GROUP 7 PRESENTATION
CARDIAC PULMONARY RESUSCITATION
ON EMERGENCY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
GROUP MEMBERS
91-PETER WINNER
92-ROBERT JENNIFER
93-TERKAA MARY
94-UBI DODEYE
95-UDEY HELEN
96-UKIWO PRISCILLA
97-UMEH CYNTHIA
98-UPUA PLINY
99-USHIE JOSEPHINE
100-USHIE JOSHUA
101-USHIE REBECCA
102-WILLIE NWOYI
103-WONAH SUCCESS
104-YELLOW-DUKE IQUO
SUBMITTED TO THE COURSE LECTURER
MRS EYO
In partial fulfillment of the course requirements.
Introduction- Upua Pliny.
Definition-Robert Jennifer.
Types- Udey Helen.
Uses- Umeh Cynthia.
Requirements/ indication-Terkaa Mary.
Procedure-Wonah Success/Ushie Joshua
Advantages-Ushie Josephine.
Complications-Yellow-duke Iquo
Risks associated-Ushie Rebecca
Summary/ conclusion-Ukiwo Priscilla.
History-Peter Winner
References-Willie Nwoyi
Contraindications-Ubi dodeye
Introduction
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving emergency procedure performed to maintain
circulation and oxygenation during cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. It is critical in emergency and
disaster management where timely intervention can mean the difference between life and death.
CPR restores blood flow to vital organs, such as the brain and heart, and is considered a
cornerstone of Basic and Advanced Life Support systems in emergencies.
Definition
CPR is a combination of chest compressions and ventilations aimed at maintaining or restoring
circulatory and respiratory function in individuals experiencing cardiac arrest. It ensures oxygen
delivery to vital organs until spontaneous circulation and respiration are restored or advanced
medical care is provided.
Types of CPR
1. Basic Life Support (BLS):
Includes manual chest compressions and rescue breaths.
Focuses on the "CAB" sequence: Circulation (compressions), Airway, and Breathing.
Typically performed by laypersons or first responders.
2. Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS):
Includes defibrillation, intubation, and medication administration.
Performed by healthcare professionals trained in advanced techniques.
3. Hands-Only CPR:
Involves chest compressions without rescue breaths.
Recommended for bystanders untrained in full CPR or in cases where rescue breathing is unsafe.
Uses of CPR
1. Cardiac Arrest: CPR is primarily used in emergencies where a person has stopped breathing or
their heart has stopped beating. It can help maintain blood flow to vital organs until professional
medical help arrives.
2. Choking: CPR can be used when a person is choking and unable to breathe. The technique can
help expel the object blocking the airway.
3. Drowning: In cases of drowning, CPR can be crucial for restoring breathing and circulation after a
person has been submerged in water.
4. Respiratory Arrest: If a person is not breathing but has a heartbeat, CPR can assist in providing
artificial ventilation to deliver oxygen to the lungs.
5. Prevention of Brain Damage: Timely CPR can help prevent brain damage due to lack of oxygen,
which can occur within minutes after cardiac arrest.
6. Emergency Situations: CPR can be used in various emergency situations, including accidents,
overdoses, or any condition that leads to unresponsiveness and lack of breathing.
In disaster management, CPR is vital in scenarios like building collapses, earthquakes, and mass
casualty events
Requirements for CPR
1. A trained responder: Someone who has been trained in CPR techniques.
2. A safe environment: The area should be clear of hazards and the patient should be on a firm, flat
surface.
3. Personal protective equipment (PPE): Gloves, a face shield, and a mask to protect against bodily
fluids.
4. An automated external defibrillator (AED): If available, to help restore a normal heart rhythm.
5. A phone: To call for emergency medical help
Indications for CPR
CPR is initiated when a person:
Is unresponsive.
Has no detectable pulse.
Exhibits no normal breathing or only gasping.
In disasters, indications may also depend on triage systems that prioritize patients most likely to
benefit.
Procedure
1. Assess the Scene: Ensure safety for the rescuer and victim.
2. Check Responsiveness: Tap and shout to confirm unresponsiveness.
3. Call for Help: Activate emergency medical services and, if available, get an automated external
defibrillator (AED).
4. Start Chest Compressions:
Place hands in the center of the chest.
Compress at a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute at a depth of 2–2.4 inches (5–6 cm).
5. Provide Rescue Breaths:
Open the airway using the head tilt-chin lift maneuver.
Deliver two breaths after every 30 compressions.
6. Use AED: If available, apply AED pads and follow its instructions.
7. Continue CPR: Until professional help arrives or the person shows signs of recovery.
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Advantages
Increases survival rates in cardiac arrest victims.
Reduces brain damage by maintaining oxygenated blood flow.
Easy to learn and implement, even by non-medical personnel.
Improves outcomes when integrated with defibrillation and advanced care.
Complications
Rib fractures or sternal injuries from compressions.
Gastric distension and risk of aspiration during rescue breaths.
Soft tissue injuries or bruising.
Potential worsening of existing injuries in trauma victims.
Risks Associated
Delayed initiation can reduce survival chances.
Improper technique may result in ineffective compressions or airway compromise.
Overventilation can lead to decreased cardiac output or barotrauma.
Ethical dilemmas in certain cases, such as advanced terminal illnesses.
Contraindications
Do Not Attempt Resuscitation (DNAR) orders: Legal directives against resuscitation.
Irreversible death signs: Rigor mortis, decapitation, or severe decomposition.
Severe trauma incompatible with life: Complete transections, massive head injuries.
End-stage chronic illnesses: Terminal diseases where CPR would not provide meaningful benefit.
History of CPR
First formal description in the 18th century by William Tossach for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
In 1960, Peter Safar and James Elam combined rescue breathing with chest compressions.
The American Heart Association (AHA) later established formal CPR guidelines.
Widespread adoption in disaster settings followed significant advancements in triage and mass
casualty response.
Summary
CPR is an essential life-saving intervention that plays a crucial role in emergencies and disaster
management. Its success depends on timely execution, proper technique, and integration with
advanced care. While complications and contraindications exist, the benefits of CPR in preserving
life and preventing organ damage far outweigh its risks.
References
1. American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines.
2. Resuscitation Council (UK) Guidelines.
3. European Resuscitation Council (ERC) Guidelines.
4. Textbooks on Advanced Cardiac Life Support.
5. Peer-reviewed articles on disaster and emergency medicine.
