USE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

IN INTEGRAL EQUATIONS*

7.1. APPLICATION OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION TO

INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

Integral Equation. An equation of the form C

ft) =h(t) + |f(u)g (u, t) du ...(1)
H
iscalled an integral equation.
In this equation h(t) and g(u, t) are known, limits a andb are either A
constants or function of t. We have to determine the function f(t)under
the integral sign.

The equation ft) =h(t) +|f(u).gt-u) du ...(2)

P
T
7
is also of thetype (1), therefore it is an integral equation. Thisequation is
called integral equation of convolution type.
E
The equation
t
fu) du= glt),
R
(t- a)"
where g(t) is alsoan integral equation called Abel's integral equation.

Note :
We know by convolution theorem
t

L-' |F(s)G (s)) = Jfwgt- u) du

where Lf)= F6) and Lg t)=G (s)
Convolution is denoted by f(t) *g )

* This chapter is not specifically mentioned in theSyllabus.

 7.2 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS

L |F (6) G (9)) =fu) gt - u)du =f(t) *g)

Also note that

F(9).G (9) =Lfw)gt -u) du=L(f)* g))
0

We see here that LI¯) *g ()] = F (s).G (s).

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example1. Solve the integral equation f(t) =1+ (fu). sin (t - u) du and verify your
solution. [K.U. 2008, 07]

Solution. The given equation is f(t) =1+fu).sin (t - u) du

=1+f(t) * sin t
Taking Laplace transform of both sides,
1
Fs) + F(s).
1+g2

[Refer note above. Also wedenote L ft) = F (s)]

1
0r =

1
Or F (s)
1+ s2

(1+ s²)
Or F(s) =

1 1
Or F(s) = +

Taking inverse transform, we have

i.e., f) = -+1
2
Verifieation of theSolution :
L.HS. of given equation =f(t) = 1+ 2 ...(1) Determined abovel
 7.3
OF
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS IN INTEGRAL EQUATIONS
USE

R.H.S. = 1 1+ [fwsin (t -w) du

0

--jnu-mda
=1:1+
2
sin (t - u) du
As f(t) =1+; f(u) =1 + 2

= 1+ sin (t - u) du + sin (t - u) du
0

cOs (t - u) sin (t - u) cos (t - u)

=1+ [cos (t-w)] + -1
- (21)
(-1)2
+2
(-1)³
[Integrating by parts]

= 1 + -cos t +
2
x1-2t x 0+2(-1) + 2 cos t]

=2- cos t + t-1+ cos t

2

1
=1+ t2= L.HS.
2

Example 2. Solve the integral equation ft) = 1 +2 lrt-u) e-2u du. [K.U. 2012, 09]
0

Solution. The given equation can be written as

ft) =1+ 2f(t) * e-20
Taking Laplace transform, we have
1
Fs) = + 2F(s) .
S s+2

2 1
=

s+2)
1H
F(s)
s +2
s +2
0r F(s) = 2_1,2
S

Taking inverse Laplace transform, we have

2

i.e., f(t) =1+ 2t.

 7.4 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND INTEGRAL TRANSEOA

Example3. Solve fudu

Jt -u
1+2t - t'. (M.D.U. 2009, 04
Solution. The given equation is f(u) då =1+ 2t- 2
0
Jt- u

It can also be written as |f(u).(t -u)-1/2 du =1 +2t -2

0

Or
f(t)* t-1/2 = 1+ 2t- 2
Taking Laplace transform, we have

F(s). =L (1) + 2L(t)-L (t)2

Or 2 2!
F(s). =+

2 2
Or
Jr F(s) = s3/2
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we have

1
+2L-1
-
t-1/2 211/2 2;3/2
Or +

5 T(n!)
2 2,

t-1/2 2;l/2 2;3/2

Or Vaf) = 3 1
2'2 2

4fl/2 83/2
or Vrft) =
3V
1
f(t) = -l/2 +4¢1/2
 7.5

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS IN INTEGRAL EOUATIONS

USE OF
[K.U.2006]
Example 4. Solve f'(t) = t+ | ft -u) cos u du; given f(0) =4.

Solution. The given equation can be written as

f') =t +f(t) * cos t
Taking Laplace transform of both sides, we have
LIf')] =L(t) +L[f() *cos tl
1
sF (s)-f(0) = + F(s)
s +1

S 1 1
F(s) = +f0)= -+4

F(s) =
$+1

Or
Fs) =

- +4

1 5 4
S

Taking inverse transform,

t 52 +4x1
f(t) = 4! 2!

0r f) = 4+ 5,24t.
2 24

5t23t into integral

Example 5. Convert the differentialequation f""(t) +2f' (t)-8f(t) =
equation, where f(0) = -2, f'(0) =3.
Solution. The given equation is
f'"t) +2f'(t) - 8f(t) = 5t23t ...1)

f")=g (t) ....2)

Let
 7.6 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS

Integrating, we have f'(t) = gu) du +c1 ...(3)#

0

Now when t = 0 f'0) =gu) du +c,

i.e., 3 =0+ C1
Substituting this value ofc, in (3),

f ) = gu) du +3 ...(4)
0

Again integrating, f(t) =t-u) gu) du +3 ...(5)*

f(t) = |(t- u) gu) du +3t +e ...(6)

0

Whent=0 f(0) =0 +0 + C
-2 = Cg

From (6), ft) =t- u) g(u) du +3t - 2 ...(7)

0

Using (7), (4)and (2) in (1), we have

&) +2| gu) du +3-8(-w) g u) du +3t -2 =5t -3t

Or gt) + (2 - 8t +&ul g (u) du- 5t- 21t + 16=0

where g (t) =f"t).

d dt do
gu) du =0 + gt)- g0) = glt)
dt dt dt

(It follows by Leibnitz rule of differentiation under integral sign)

[Remember itl
Integral of gt) isg(u) du
0
 7.7

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS IN INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

USE OF
Alternatively, we may proceed as under :
f"(O) +2f') -8 f) =523t
Integrating both sides, we get
t 513
[f"u) du +2 |f'u)du-8 fu)du 0
=
3

t
d rd
[f'(w)] du +2 J f ' )du -8| fu) du 2
2
du 0

If+2Lf(u)l -8 f(u)du = 3_32

3 2

5
If')-f'o)] +2[f%) -f(0)) 8
- f(w) du = 3
-2

t
3
If')-3)+ 2(ft) +2) -8fu) du = ?
2

[:: f(0) -2; f'(0) =3]

f')+ 2f(t) 8 -t-1

2

Again integrating, we get

If'w), +2 fw) du -8 -u)fu) du 12

t
5
or
f(t)-f0) +|(2-8t + 8u) f(u) du = 12 2
--t
0

t
5 4 t
Or f(t)+(2-8t +8u) f(u) du = 12 2
.-t-2 [:f(0) =-2]

Note :
We observe that in the two solutions we get different answers but these two integral equations will
yield the same results.
7.8
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND INTEGRAL TRANSFORMC

Example6. Convert the differential equation f"t)-3f't) +2ft) =4sin t into an

integralequation, where f(0) = 1,f'(0)=-2.
[K.U. 2009)
Solution. Here f")- 3f' ) + 2f(t) = 4 sint
Integrating both sides w.r.t. tfrom 0 to t, we have

0
u+2
0
f(u)du ={-4 cos ul
Or

Ir'a-3f(w2ff) du =-4cOs t + 4

or
f')-f0)3 [f(t)-f(0)+2 f(w) du =-4cos t + 4
0

t
Or
f')+2-3 f() +3+2 ||f(w) du =4-4 cos t
0

Or
f')-3ft) +2 fw du =-14 cos t

Integrating again from 0 tot, we have

-3 u+2(t-u) f(u) du =-u-4sin u]

0 0

Or f(t)-f(0) - (3- 2t + 2u) f(u) du =-t-4 sin t

0

Or ft) - |(3-20 + 2u) f(u) du =l-t-4 sin t (f0) =11

0

Alternatively, Let f") =g (t) ...(1)

Integrating, we have f')= gu) du+e ..(2)

When t= 0, f'(0) = gu) du + CË ’ -2 =c

 7.9
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS IN INTEGRAL
USE OF EQUATIONS
Puttingthe value ofc, =-2in (2), we get

...(3)
f') =u) du - 2
0

Again integrating, fe) =(-u) glu) du- 2 du +e,

..(4)
|(t-u) gu) du 20 +og
When t =0, f(0) = 0-0 +c, ’ l C
Substituting the value of c, in (4), we have

f(0) = (t- w) gu) du 2t+1 ...(5)

Substituting the values of f"0), f') and f(0) in f"0)3f'0) +2f(t) =4sin t, we have
gt)-3 du- 2+22(t- u) gu) du- 2t +1|=4 sint

0r g(t) [3-2t + 2u] glu)du = 4 sin t -6+ 4t2

0r g(t) - | (3 2t +2u)g(u) du =4 sin t +4t -8, where gt) =f"t.

EXERCISE 7.1

Solve the following integral equations [Q. (1 - )]:

1. ft)=t+2 cos (t -u)f(u) du.

0

2. ft) =1+2 ft-u)cOs u du.

2f0+t-2 =f-w) f(w) du.