Logica

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fact hat can be truly

'means a inferred from the contents of a given
consist of a
thusstatement
given atatements. The
or a set of
statements, followed by
sentence or passage'. The questions
candidate is certain inferences based on the facts
din implications and then decide which of required to analyse the given
the
gistirect the given statements,
conclusions follows logically and forunderstand their
satements,
sure, from the
TYPE 1
ofquestions,
ste a statement is given followed by two conclusions. The
ONclusions definitely follows from the given statement candidateis
and choose the answer required find out which
to
accordingly.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
ins: In each of the following questions, a Sol. The statement hints at following the
nat isgiven followed by two conclusions practices used
by leading institutes as a positive feature of the M.N.
alredI and II. Institute. So, only II follows while I does not.
ORSLDer
Hence, the answer is (b).
only conclusion I follows; Ex. 3. Statement: Mr. X is one of the probable
ony conclusion II follows; candidates short-listed for the post of Director of
either I or II follows; KLM. Institute. (S.BI.P.0. 2001)
heither I nor II follows; and Conclusions:
fboth I andII follow I. Mr. X will be selected as Director of K.L.M.
L Institute.
Statemernt: Sealed tenders are invited from II. Mr. X will not be selected as Director of K.L.M.
Cpetent contractors experienced in executing Institute.
onstruction jobs. (M.A.T. 2005)
Sol. The fact that Mr. X has been short-listed for the
Conclusions : post, does not confirm his selection. So, either I or
L
Tenders are invited only from experienced IIfollows.
LltCont
is ractors.
Hence, the answer is (c).
di ffcul t to find competent tenderers in Ex. 4. Statement: Morning walks are good for health.
AtConst
gording rtoucttheion jstatement,
obs. tenders are invited from Conclusions:
Allhealthy people go for morning walks.
ts.Sintractors experienced in executing construction II. Evening walks are harmful. (M.A.T. 2006)

tNEnotiompeSo,ned. tc.eSnonclto, tenderers

uconclsionusionfollows.I The availability
in construction is not Sol. The statement mentions that morning walks improve

Heace, the answer is (a). II does not follow. health. But this does not mean that all healthy
people go for morning walks. So, Idoes not
follow.
Also, nothing is mentioned about evening walks in
Seiteatievmeenu teachingfollow We
learning practices used by Some of the best and the statement. So, II also does not
follow.

\VeathnaautPisnrioosfnMN.gesis:nsotirutes
he
i the word.Institute is
one
of
all over the world'.-A statement
M.N. Institute.(Bank P.0. 2000)

of the leading institutes

Hence, the answer is (d).
Ex. 5. Statement :Smoking is one of those human
weaknesses which tend to test the will power of
the smoker to the
Conclusions :
edge. (G.B.0. 2006)

\nWhituatteevsr
It is very difficult for the smokers to give up
is being leading I
smoking even if they want to do
so.
will followed by world'suseful.
definitely be good and
5.1
5.2 Logical Reasoning
means that there are other
II. Human beings have other
weaknesses as well. well. So, II also follows. human
W1ll
Sol. The statement mentions that a yery strong Hence, the answer is (e).
so it 1S
power is required to give up smoking and
very difficult. Thus, I follows. Also, it is mentioned
"This
that smoking is one of the human weaknesses.
EXERCISE 5A
II. Countrymen in general have
Directions : In each guestion below is given a
statement followed by two conclusions numbered I
6. Statement: Today out of the become lazy.
several thousand million. the world
and II. You have to assumeeverything in the statement live under governments which of majority popmenulation gf
to be true, then consider the two conclusions together liberty and the right to dissent.refuse them pehave,
and decide which of them logically follows beyond
a reasonable doubt from the information given in
Conclusions: rONA
the statement. I. People are indifferent to
personal
Give answer right to dissent.
II. People desire personal liberty and
liberty and the
(a) if only conclusion I follows;
(6)if only conclusion II follows; dissent. the right t
(c) if either I or II follows; 7. Statement: Irregularity is a cause for
(d) if neither I nor II follows; and
exams. Some regular students fail in the failure in
(e) if both I and IIfollow.
tions.
Conclusions: (S.S.Cexami
. 2005)na-
1. Statement:Double your money in five months- An I. All failed students are regular.
advertisement.
Conclusions:
II. All successful students are not regular.
I. The assurance is not genuine.
8. Statement: To cultivate interest in reading, the
II. People want their money to grow.
school has made it compulsory from June this vear
for each student to read two books per week and
2. Statement: Only good singers are invited in the submit a weekly report on the books.
conference. No one without sweet voice is a good Conclusions:
singer.
Conciusions: I. Interest in reading can be created by force.
I. All invited singers in the conference have sweet II. Some students will eventually develop interest
voice. in reading.
II. Those singers who do not have sweet voice are 9. Statement: The use of non-conventional sources of
not invited in the conference. (LA.M. 2003) energy will eliminate the energy crisis in the world.
3. Statement:Company X has a record of manufactur Conclusions:
ing cameras of quality and the latest design so that I Modern technology is gradually replacing th
you do not spoil even a single shot irrespective of the conventional sources of energy.
weather conditions.
II. The excessive exploitation of environment nas i
Conclusions: to depletion of conventional sources of enery
I. No other company except X is
reputed in the 10. Statement: Until our country achieves economic be
camera industry. would
equality, political freedom and democracy 2003
II. Anyone can take an acceptable shot with
camera meaningless. (M.B.A. 2006: M.A.T.
X
4. Statement: Recent trends also indicate that the Conclusions: handinhand
number of child migrants in large cities is increasing.
I Political freedom andl democracy go reedom
These children leave their families to join II. Economic equality leads to real political
of urban poor doing odd jobs in the ranks
markets, and democracy.
hotels or in service sectors. workshops, 11. Statement: Indiafrom
Conclusions: National Aluminium has movedthe metal.
I. Migration to big cities should be Company in
II. The plight of poor checked.
a position of
shortage to self-sufficiency
studied. children should be thoroughly Conclusions:
I
aluminium.
toreign
5. Statement:No country is absolutely self-dependent II.
Previously, India had to import
become a
these days.
With this speed, it can soon
Conclusions: (G.B.O. 2006) 12. exchange earner. pres
reviewthespurt
I. It is impossible to groW and produce all that a Statement: "The
ent policy of the diesel
Government will
price in view
further
of
spokesman
(Bank oof
the
P.0.2000
country needs. in the
international oil prices". A
Government.
 Statement Conclusions 5.3
poclusions:
Government will 21. Statement : Any voung man who makes dowry as
increase the price of
The after the imminent spurt in the a condition for marriage, discredits himself and dis
diesel
aternational
the oil prices. honours womanhood. (M.A.T. 2005)
Government will not increase the price of Conclusions:
I
diesel even
after the imminent spurt in the Those who take dowry in marriage should be
international
the oil prices. condemned by society.
Satement:
)If all players play to their full potential, II. Those who do not take dowry in marriage respect
the match. We have won the match. womanh0od.
e Will
win
22. Statement: Monitoring has become an integral part
Conclusions: in the planning of social development programmes.
played to their full potential.
Allplayers
players did not play to their full
lt is recommended that Management Information
Some System be developed for all programmes. This is
1.potential. (M.A.T. 2001) likely to give a feedback on the performance of the
Statement: The T.V. staff deserves an applaud for functionaries and the efficacy with which services
howingbooth capture. are being delivered.
Conclusions:
Conclusions:
I All the social development programmes should
aims at showing things in their true be evaluated.
perspective.
II. There is a need to monitor the performance of
I People involved in booth capturing have been workers.
recognised and are being tried by law. 23. Statement : It is almost impossible to survive and
:Statement: The national norm is 100 beds per prosper in this world without sacrificing ethics and
thansand population but in this state, 150 beds per morality.
thousand are available in the hospitals. Conclusions:
Conclusions: I. World appreciates some concepts but may not
L Our national norm is appropriate. uphold it.
I The state's health system is taking adequate II. Concept of ethics and morality are not practicable
care in this regard. in life.
K
Statement: Fashion is a form of ugliness so intoler 24. Statement:It has been decided by the Government
able that we have to alter it every six months. to withdraw 33% of the subsidy on cooking gas from
Conclusions: the beginning of next month. A spokesman of the
Government. (Bank P.0. 2000)
I Fashion designers do not understand the public
mind very well. Conclusions:
The publicby and large is highly susceptible to I People now no more desire or need such subsidy
(G.B.O. 2006) from Government as they can afford inereased
novelty.
. Statement: Money plays a vital role in politics. price of the cooking gas.
II. The price of the cooking gas will increase at least
Concl
1 Theusipoor
ons: can never become politicians.
by 33% from the next month.
L All the 25. Statement :Use "Kraft" colours. They add colour to
rich politics.
men take part in hour life. An advertisement.
Statement: Fortune favours the brave. Conclusions :
Concl
II.
I
Risukssionsare: necessary for succeSs.
I. Catchy slogans do not attract people.
II. People like dark colours.
Cowards die many times before their death.
(S.S.C. 2003)
26. Statement: A Corporate General Manager asked
. four managers to either submit their resignations by

IStgnaotreanmcee.nt:
the next day or face termination orders from service.
Iknow
nothing except the fact of my Three of them had submitted their resignations by

ConcTheWrhusitieoworldrnss: knowledge
I
L
of
is very poor.
is too vast to be
explored
that evening.
Conclusions :
(M.B.A. 2006)

The next day, the remaining manager would also

by a knowledge
singleAperson. resign.

Sleiart,emGooden wranglers man must be wise to be a good wran-

talkative and boring.
IL The General manager would terminate his
services the next day.

Concusions: are
the wise persons are boring.
the wise persons are good wranglers.
27, Statement:In spite of the claim of the Government
of terrorism being under check, killing continues.
Conclusions:
 11.The25independent M.L.As will join some other
Statement Conclusions 5,5
political party in a short period of time.
AStatement:The best way to escape from a problem expertise of the person in the area of finance.
II. The Director of the
solvei t financial institute should
have expertise commensurate with the financial
isto
Conclusions: work carried out by the
life will be dull if you don't face a 51, Statement: The 'Official institute.
L Your problem. Secrets Act (OSA) enacted
Toescape
from problems, you should always by the ABC government during the war
some solutions with you. have one of the major source of corruption in seems to be
AStatement:Company X has marketed (G.B.0. 2006)
the product. X. the country
ahead, purchase it if price and quality are your Conclusions:
considerations. I. The OSA has to be abolished
Conclusions:
immediately to put
an end to the corruption in the country X.
LThe product must be good in quality. II. The ABC government had an
intention of
II. The price of the product must be reasonable. encouraging corruption in the government
offices. (N.M.A.T. 2003)
4. Statement: A neurotic is a non-stupid person who 52.
behaves stupidly.
Statement: In a highly centralised power structure,
(M.B.A. 2006) in which even senior cabinet ministers are prepared
Conclusions: to reduce themselves to pathetic
countries or yesmen
L Neuroticism and stupidity go hand in hand. airing views that are primarily intended to anticipate
or reflect the Prime Minister's own
II. Normal persons behave intelligently. performances,
there can be no place for any consensus that is quite
s Statement: Vegetable prices are soaring in the different from real or contrived unanimity of opinion,
market. (M.A.T. 2005) expressed through a well orchestrated endorsement
Conclusions: of the leader's actions.
I. Vegetables are becoming a rare commodity. Conclusions:
II People cannot eat vegetables. I. The Ministers play safe by not giving anti-gov
ernment views.
46. Statement: India's economy is depending mainly on
forests. II. The Prime Minister does not encourage his
colleagues to render their own views.
Conclusions:
I Trees should be preserved to improve Indian
53. Statement: Any student who does not behave
properly while in the school brings bad name to
economy. himself and also for the school.
I. India wants only maintenance of forests to Conclusions:
improve economic conditions. I Such student should be removed from the school.
i. Statement: Reading maketh a full man, conference II. Stricter discipline does not improve behaviour
a ready man and writing an exact man. of the students.
Conclusions:
1. Pointed and precise expression comes only
54. Statement: Applications of applicants who do no
fulfll eligibility criteria and/or who do not submit
through extensive writing. applications before last date will be summarily
l. Extensive reading makes a complete man. rejected and will not be called for the written test.
48. Statement: Abird in hand is worth two in the bush. Conclusions:
I. Those who are called for the written test are
Concl
I Weusions: be content
should with what we have. those whofulfill eligibility criteria and have
submitted their applications before last date.
II We should not crave for what is not. IL Written test will be held only after serutiny of
(S.S.C. 2003) applications. (I.B.P.S. 2002)
8. Statement: Industrial Revolution which first of all B5. Statement : We should inform all our officers not to
read newspapers during ofice hours--Chief Manager
startedin Europe has brought about mnodern age. tells Chief Administrator.
Conclusions:
I. Disparity between rich and poor results in Conclusions :
L Reading newspapers during office hours is
I. revolution. desirable.

ng
Revolution
B0, Statement: society.
ovverhaulshas
Government spoiled many top rank-
appointing bureaucrats
IL Ofice efficiency will not increase by stopping
this.
as financial institutions by K6. Statement: The Minister questioned the utility of
Directors of these institutions. the space research programme and suggested its
replacement by other areas of felt national needs
ConclfiGover
l, unancisioansnlment: should appoint Directors of the
considerationthe
institutes taking into
Conclusions:
 5.6 Logical Reasoning Conclusions:
contributeto critical
I. Exploring the space does not The inclusion of
national needs.
I1, Research should be
oriented to national needs.
(Bank P.0. 2002)
panel does not
be proper. specialists
guarantee that onhe the
of certain set chn
II. The interview test
57. Statement : Quality has a price tag.
India is matter of'selection has
allocating lots of funds toeducation.
Conclusions:
I. Quality of education in India
would improve soon.
quality of education.
62. Statement: Wind is
energy and an
an candidates.
inexhaustible
aerogenerator
electricity. Though not much can
field, the survey shows that has been
limiCotaniovenrstin it
9
(

I. Funding alone can enhance for developing wind as is there yastdone in im

58. Statement: The average number of persons
household is 5 in urban areas whereas it is 7 in
per
rural Conclusions: alternative source psterta
areas. The national average is 6. I. Energy by windlis
Conclusions:
areas
field. comparatively newly
emerg
The population per unit area in the rural II, The energy crisis can be
I.
is higher than in the urban areas. inthe
field of dealt by exploring
aero-generation.
II. More persons live in the same
rural areas as compared to
household in the
those in the urban
63. Statement : In India, more
placed on areas such as emphasis
agriculture.,, shooudan% (PGDBM,B
areas.

59. Statement:Population increase coupled with de

many
technology
Conclusions:
instead of basic and pure ensgicineencesrin.g 12

pleting resources is going to be the scenario of I. India has achieved sufficient

developing countries in days to come. and pure sciences. progress in bake
Conclusions: II. In the past, the productivity factor ix 13.
I. The population of developing countries will not economy was neglected.
continue to increase in future.
64, Statement: The old order changeth yielding nha
II. It will be very difficult for the governments of to neW. 14
developing countries to provide its people decent
(S.B.I.P.0. 2000) Conclusions:
quality of life.
I. Change is the law of nature.
60. Statement:Leaders, who raise much hue and cry 15.
about the use of Hindi, generally send their children II. Discard old ideas because they are old.
to English medium schools. 65. Statement: Our securities investment cary market
Conclusions: risk. Consult your investment advisor or agent beire
I India lacks good Hindi medium schools. investing. 16.
II There is a world of difference between preaching Conclusions:
and practising. I. One should not invest in securities.
61. Statement : The interview panel may select I. The investment advisor calculates the markel 17
a candidate who neither possesses the desired risk with certainty.
qualifications nor the values and attributes.
ANSWERS (EXERCISE 5A)
1. (6) :The authenticity of the given statement cannot
4. (d) :The statement mentions the problem ofinerea
be deduced. So, I does not follow, Since, the the ways
migration of children to cities, Butdeducedfhum
advertisement talks of quick returns, it implies deal with the problem cannot be
that people want their money to grow, as an it. So, neither I nor II follows. explanatia
advertisement always imbibes comments and 5. (a) provides asuitablefollows.
features that attract the attention of the people :Clearly, only I
immediately. So, II follows. tothe given statement. So, only mostpeope
that
2. (e) :The statement asserts that a good singer always 6. (b) :It is mentioned in the statement whichretise
Governments todissent
has a sweet voice and only good singers are are forced tolive under
the right tothest
invited in the conference. This implies that all them personal libertyandnot indiferentonlyI
those invited in the conference have sweet voice This means that they are them.
So,
rights but have a desire for
and those who do not have sweet voice are not al
that
invited. So, both I and II follow. follows. implies i
fail
3. (6) :Clearly, the statement talks of Company Xonly 7. (d) :The given statement clearly students that
regular means
and no other company. So, Idoes not follow. Also. irregular and some turn, neither
notI
it is mentioned that one can the examinations. This, inregularbut
oYen in bad weather conditions
take a good shot all Successful studentssuccessful.
are So,
with a camera regular students are
of Company X. So, II follows. nor II follows.