proof of the Principle of Mathematical Induction 374

Appendix 2 Proof of the Master Theorem 378

Lemma 1 380
Lemma 2 381
Lemma 3 383
The General Case 384

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 Contents xv

Appendix 3 Efficient Gather and Scatter Operations 390

Building a Tree of Processors 392
Gather and Scatter Algorithms 394
Appendix Notes 396

Appendix 4 Expected-Case Running Time of Quicksort 398

Bibliography 402

Index 408

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 Preface

E ffective computing requires the design, analysis, implementation, and evaluation

of algorithms to solve problems of interest. Computational problems come from
a wide variety of areas including science, engineering, business, athletics, architec-
ture, medicine, management, economics, psychology, anthropology, and entertain-
ment, to name a few. In addition, exciting new challenges exist in the field of
computational science and engineering, which is the “third science,” complementing
both theoretical and laboratory science. Computational science and engineering unites
computer science and mathematics with disciplinary expertise in biology, chemistry,
physics, and other applied scientific and engineering fields. Multidisciplinary efforts
in these STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) areas typically
require efficient algorithms that run on high-performance computers in order to per-
form simulation and modeling of physical and human environments.
With current technology, it is difficult to increase significantly the density of
computer chips, and, hence, the inherent speed of a traditional computer processor.
Since there continues to be a demand for increased computing power, state-of-the-
art computer systems are now being designed around architectures that consist of
multiple processing units. That is, computing systems are currently being con-
structed based on multiple processors and/or processors with multiple cores. In
fact, it is quite difficult to find even a consumer-based compute system that does
not consist of multiple processing units. This includes desktops, laptops, netbooks,
tablets, smart phones, gaming systems, and high-end computing systems. In
fact, many of these systems contain Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) that con-
sist of numerous processors targeted at enhancing a gaming and visualization
environment.
Since mainstream computing consists of multiprocessor units, whether it is
within a local system or in a remotely accessed “cloud,” it is critical for scientists,
engineers, and users of this 21st century computational infrastructure to have a
working knowledge of multiprocessor algorithms and architectures. For historical
reasons and due to legacy and “dusty deck” computer programs, it is also impor-
tant that the reader have a basic understanding of how to manipulate uniprocessor
systems efficiently.
Due to the state of current technology, the focus of this book is on parallel and
sequential algorithms and architectures, including clouds, grids, clusters, fine-
grained network models, shared- and distributed-memory machines, and the tradi-
tional von Neumann architecture. We discuss algorithms and their analysis for a

xvii
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 xviii Preface

variety of compute models in a unified approach by presenting a solution strategy,

and then discussing a comparison of resources for the implementation of the high-
level solution strategy on such architectures. Analyses of these resources consider
the number of computational units (processors or cores), the amount of memory,
interconnection networks, and running time, to name a few.
Computer Science Courses in Algorithms: Many computer science depart-
ments offer courses in “Analysis of Algorithms,” “Algorithms,” “An Introduction
to Algorithms,” or “Data Structures and their Algorithms” at the junior or senior
level. In addition, a course in “Analysis of Algorithms” is required of most gradu-
ate students pursuing an advanced degree in computer science. Throughout the
1980s, the vast majority of these course offerings focused on algorithms for
sequential (von Neumann) computers. In fact, not until the late 1980s did courses
covering an introduction to parallel algorithms begin to appear in research-
oriented departments. Furthermore, these courses in parallel algorithms were typi-
cally presented to advanced graduate students. However, by the early 1990s,
courses in parallel computing began to emerge at the undergraduate level, espe-
cially at progressive 4-year colleges.
Throughout much of the 1990s, traditional algorithms-based courses changed
very little. Gradually, such courses began to incorporate a component of parallel
algorithms, typically one to three weeks near the end of the semester. During the
later part of the 1990s, however, it was not uncommon to find algorithms courses
that contained as much as 1/3 of the material devoted to parallel algorithms.
In this book, we take a very different approach to an algorithms-based course.
Parallel computing has moved into the mainstream, with clusters of commodity-off-
the-shelf (COTS) machines dominating the list of top supercomputers in the world
(www.top500.org), and smaller versions of such machines being exploited in many
research laboratories. Therefore, the time is right to teach a fundamental course in
algorithms that covers paradigms for both sequential and parallel models.
This Book’s Approach to Presenting Algorithms: The approach we take in
this book is to integrate the presentation of sequential and parallel algorithms.
Specifically, we employ a philosophy of presenting a paradigm, such as divide-
and-conquer, and then discussing implementation issues for both sequential and
parallel models. Due to the fact that we present design and analysis of paradigms
for sequential and parallel models, the reader might notice that the number of para-
digms we can treat within a semester is limited when compared to a traditional
sequential algorithms text.
This book has been used successfully at a wide variety of colleges and
universities.
Prerequisites: We assume a basic knowledge of data structures and mathemati-
cal maturity. The reader should be comfortable with notions of a stack, queue, list, and
binary tree, at a level that is typically taught in a CS2 course. The reader should also
be familiar with fundamentals of Discrete Mathematics and Calculus. Specifically,
the reader should be comfortable with limits, summations, and integrals.

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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
girded his armor upon his loins; and he went down to the
uncircumcised, who were encamped round the mountain, which they
came to take. And he smote among them eight thousand and two
hundred of their mighty men. And he judged Israel with his sword;
and he purged out the violent from them, and he destroyed them.
And he trod down to the earth the strangers that were in all the
borders of Israel. And the wicked were discomfited through their
dread of him, and the wrong-doers were dismayed through their fear
of him. And it was that, when he shouted, his voice was as the voice
of the roaring of a lion on the day he roars to tear the prey. And all
Israel rejoiced in his deeds, and exulted in his work. And all the
world was terrified because of his fame. Then were kings, greater and
mightier than he, dismayed; and trembling seized hold upon the
chiefs of the earth and the kings thereof. And his name went forth
among the nations to the end of all the earth; and the tales of the
wonders of his war and the terrors of his mighty deeds reached to the
end of the earth. And when he was gathered unto his people, all the
seed of Israel praised him, and honored him. And they spoke, saying:
‘May the spirit of the Lord cause him to rest, and may he dwell in the
secret place of the Most High, and abide under the shadow of the
Almighty, under the tree of life.’
And he went from city to city, and slew all the wicked of the people
of Judah, who were destroying the people of Israel.
 IX. SA’ADYA GAON B. JOSEPH

[This great Gaon was born at Fayyum, Egypt, in 892. He settled in Babylon, and,
though a foreigner, was appointed Gaon of Sura. His many-sided activities and
achievements are astounding in their magnitude. He discharged his duties as Gaon
with stupendous energy, and found time to write numerous books on grammar,
lexicography, exegesis, philosophy, Halakah, and liturgy. He excelled in almost all
branches, as may be readily seen from his works that are still extant. His greatest
achievement was in the domain of biblical philology. Most of his works were
written in Arabic, but he was also a master of Hebrew style. He carried on an
effective campaign against the Karaites and other sectarians. He died 942.]
 A Prayer Entitled Magen U-Mehayyeh
[69]
(Shield and Quickener)
He remembers the lovingkindnesses of the fathers, and answers
the children in the time of their distress, because of His name which
is called upon them, and because of the merit of their fathers, as He
has done from the days of old, and wrought for them this work; as it
is written: ‘And the Lord was gracious unto them.…’[70] We therefore
ask of Thee, O Lord our God, these three things: to be gracious unto
us, to have mercy upon us, and to turn unto us. I beseech Thee, O
Lord, be gracious unto us by accepting our prayer; as it is written:
‘Behold, as the eyes of servants, …’[71]
I beseech Thee, O Lord, be gracious unto us by accepting our
repentance, and by pardoning us; as it is written: ‘Therefore thus
saith the Lord God: Now will I bring back the captivity of Jacob, and
have compassion upon the whole house of Israel; and I will be
jealous for My holy name.’[72] I beseech Thee, O Lord, turn unto us,
and fulfil our request for life; as it is written: ‘And I will have respect
unto you, and make you fruitful.…’[73] For Thy covenant stands fast
forever, and Thy faithfulness is as the days of heaven, and Thy
righteousness shall be forever, and Thy salvation unto all
generations. O King that art a Savior and a Shield: Blessed art thou,
O Lord, Shield of Abraham.
Thou art on high for ever, O Lord, mighty from eternity to eternity;
from everlasting to everlasting Thou art God. Thy lovingkindness is
in the heavens, and Thy faithfulness reaches unto the skies. Thou
makest Thy might known to the sons of men, and Thy excellence is
over Israel. From the uttermost part of the earth are Thy songs, and
all the ends of the earth are filled with Thy praise. Thou art the life of
all eternal life, and the life of all the living comes from before Thee.
Thou fashionest them all with the four kinds of life, which Thou
establishest in them to keep them alive.[74] At first with the spirit of
light, for the light of the spirit completes their soul. The foundations
of the world which Thou hast stretched forth may be searched out,
but Thy praise shall not depart; for the mountains may depart, but
Thy kingdom shall not vanish; the hills may be removed, but Thy
mercies shall not fail. Man is too brutish to know Thy creatures; man
is put to shame, and fathoms not the mystery of Thy beings. The wise
are too foolish to speak of Thy might, and as for them who
enumerate Thy works, their tongue stammers. The singers find no
strength, and as for the minstrels after them, there is no speech in
their lips. Even the holy Living Creatures cannot declare all Thy
glory, and even the ministering angels cannot tell all Thy praises.
Above all songs and hymns art Thou glorified with Thy praises,
lauded with Thy hymns, exalted for Thy favors, sanctified in Thy
congregations, sung among Thy hosts, glorified for Thy miracles,
crowned for Thy might, declared powerful in Thy books, extolled for
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teachings, honored for Thy attributes, respected for Thy unity, set on
high for Thy purity, prayers are offered to Thee for Thy strength, Thy
melodies are chanted to Thee; Thou art met in Thy meeting-places,
declared majestic for Thy splendor, sought for Thy words, magnified
for Thy might, blessed for Thy blessings, declared strong because of
all the things Thou didst create in Thy universe: Because of the sun
when it rises and when it sets; because of the moon when it stands in
the midst of the heaven; because of the stars when they shoot their
arrows on the earth, and when they grow dark and withdraw their
shining; because of the heavens which are sometimes bright, while at
other times they become gloomy and clothe themselves with
darkness; because of the lightnings when they dart forth; because of
the arrows when they go abroad; because of the whirlwind when it
blows; because of the storm when it rages; because of the clouds
when they pour out water, and the skies when they give forth a
sound; because of the rain when it comes down in abundance;
because of the flood of mighty waters that sweeps over the earth;
because of the earth when it puts forth grass; because of the fruit-
tree when it brings forth its fruit; because of life when it is fashioned,
brought to the birth and produced; because of the strength of the
young men and the splendor of the old men; because of the day when
it gives us light; because of the night when it grows dark for us;
because of the months when they are renewed; because of the years
when they are changed; because of the kingdoms of the earth to
which Thou givest dominion (Thou shalt also cause them to pass
away, and raise others in their stead); because of Thy people Israel
whom Thou didst chastise in judgment (Thou shalt also bring them
back, and restore their pristine glory to them). Above all hymns and
praises shall Thy name be sanctified, O God, that art mighty and
strong; purified and blessed; exalted and great; Thou art a
distinguished Judge, Thou art declared majestic, and all meditate in
Thee; Thou are eternal and faithful; Thou art pure and sustainest all;
Thou art pious and wise, good and pure; Thou art the only One and
art upright, powerful and perfect; clothing and capturing; O exalted
King, that art strong and trusted, enduring and forgiving, mighty and
most high, redeeming and delivering, watchful and righteous, holy
and jealous, lofty and compassionate, Lord and Keeper, perfect and
mighty. He is mentioned on the earth, and it quakes; on the
lightnings, and they run; on the burning coals, and they are
extinguished; on the pestilence, and it rages; on the mountains, and
they are rent; on the child, and it goes forth; on the tempests, and
they subside; on the woman with child, and she brings forth; on the
diseased, and he is healed; on the sea, and it was divided; on the
chain, and it is loosened; on the lion, and he turns back; on the
water, and it stands still; on the river, and it turns back; on Satan,
and he is stupefied; on the world, and it exists; on the afflicted, and
he is cured; on the rock, and it brings forth water; on the eloquent,
and he becomes silent; on the thunder, and it ceases; on the
adamant, and it breaks in pieces; on the depth, and it overflows. All
this is because of the glory of Thy name. For as Thy name so is Thy
praise, and in Thy name do Thy people exult, and for Thy name’s
sake dost Thou defer Thine anger, and givest glory to Thy name. For
whosoever knows Thy name stands in awe of Thy name; and he who
keeps it mentions it with fear, with purity, and with holiness. For
according to Thy glory didst Thou hide it from the multitude of the
sons of men, and it is transmitted only to him who is meek and of
lowly spirit; who fears God, does not get angry, and does not insist
upon his ways. Yet in every generation didst Thou make plain part of
the mystery thereof.
 X. NATHAN HA-BABLI

[A scholar who flourished in Babylon in the tenth century. His descriptions of

the Babylonian academies are obviously those of an eye-witness.]
 [75]
The Installation of an Exilarch
When the community agreed to appoint an exilarch, the two heads
of the academies, with their pupils, the heads of the community, and
the elders assembled in the house of a prominent man in Babylon,
one of the great men of the generation, as, for instance, Netira, or a
similar man. That man in whose house the meeting took place was
honored thereby, and it was regarded as a mark of distinction; his
esteem was enhanced, when the great men and the elders assembled
in his house.
On Thursday they assembled in the synagogue, blessed the
exilarch, and placed their hands on him. They blew the horn, that all
the people, small and great, might hear. When the people heard the
proclamation, every member of the community sent him a present,
according to his power and means. All the heads of the community
and the wealthy members sent him magnificent clothes and beautiful
ornaments, vessels of silver and vessels of gold, each man according
to his ability. The exilarch prepared a banquet on Thursday and on
Friday, giving all kinds of food, and all kinds of drinks, and all kinds
of dainties, as, for instance, different kinds of sweetmeats.
When he arose on Sabbath morning to go to the synagogue, many
of the prominent men of the community met him to go with him to
the synagogue. At the synagogue a wooden pulpit had been prepared
for him on the previous day, the length of which was seven cubits,
and the breadth of which was three cubits. They spread over it
magnificent coverings of silk, blue, purple, and scarlet, so that it was
entirely covered, and nothing was seen of it. Under the pulpit there
entered distinguished youths, with melodious and harmonious
voices, who were well-versed in the prayers and all that appertains
thereto. The exilarch was concealed in a certain place together with
the heads of the academies, and the youths stood under the pulpit.
No man sat there. The precentor of the synagogue would begin the
prayer Blessed be He who spoke, and the youths, after every sentence
of that prayer, would respond: ‘Blessed be He.’ When he chanted the
Psalm of the Sabbath day,[76] they responded after him: ‘It is good to
give thanks unto the Lord.’ All the people together read the ‘verses of
song,’[77] until they finished them. The precentor then arose, and
began the prayer The breath of all living, and the youths responded
after him: ‘Shall bless Thy name’; he chanted a phrase, and they
responded after him, until they reached the ‘Kedushah,’ which was
said by the congregation with a low voice, and by the youths with a
loud voice. Then the youths remained silent, and the precentor alone
completed the prayer up to He redeemed Israel. All the people then
stood up to say the Eighteen Benedictions. When the precentor,
repeating these Benedictions, reached the ‘Kedushah,’ the youths
responded after him with a loud voice: ‘The Holy God.’ When he had
completed the prayer, all the congregation sat down. When all the
people were seated, the exilarch came out from the place where he
was concealed. Seeing him come out, all the people stood up, until he
sat down on the pulpit, which had been made for him. Then the head
of the academy of Sura came out after him, and after exchanging
courtesies with the exilarch, sat down on the pulpit. Then the head of
the academy of Pumbeditha came out, and he, too, made a bow, and
sat down at his left.
During all this time the people stood upon their feet, until these
three were properly seated: the exilarch sat in the middle, the head of
the academy of Sura at his right, and the head of the academy of
Pumbeditha at his left, empty places being left between the heads of
the academies and the exilarch. Upon his place, over his head, above
the pulpit, they spread a magnificent covering, fastened with cords of
fine linen and purple. Then the precentor put his head under the
exilarch’s canopy in front of the pulpit, and with blessings that had
been prepared for him on the preceding days he blessed him with a
low voice, so that they should be heard only by those who sat round
the pulpit, and by the youths who were under it. When he blessed
him, the youths responded after him with a loud voice: ‘Amen!’ All
the people were silent until he had finished his blessings.
Then the exilarch would begin to expound matters appertaining to
the biblical portion of that day, or would give permission to the head
of the academy of Sura to deliver the exposition, and the head of the
academy of Sura would give permission to the head of the academy
of Pumbeditha. They would thus show deference to one another,
until the head of the academy of Sura began to expound. The
interpreter stood near him, and repeated his words to the people. He
expounded with awe, closing his eyes, and wrapping himself up with
his tallith, so that his forehead was covered. While he was
expounding, there was not in the congregation one that opened his
mouth, or chirped, or uttered a sound. If he became aware that any
one spoke, he would open his eyes, and fear and terror would fall
upon the congregation. When he finished his exposition, he would
begin with a question, saying: ‘Verily, thou needest to learn.’ And an
old man who was wise, understanding, and experienced would stand
up, and make a response on the subject, and sit down. Then the
precentor stood up, and recited the Kaddish. When he reached the
words during your life and in your days, he would say: ‘During the
life of our prince the exilarch, and during your life, and during the
life of all the house of Israel.’
When he had finished the Kaddish, he would bless the exilarch,
and then the heads of the academies. Having finished the blessing,
he would stand up and say: ‘Such and such a sum was contributed by
such and such a city and its villages;’ and he mentioned all the cities
which sent contributions for the academy, and blessed them.
Afterwards he blessed the men who busied themselves in order that
the contributions should reach the academies. Then he would take
out the Book of the Law, and call up a priest, and a Levite after him.
While all the people were standing, the precentor of the synagogue
would bring down the Book of the Law to the exilarch, who took it in
his hands, stood up, and read in it. The heads of the academies stood
up with him, and the head of the academy of Sura translated it to
him. Then he would give back the Book of the Law to the precentor,
who returned it to the ark. When the precentor reached the ark, he
sat down in his place, and then all the men sat down in their places.
After the exilarch the instructors read in the Book of the Law, and
they were followed by the pupils of the heads of the academies; but
the heads of the academies themselves did not read on that day,
because someone else preceded them. When the Maftir read the last
portion, a prominent and wealthy man stood near him, and
translated it. This was a mark of distinction and honor for that man.
When he finished reading, the precentor again blessed the exilarch
by the Book of the Law, and all the readers who were experienced
and well-versed in the prayers stood round the ark, and said: ‘Amen!’
Afterwards he blessed the two heads of the academies, and returned
the Book of the Law to its place. They then prayed the additional
prayer, and left the synagogue.
 XI. JOSEPH B. ISAAC IBN ABITOR

[Flourished in Spain during the tenth century. Owing to some quarrels, he left
his native country, and went to Damascus. He was an eminent talmudic scholar
and liturgic poet, and is said to have translated the entire Talmud into Arabic. Only
a small number of his poems have been preserved, but they tend to show that he
was a skilful poet with intense religious fervor. Some of them are of ingenious and
complicated structure.]
 [78]
1. Hymn Based on Psalm 120
O God, be gracious unto me on the day I hasten to praise Thee;
forgive my sins, and judge me not according to my deeds; when with
a Song of Ascents I cry to Thee, make clear to me: ‘In my distress I
called unto the Lord, and He answered me.’
For Thee, O God, my soul has ever pined; through the abundance
of my sins I have no respite; wipe off, I pray Thee, all my sins, the
known and the unknown,—O Lord, deliver my soul from lying lips,
from a deceitful tongue.
I said unto deceitful Uz[79]: ‘Shalt thou for ever walk upright in thy
wantonness? Gehenna is prepared for thee as thy apportioned lot.—
What shall be given unto thee, and what shall be done more unto
thee, thou deceitful tongue?’
My presumptuous sins are marked before Thee; they are bound up
in bundles, engraved, and sealed. Prepare a feast for them that are
benign to the guileless people;—sharp arrows of the mighty, with
coals of broom!
Majestic Lord, before Thee are my sorrows; among the multitude
of thorns I am well-nigh destroyed. But a short while I lived in
magnificent dwellings; woe is me, that I sojourn with Meshech, that
I dwell beside the tents of Kedar.
All my oppressors smite me with horror; in the presence of my
enemies I feel deeply ashamed; all the backsliders hate me with an
everlasting hate; my soul hath full long had her dwelling with him
that hateth peace.
O Most High, console Thy people that is disconsolate; to her that is
unpitied turn Thou, and be merciful. My adversaries say: ‘No
comfort shalt thou ever see.’—I am all peace; but when I speak, they
are for war.
Whenever it is time for praise, I cry to Thee, my God; as I set forth
my prayers, show Thy kindness unto me. To praise Thee, O Praised
One, I kept awake at night—accept Thou then my prayer with the
Song of Ascents.
 2. Hymn Based on Psalm 121
When I come, O Creator, to proclaim Thy unity, turn unto me!
Forgive my sins, and heed not my wicked thoughts; with this my
Song of Ascents I cry unto Thee, O my Crown. I will lift up mine eyes
unto the mountains: from whence shall my help come?
Woe to the daughter who derides the ancients of the earth; but
when I hear her mockery, I boldly answer thus: ‘My Redeemer lives
for ever; He dwells in the lofty skies—my help cometh from the Lord,
who made heaven and earth.’
The persecutor smites the multitudes who extol Thee (behold, they
have no other hope but in Thy words alone); presumptuously he
mocks the words of Thy Psalms: He will not suffer thy foot to be
moved: He that keepeth thee will not slumber.
When the wanton ones take counsel together, they plan to destroy
the remnant of Ariel; but Israel says: Trust ye in God our Redeemer;
—behold, He that keepeth Israel doth neither slumber nor sleep.
May now the trust of Thy believers be made strong and firm,
according to the psalmist’s words who sings Thy songs of joy: When
terror seizes thee, the Lord shall be thy refuge; the Lord is thy
keeper; the Lord is thy shade upon thy right hand.
My trust I put in Thee, O Dweller in the skies above; I stay myself
upon the psalmist’s words who sings jubilantly: In thy Creator put
thy trust, always rely on Him; the sun shall not smite thee by day,
nor the moon by night.
The multitude of Thy saints come before Thee; they loudly sing
Thy praises in Thy holy sanctuaries; the remnant of them that seek
Thee say to one another: ‘The Lord shall keep thee from all evil; He
shall keep thy soul.’
All Thy beloved ones together raise their voice, and say: ‘With
perfect heart sing ye unto the Living God; He who understands all
secrets will hear your cry; The Lord shall guard thy going out and
thy coming in, from this time forth and for ever.’
 3. Hymn Based on Psalm 122
When I draw nigh to extol Thee amidst a poor and needy people,
strengthen Thou my remnant scattered in all regions. With this my
Song of Ascents I cry to Thee, O King: I rejoiced when they said unto
me: ‘Let us go unto the house of the Lord.’
For my perversity I have been given twofold punishment;
announce Thou consolations to the barefoot people.[80] The people,
whose feet Thou makest strong, shall proclaim Thy greatness;—our
feet are standing within thy gates, O Jerusalem!
Establish Thou the pillars of Thy desolate temple; the
measurements thereof make wondrous fair, and wide, and long. This
miracle shall strike with confusion him who destroyed the desirable
things thereof: Jerusalem that was built as a city that is compact
together.
The righteous song regard with favor; may it be Thy will to gladden
with the redeemer’s coming them that trust in Thee. Thy banished
children shall go up to erect Ariel, whither the tribes went up, even
the tribes of the Lord, as a testimony unto Israel.
Destroy them that strive with me, and increase their tribulations;
enslave the tyrant;—for there were set thrones for judgment, the
thrones of the house of David.
Bring good tidings to them that sanctify Thee and sing Thy words
—they that are led by a fiery wall near Thee; I shall rejoice near Thy
shield, and hear Thy pleasing words: ‘Pray for the peace of
Jerusalem; may they prosper that love thee.’
O city of the Lord, rejoice, and increase thy lays; burst forth with
song, exult, make thy melodies great; I shall fill thy utterances with
joy and exultation; peace be within thy walls, and prosperity within
thy palaces.
They that wait for Thy utterance shall lift up their voice together;
they that sanctify Thy unity shall sing new melodies; they that are
satisfied with bliss from Thee shall proclaim peace; for my brethren
and companions’ sakes I will now say: ‘Peace be within thee.’
 Increase the glory of the stronghold in Thy border; mayest Thou
hear from Thy habitation the praises which we utter; may the
wisdom of Thy anointed be spoken in Thy temple: for the sake of the
house of the Lord our God I will seek thy good.
 4. Hymn Based on Psalm 123
When I seek Thee amongst them that proclaim Thy unity twice,
that hope for the day of Thy wonders to be redeemed from their two
exiles, I pour out my heart like water in the Song of Ascents; unto
Thee I lift mine eyes, O Thou that art enthroned in the heavens.
O Give ear unto Thy people’s groans and hear their supplications,
when they draw near to Thee to set forth their hymns of praise, and
when, humbly kneeling, they lift their eyes to Thee: behold, as the
eyes of servants unto the hand of their master.
Deliver from destruction them that seek Thy face; hasten Thy
salvation in due time to them that pray for it; look on the afflicted
people’s woes, when it renders thanks to Thee: as the eyes of a
maiden unto the hand of her mistress.
Remember Thy lovingkindness, O God, our Shield; O pity us, have
mercy, and forgive our sins; O Thou that art pure, we ever seek Thee,
answer us;—so our eyes look unto the Lord our God, until He be
gracious unto us.
Despise not the woes of the remnant of the plundered ones, for the
tents of Uz and Buz devoured and destroyed them; Jeush hastes to
trample on us, and Buz[81] speeds to spoil; be gracious unto us, O
Lord, be gracious unto us; for we are full sated with contempt.
Tribulations have beset us, and have humbled our heads; we have
been left groaning, entangled in our snares. Through the abundance
of our guilt, with filth and bitterness our soul is full sated.
The company of the needy ones, that have escaped and still
remain, hope for Thy righteous acts, O Highest of all high. They that
are filled with tribulations set forth their meditations;—with the
scorning of those that are at ease and with the contempt of the
proud oppressors.
 XII. HAI B. SHERIRA GAON

[The last Gaon of the academy at Pumbeditha. He was an eminent authority on

the Talmud, and numerous responsa written by him are still extant. He was the
author of commentaries on talmudic treatises and of a dictionary of difficult words
occurring in the Bible, Targum, and Talmud. He also acquired fame as a poet, and
was one of the first to employ the Arabic metre in Hebrew poetry. He died 1038.]
 [82]
Maxims and Admonitions
Let thy tongue be imprisoned in thy mouth, and in company be
thou like one that is mute.
Loose not a lion that is bound by thy chain, for if thou settest him
free, he will devour thee.
Cast not thy gaze upon thy neighbor’s wife, and thine own
helpmate keep inside the house; it is glory for women and grace for
men that women should not look upon strange men.
Make no partnership, though thou needest aid; transact no
business with thy kith and kin.
Dwell not too long by the river; turn to the mountain on account of
the rain.
Sow goodness, that thou mayest reap pleasantness, and thy reward
from God shall be complete.
Be perfect and upright with God, and seek not that which is too
high.
Keep away from imbeciles, from deaf and dumb, and from women;
have no quarrels with them.
If thou hast not acquired wisdom and understanding, sit near the
judges of the people when they preside.
Be not ashamed to learn and to seek knowledge; be a tail to the
wise, so that thou mayest become a head.
It is wisdom to tread in the ways of faith; to fear God and to depart
from evil is understanding.
Be near the judges of the community, and buy thy things in the
proper manner of transaction. For thy possessions choose good
witnesses,—they will relieve thee from strife.
It is better for thee to visit mourners than to go to the house of
feasting and rejoicing.
Reveal not to an enemy that which is in thy heart; uproot his
enmity, if thou hatest him not.
 Inquire about the sick, and visit them with a cure; speak
comfortingly unto embittered men.
Depart from quarrel, and flee from strife, and stand not upon the
verge of a pit and an abyss.
Honor thy parents, and also thy kinsmen and all that seek their
peace.
If thou drawest nigh unto the shadow of a king, know that thou
standest near a lion. Then other men shall be exceedingly afraid of
thee, but thy fear shall also be great and awful.
Thou shouldst not hold the horns of a fierce bull, and do not seize
the bridle of a lion.
Grieve not if unto thee a daughter is born; trust in God, exult and
rejoice in thy lot. At times a daughter is better than a son; she is good
and pure to her parents. Take delight in whatsoever comes from God,
and say: ‘This also is for the best!’
It is better that thy daughter should go down to the grave as a
maiden than that she should beseech a man.
Buy thee a dwelling among the upright; depart from the habitation
of the covetous and envious.
 XIII. SAMUEL HA-NAGID

[Born at Cordova 993, and died at Granada 1055. He was famous as a poet,
Halakist, and philologist, and was the author of a treatise on the methodology of
the Talmud. Some medieval Jewish critics considered him the greatest Hebrew
poet. This view, however, cannot be maintained, as he was certainly surpassed by
Ibn Gebirol and Judah ha-Levi. He was for some time vizier at the court of King
Habus. His poems, perhaps more than those of any other poet of that epoch,
resemble the Arabic poems very closely.]
 [83]
1. On Leaving Cordova
The soul is deprived of that which it desires, and that which it asks
is withheld from it. Although the body is plump, and fed, and fat, the
glorious soul is not yet satisfied. A humble man walks on the earth,
and yet his thoughts reach unto the skies. Of what avail is it to man
to have his body’s pleasures, while his soul is distressed? Some
friends there are who harm and profit not; they have big bodies, but
their minds are small. They think that to increase my riches I depart
from my dwelling-place and roam about—though the locks of my
head are dishevelled and mine eye is painted with night’s stibium.
My friends know not the secrets of my heart; indeed my friends
spoke not knowingly. Their soul knows nought, nor does it
understand; it is like the soul of a cloven-footed beast.
Shall he refrain himself, whose soul is like a moon, and, like the
moon, strives to soar high? And shall he rest until he girds his loins
with her wings, as one girds on a cloth, and till his deeds are heard
throughout the world, and like the ocean is his fame increased?
I swear by God and by His worshippers (assuredly, my like shall
keep his oath) that I will ascend the rocks on foot, and go down to the
deepest pit; The borders of the desert will I join, and cross the ocean
in a boat with sails; I shall roam about until I soar and rise to a
height that forever shall be known. With terrors shall I then inspire
my foes, but my friends shall find salvation in me. The ears of
freemen shall I bore through[84] as slaves’, and mine ear, too, shall be
bored through by my friends.
I have a soul that sustains my friends, but from my adversaries it is
withheld. In it there is for thee a garden filled with friendship,
planted by the brook of love; it is that friendship which is kept from
early youth, like a signet fixed in a ring; it is engraved like the green
gravings in a window cut out in the door of a palace.
May God be with thee as thou lovest, and may thy soul, which He
loves, be redeemed from the hand of foes. May the God of
deliverance send thee salvation, till there be no sun and moon!
 2. On Having Been Saved in Mid-Ocean from
[85]
a Tunny Fish
Shall he that falls and stumbles rise again, and he that roams and
wanders find repose? Shall I be raised yet once more, although my
feet stumbled, and my ankle slipped?
In my soul are all the things that offer help and consolation to the
stricken souls; but confusion reigns in the souls of them that came to
gloat over me in the day of my discomfiture. They think that
troublous times never change, a waste land shall not be inhabited.
Yet God does raise them that He humbled and brought low; and He
has mysteries, His way is hid.
O hear this word, and know that not in vain does God keep me
alive upon the earth; and then shalt thou receive the evil days with
cheerful heart, closed mouth, and bridled thought. Let thine ear be
deaf to dissenters, and thine eye closed from seeing backsliders, who
are like Hofni in Shiloh,[86] or like Zimri with the Midianite woman,
[87]
or Onan[88] with his brother’s wife.
O hear this word, exalt God in thy house, and on thy way, whilst
thou sittest or standest.

Her head is as a row boat in size, with a countenance raised very

high; she has eyes like fountains, a nostril like a furnace, and temples
like a wall. Her mouth is deep and wide like a cave; when thirsty, she
pours a stream into it. Her lips resemble two inflated skin-bottles,
and between them is a hole like that of a torn garment. White is her
body, green her back; her neck is like a tower, her belly is like a heap.
Her fins are like a keen-edged sword; her scales look like a red
buckler. To them that watch, her structure is like a rock projecting in
mid-ocean.
When she came swimming round about the boat, no one uttered
aught, nor breathed a word. Then she drew nigh unto the sides of the
boat, and stood on her tail which was as a cedar or a vine.
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