Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Bio sciences

Available online at https://www.gajrc.com

DOI: 10.36348/gajab.2023.v05i02.002

ISSN:2706-8978 (P)
ISSN: 2707-2568 (O)

Review Article

Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Production Status and Challenges in

Ethiopia
Wondimkun Dikr1*
1Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondo genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia

*Corresponding Author Abstract: Mung bean is one of the most important pulse crops, grown from the
Wondimkun Dikr tropical to sub-tropical areas around the world. Mung bean has good potential
Ethiopian Institute of for crop rotation system, for crops under drier farmland cultivation areas and
Agricultural Research, Wondo ability of growing on dry and irrigated conditions. Mung bean has considerable
genet Agricultural Research
importance in economical, food, fodder and agricultural (green manure crop to
Center, Ethiopia
improve soil fertility) aspects. Sowing of mung bean mainly occurs during
summer when sufficient rain is available for growth but it is sensitive to
Article History
waterlogging. It is grown in several types of cultivation systems, including sole
Received: 15.04.2023
cropping, intercropping, multiple cropping and relay cropping, where it is
Accepted: 11.05.2023
planted after cereals using residual moisture. Mung bean accounts insufficient
Published: 24.05.2023
amount of cultivation practice for food and fodder. Mung bean has considerable
importance in economical, food, fodder and agricultural (green manure crop to
improve soil fertility) aspects. The huge constraints of pulse crop value-chain
production, aggregation and trading, and demand sinks/export. Productivity is
below potential due to low input usage, especially chemical fertilizers inability
to increase yields, limited availability of seed, limited familiarity with the
variety of existing seed types, and limited usage of modern agronomic
practices. The link between the producers and the export markets is weak, due
to the large number of ineffective intermediaries operating in the value chain.
The fragmentation of intermediaries between the producer and consumer
markets creates a lack of transparency in markets. We have to support the
farmers with recommended agronomic packages, we have to protect disease
and insect pest, improved varieties, recommended fertilizer should be applied
for better grain yield production of mung bean.
Keywords: Agronomic management, fertilizer application, Mung bean,
production potential and varieties.
Copyright © 2023 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use
provided the original author and source are credited.

INTRODUCTION temperature range of 27- 30°C for good production.

It is very early maturing quick crop, requiring 75–90
Mung bean is in Amharic known as “Masho” days to mature. Best adaptation areas for Mung bean
and it is a recent introduction in the Ethiopian pulse are at 1,000-1,650 meters above sea elevation level;
production and grown in few areas of the country. with annual rainfall of 600-750mm, its production in
Mung bean is a warm season annual legume which is Ethiopia is most suited with clay loam fluvsol, clay
a drought resistant crop with an optimum eutric fluvisol, and pellic vertisol types of soil. It is
Citation: Wondimkun Dikr (2023). Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata L.) Production Status and Challenges in Ethiopia, Glob Acad J Agri Biosci; Vol-5,
Iss- 2 pp- 13-22.
13
Wondimkun Dikr., Glob Acad J Agri Biosci; Vol-5, Iss- 2 (May-Jun, 2023): 13-22

usually sown at “Belge” lean season between Mung Bean Production Ethiopia
Februarys to April and “Mehere” between Julys to Cropping System
August when the rain starts to end. Mung bean Mung bean in Ethiopia can be grown either
productivity in Ethiopia is estimated to be on as a single crop (mono-cropping), rely cropping or
average from 12 up to 15 Qt ha-1 with a volume of as an intercrop (mixed cropping) with other crops
production is increasing year to year. Amhara and by small scale farmers. The most common intercrops
Benishangul Gumuz regions are the two potential involve mung bean with sorghum, maize, coffee and
production areas of green Mung bean. In Ethiopia, other fruit crops like avocado. When it is to be
the green grams do well in the lowland areas. This is grown in rotation, it should be followed by a cereal
because they require 6-8 hours of sunlight per day, crop such as sorghum, maize, wheat, rice, tef and
and thrive in well-drained areas hence loam-sandy barley. It is grown in several types of cultivation
soils and a pH of 6-7. Although they don’t need much systems, including sole cropping, intercropping,
water, they need to be watered during the blooming multiple cropping and relay cropping, where it is
period to avoid disappointing yield. planted after cereals using residual moisture
(Rehman et al., 2009).
Although green Mung bean is commonly
used in some other countries, it is little consumed in Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is
Ethiopia even by those who produce it. The volume an important pulse crop in Asia because of its high
of production is also very small and it is protein content and ability to improve soil fertility
concentrated mainly in North Shewa and South (Asim et al., 2016). In Thailand, it is widely
Wollo zones of Amhara region and in some woredas cultivated and occupied a cultivated area of 143,931
of Benishalgul Gumuz region (ECX, 2021). It is only ha with the production of 102,799 ton of grain in
produced as a cash crop to generate income by 2009 (Ibedo, 2014). In Uganda, it is widely grown by
selling it to exporters. The regional agricultural smallholder farmers in the eastern and northern
bureaus and market actors estimate that close to regions of the country (Ibedo, 2014). The genus
90% of the total production is marketable surplus. Vigna has been broadened to embrace about 150
species; twenty-two species are indigenous to India
In 2015/2016, Ethiopia exported a total of and sixteen to Southeast Asia, but the principal
30,694 metric tonnes (MT) of green Mung bean with number of species are originated in Africa (Mogotsi,
a value of 35.8 million USD. The comparison of 2006). Mung bean is an annual food legume
export performance of to 2014/2015, the export belonging to the sub genus Ceratotropis in the genus
volume and value grew up by 21% and 23%, Vigna. It is the seed of Phaseolus radiates L. and an
respectively (ECX, 2014). The major export annual herb of the Leguminosae family. It has green
destinations for Ethiopian green Mung bean are: skin and is also called green bean. It is sweet in
Indonesia, India, Belgium, UAE, and Singapore. The flavour and cold in nature (EPP, 2004). Mung bean
other major global players in Mung bean import (Vigna radiata L.), a member of the Fabaceae family,
comprises: USA, Netherlands, UK, Canada, France, is a tropical legume. It is a warm season annual,
Germany, Norway, Sweden, and Malaysia. Green highly branched and having trifoliate leaves with
Mung bean price is significant from year to year, for plants varying from one to five feet in length
example in 2014/2015 the average FOB export price (Puranik et al., 2011). Intercropping is the practice
per MT was about $USD 1,211but in 2015/2016 the of growing two or more crops together in a single
price per MT declined to $USD 1,211 but increased field. The experimental results of Wondimkun
by 26% in 2013/14. Besides, the local price of green (2022) the highest grain yield mung bean (18.54
mung bean varies significantly from the lean season Quintal/ha) was obtained from when mung rely
to harvesting season (ECX, 2018). Since mung bean intercropped with 100% population density and 1:3
is an important pulse crop for smallholders that row arrangements. The grain yield of mung bean
have recently gained attention and announced as the was significantly affected by cropping system at
sixth export commodity by Ethiopian Commodity Sankura wereda jejebicho kebele (Wondimkun,
Exchange (ECX, 2014). The farmers and other out 2022). He reported that the highest grain yield
growers are economically advantageous by (16.48quntal/ha and 17.42qutal/ha) was obtained
producing mung bean. They sell the grain of mung from sole cropping of mung bean at 2019 and 2020
bean with high value in Ethiopian local market. We cropping seasons respectively. Grain yield of mung
have to support with technology to the farmers and bean was higher from sole cropping than the
other investors. Therefore, in this review tried to intercropped (Akanda and Quayyam, 1982, Kalra
assess the marketing practices and challenges of and Gangwar, 1980, Akhtaruzzaman, 1987).
cash crops with due emphasis on Mung bean, According the experimental founding of Khan et al.,
emerging commodity in ECX market. So, the (2012) number of pods plant-1 of mung bean directly
production status, constraint and potential of mung influences grain yield of it.
bean should be accessed and evaluated.

© 2023: Global Academic Journal’s Research Consortium (GAJRC) 14

Wondimkun Dikr., Glob Acad J Agri Biosci; Vol-5, Iss- 2 (May-Jun, 2023): 13-22

Intercropping of cereal crops with grain greater yield stability, more efficient use of
legumes is a widespread focus for current research nutrients, better weed control, provision of
in Ethiopia as it increases farm income and reduces insurance against total crop failure and improved
pressure on land resources (Kebede, 2020). The quality by variety (Matusso et al., 2014).
experimental results of Degaga and Angasu (2017) Intercropping of cereal crops with legumes is the
further indicated that intercropping is very most farmers prefer practice (legumes as intercrops
important for the intensification of crop production with carbohydrate-rich staple food crops such as
and contributes to increased returns to smallholder maize (Zea mays L) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor
farmers having a limited land holding. Moreover, L)).
intercropping offers higher yield than sole cropping,

Figure 1: Mung bean cropping system in Percentage. of mung bean in Ethiopia

Source: Assefa et al., 2022

The two types of cropping system were Production Potential of Mung in Ethiopia
commonly implemented by the respondent these are The farmers are producing mung bean
sole cropping and intercropping systems. From the during belg season and through irrigation around
study areas Amhara, Oromia and SNNP regions Shewarobit North Shewa Amhara Ethiopia. The
farmers used both intercropping and sole cropping experimental results of Habte, (2018), revealed that
system. As result from informants, purpose of maximum grain yield of Mung bean was 786.8kg/ha
intercropping practice is to manage two or more which was harvested from Borada research canter of
crops simultaneously. For mung bean intercropping west hararge of Ethiopia. The experimental results
with different crops applied by local farmers were of Mohammed et al., (2015), reported that 150,000
for the purpose of enhance soil fertility and gain to 200,000 quintals of Mung bean, is produced per
more than one crop at particular time. year in Ethiopia. It is one of the countries of east
Africa severing from drought because of climate
Crop Rotation System of Mung bean with change with high prevalence of food security.
other crops increases both land and crop However, despite of its multi-dimensional
productivity particularly and is important for importance of very little attention has been paid to
sustainable agriculture. Annual crop legumes grown its productivity improvement in the country. Dry
in rotation with cereals contribute to total amount of land areas are experiencing low agricultural yields
nitrogen in the soil and improved yield of cereals due to severe water shortages and salinity, leading
(Ahmad et al., 2001). But some rotation systems can to food scarcity. Mung bean is gaining attention as a
be problematic. For example, poor soil physical short-season crop that can tolerate dry land
conditions limit successful cropping of mung bean conditions, and fix atmospheric nitrogen, decreasing
after rice. If seeds are sown too early after rice soil nutrient depletion. Moreover, the yield gap in
harvest, anaerobic conditions may reduce crop relative to the Asian countries suggests that there is
establishment and decrease yield potential (Kirchhof a potential for increasing production and
and So, 2005). As it is a short duration legume, it is productivity of smallholder specially for green mung
mainly cultivated between rice-rice, rice-wheat, rice- bean farmers. Ethiopia gifted various agro ecological
potato- wheat, maize- wheat, cotton, and other cash zones and diversified natural resources, which has
crop to increase both land and crop productivity been known as the home land and domestication of
(Ebert, 2014). Adaptation to short growth duration, several crop plants. Mung bean is an important
low water requirement, ability to increase soil component of crop produced in Ethiopia's
fertility and usefulness in crop rotation practices are smallholder’s agriculture, providing an economic
also other significances of mung bean (Das et al., advantage to small farm holdings as an alternative
2014). source of income. It plays, an important role in the
export sector generating foreign currency for the

© 2023: Global Academic Journal’s Research Consortium (GAJRC) 15

Wondimkun Dikr., Glob Acad J Agri Biosci; Vol-5, Iss- 2 (May-Jun, 2023): 13-22

country. Mung bean production at the country level market with the help of Ethiopia commodity
is no considerable improvement in quantity as well exchange (ECX).
as quality of production to provide it for the central

Table 1: Description of Released mung bean varieties in Ethiopia

Varieties
Characteristics MH-97-6 Rasa (N- Shewarobit NVL-1 Arkebe Chinese
(Boreda) 26)
Altitude (m.a.s.l.) 550-1780 900–1,670 900–1,670 450– 600–1000 450–1,650
1,650
Rain fall (mm) 350–550 350–550 350–750 400–800 350–750
P2O5 rate (kg ha−1) 46 46 46 46 46 46
N rate (kg ha−1) 18 18 18 18 18 18
Maturity days 70-90 65–80 75–90 60–70 60–68 75–90
Yield on research 935.33-1143.27 800–1,500 800–1,500 750– 1955– 750–1,500
(kg ha−1) 1,500 2526
Yield on farmer 6500-1,000 500–1,000 500–1,000 500– ------------ 500–1,000
(kg ha−1) 1,000
Year of release 2011 2011 2014 2014
Breeder MARC MARC MARC Humera Registered
Source: (MoA 2011; MoA 2014; Kassa et al., 2023)

Figure 2: Mung bean field performance Silte zone of Ethiopia in 2019/2020 cropping season

Figure 3: Mung bean field performance at Ziway (Batu) area 2019/20 cropping seasons

The productivity of mung bean is low in attributed to the limited use of inorganic fertilizer
Ethiopia compared to the production reported in (Fekadu et al., 2021). There were several constraints
other countries around the globe, which might be and opportunities for Mung bean production and
attributed to low soil fertility, which is also marketing as explained by different actors through

© 2023: Global Academic Journal’s Research Consortium (GAJRC) 16

Wondimkun Dikr., Glob Acad J Agri Biosci; Vol-5, Iss- 2 (May-Jun, 2023): 13-22

Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and key informant Major Constraints of Mung Bean Production in
interviews (Assefa et al., 2022). The main hampering Ethiopia
problems for the Mung bean value chain were The main challenge that Ethiopian farmers
categorized into three basic levels: at farmers,’ face in producing mung beans is unpredictable
marketing/traders and the consumers’ stage. At the rainfall since mung bean productivity is highly
farm-level there are shortage of improved and good dependent on the amount and distribution of rain.
quality seed, high cost of inputs, shortage of The other critical challenge is pests and diseases,
adequate pesticides/herbicides, small landholding, affecting the yield and quality of mung beans. Apart
limited knowledge on agronomic practices, poor from salinity and heat stress, water deficit and
harvesting and post-harvest handling, diseases and waterlogging are also the key abiotic stresses that
pest infestation, and lack of awareness on Mung restrict growth, development and yield traits in
bean food preparation. The high cost of inputs and mung bean. Lack of improved variety of mung bean
lack of access to improved varieties were the most the productivity of has a great impact on its grain
important challenges for Mung bean production. yield, so the crop's yield remains low. The most
Disease (such as Mung bean yellow mosaic virus) important determinants were the use of local
and insects were among production-related varieties and the lack of improved high-yielding
problems (Assefa et al., 2022). cultivars, as well as the inadequate or non-
application of inorganic fertilizers. The challenges of
climate change in plant production are discussed,
and how progress in mung bean breeding and the
application of improved cultivation techniques.

Figure 4: Major constraints of mung bean production

Source: Kassa et al., 2023

Effects of Rain Fall limited. So, the accessibility of pest sites significantly
The amount and distribution of rain fall has affects the production of this crop in the production
a significant effect for mung bean production. Mung area. Further they noted that the negative impact of
bean doesn’t need rain fall at physiological maturity; pest and disease in the zone is lower than the impact
however, it needs less amount rain at vegetative of unpredictable rainfall. Likewise, the discussant
stage. The amount of rain required to produce mung noted, for the time being, pest and other related crop
beans is lower than the minimum precipitation diseases are to be a potential problem of mung bean
requirement for other crops. However, rainfall production. In this respect, the expertise disclosed
amounts and distribution are irregular and that most of the time farmers do not use pesticides
sometimes unfavourable for mung bean production. as well as other protective mechanisms to prevent
Sowing of mung bean mainly occurs during summer the negative impacts of pests and diseases
when sufficient rain is available for growth but it is associated with producing the Mung bean. Since
sensitive to waterlogging. mung bean is a new emerging commodity crop in
Ethiopia there a lack of pesticide access and has no
Prevalence of Pests and Diseases pesticide control awareness for farmers. The pod-
The occurrence of pests and diseases is also boring weevil Apion clavipes Gerst is also
another critical challenge of mung bean production. economically an important pest of the mung bean,
The severity of pests and insects is occurred when causing a yield loss of over 60 percent (Worku and
the availability of pesticides and insecticide is Azerefegne, 2019). Hence, the occurrence of such
© 2023: Global Academic Journal’s Research Consortium (GAJRC) 17
Wondimkun Dikr., Glob Acad J Agri Biosci; Vol-5, Iss- 2 (May-Jun, 2023): 13-22

crop pests and diseases would affect the recommended that 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 with 40cmx10cm
productivity and quality of Mung bean. intra row spacing is best and economical to mung
production for farmers in the mid to low land parts
Lack of Input Supply and other Management of Ethiopia. The experimental results of different
The production of crops is highly contingent findings concluded that application of optimum rate
on improved inputs like seed, fertilizer, row sowing of blended NPS fertilizer along with best performing
and other recommended agronomic practice. mung bean varieties can boast of high grain yield of
However, agricultural research institutes made mung bean and income to the farmers. The farmers
minimal efforts to enhance commodity varieties, have a backward attitude for the application of
particularly mung beans. Mung bean and other pulse fertilizers for mung bean production in Ethiopian.
crops has taken a marginal resources like fertilizer, Fertilizers like, Nitrogen is an important mineral
agronomic and crop management. The mung bean whose nutritional management requires special
varieties can vary in terms of their blended NPS attention due to its diverse roles in plant physiology
fertilizer requirement (Baza et al., 2022). They also and metabolites biosynthesis, as well as its dynamics
reported that, overall improvement in, yield in soil (Noroozlo et al., 2019, Mohammadipour and
determining traits such as number of pods per plant, Souri, 2019, Souri et al., 2018). Mung beans require
seeds per pod and 100-seed weight resulted in more nitrogen in the reproductive stage than in the
higher grain yield with the highest blended NPS vegetative stage. Phosphorus is the second most
fertilizer rate (150 kg ha−1) requirement (Baza et al., important phytonutrient in crop production after N.
2022). Phosphorus deficiency is exacerbated under dryland
conditions, which affect fertilizer efficiency and
Shattering and Lack of Proper Post-Harvest successful crop production (Jan et al., 2012). Sulphur
Handling promotes the formation of legume nodules and
Harvesting management practices stimulates the production of seeds. With the
determine quality and quantity of the crop. application of S up to 20 kg ha−1, the total number of
Harvesting of mung bean by farmers was done when nodules and active nodules increased significantly
crop plant became mature. Early sowed of landraces (Ganeshamurthy et al., 2000). Application of
mung bean were harvested at the beginning of phosphorus with other micronutrients can increase
October while late was harvested during November the production. Generally, P fertilizer is applied as a
based on maturation and sowing times of the crop. starter fertilizer before planting. Application of P can
Mung bean is very sensitive for shattering and enhance root growth, improving flower formation
harvesting maturity. It is essential to focus on and seed production (Havlin and Beaton, 2004). The
improving post-harvest activities such as collecting, most commonly used fertilizers in Ethiopia were N
storage, and handling to improve mung beans’ grain and P, but they are not the only yield constraining
quality. This, in turn, helps farmers have substantial elements. For instance, sulfur (S) is recently
bargaining power in the market and better market identified to be low in most soils (ATA, 2015).
returns. It has a perennial fruiting nature and has no Therefore, S is among the sixteen essential elements,
uniform maturity time. Its cultivation time ranges which are important for many reactions and
between June to July and harvesting was done from functions in all living cells and the fourth major
October to November based on maturity of the crop. nutrient, following NPK (ATA, 2015). The soil
fertility map of the study area showed that levels of
Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Mung N, P, K, S, and Zn, as well as elements such as B and
Bean Production Cu, are depleted, and deficiency symptoms are
The research technologies of Mug bean are observed in major crops (EthioSIS, 2015).
nationally coordinated by Melkasa Agricultural
research center and regional research’s Amhara Marketing System and Value Chain
research institute, south research institute. Nitrogen The market system of mung bean grain is
containing fertilizers are essential for crops as started from small farmers. This supply does not
source of proteins and play beneficial roles on crop pass directly from producer to the final consumer.
performance, which contribute for maximizing Rather it is separated from the demand of
production (Davis and Brick, 2009). It is a high value consumers in time, place, form and size of the
industrial pulse crops in Ethiopia. These experiment product. Marketing is the performance of business
results Wondimkun and Hailu (2022) which activities that direct the flows of goods and services
revealed that the highest grain yield of mung bean from the producer to consumers. The major market
was obtained from the maximum Phosphorus rate participants identified in Mung bean marketing in
(60kg ha-1) and 40cmx10cm intra row spacing at different local market of Ethiopia are producers,
Jejebicho research station of Wondo Genet local assemblers, wholesalers, brokers and retailers.
Agricultural Research Center and at Ziway farmers Small holder producers are the only suppliers of
field of Eastern Shewa of Oromia. They also mung bean, so there are no large-scale farms in the

© 2023: Global Academic Journal’s Research Consortium (GAJRC) 18

Wondimkun Dikr., Glob Acad J Agri Biosci; Vol-5, Iss- 2 (May-Jun, 2023): 13-22

regions producing this commodity. First buyers the deficit areas and urban centers where the produce is
so-called farm traders are the main buyers of the demanded (Ahmed et al., 2017). Wholesalers are the
grain in the country side. Trading is a part time job central figure in the market channel; this means the
for the purpose of gaining additional source of wholesalers of the given commodity are involved in
income. Assemblers play an important role in the wholesale trade, rarely selling directly to consumers.
marketing system by pushing up the produce from However, mung bean marketing, in the area the job
the remote rural surplus markets to the towns, of wholesalers and retailers is mixed up.

Figure 5: The marketing system of value chain of mung bean (own skech).

Table 2: The effects phosphorus fertilizer rate and row spacing on grain yield of mung bean on 2020
cropping season at Sankura wereda Jejebicho research Station
2020 2021
Phosphorus rate Grain yield (kg ha-1) Grain yield (kg ha-1) Mean
0 kg ha-1 1285.50c 1233.53c 1259.52b
20 kg ha-1 1347.04c 1325.89c 1336.46ab
40 kg ha-1 1541.79b 1541.67b 2163.96a
60 kg ha-1 1880.76a 1917.84a 1899.30ab
LSD (p0.05) 118.96 100.7 889.79
Row Spacing
5cmx40cm 1307.37c 1318.76c 1779.73
10cmx40cm 1744.56a 1715.94a 1730.25
15cmx40cm 1489.39b 1479.51 1484.45
LSD (p0.05) 103.02 87.21 770.58
CV (%) 8.04 6.85 24.67
Where, PR= Phosphorus rate, RS=Row spacing, Source (Wondimkun and Hailu, 2022)

© 2023: Global Academic Journal’s Research Consortium (GAJRC) 19

Wondimkun Dikr., Glob Acad J Agri Biosci; Vol-5, Iss- 2 (May-Jun, 2023): 13-22

Table 3: Effects of phosphorus fertilizer rate and row spacing on grain yield of mung bean on 2020 and
2021 cropping seasons at Ziway Abine germama kebele
2020 2021
Phosphorus rate Grain yield (kg ha-1) Grain yield (kg ha-1) Mean
0 kg ha-1 1238.79c 592.39c 915.59d
20 kg ha-1 1441.34c 708.54bc 1074.94c
40 kg ha-1 1815.38b 824.03bc 1319.59b
60 kg ha-1 2285.38a 1187.11a 1736.24a
LSD (p0.05) 215.71 125.98 151.03
Row Spacing
5cmx40cm 1426.98c 625.86c 1026.42c
10cmx40cm 2058.26a 1018.24a 1538.25a
15cmx40cm 1685.99b 839.96b 1220.10b
LSD (p0.05) 186.81 109.1 130.79
CV (%) 13.02 15.56 12.25
Source: Wondimkun and Hailu, 2022

The experimental results of different inability to increase yields, limited availability of

authors revealed that maximum grain yield was seed, limited familiarity with the variety of existing
obtained from 60, 65 and 90 kg ha-1 phosphorus seed types, and limited usage of modern agronomic
fertilizer rate. This indicates that phosphorus practices. The link between the producers and the
important for pulse crops like mung for better grain export markets is weak, due to the large number of
yield production. ineffective intermediaries operating in the value
chain. The fragmentation of intermediaries between
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION the producer and consumer markets creates a lack
Mung bean is one of Ethiopia’s most of transparency in markets. We have to support the
important pulse crops in the lowlands. It grows in farmers with recommended agronomic packages, we
tropical and subtropical regions around the world. have to protect disease and insect pest, improved
Mung bean is widely cultivated for human food varieties, recommended fertilizer should be applied
consumption; it can be used as green manure and for better grain yield production of mung bean.
livestock feed. Mung bean in Ethiopia can be grown
either as a single crop (mono-cropping), rely REFERENCES
cropping or as an intercrop (mixed cropping) with  Ahmad, T., Hafeez, F. Y., Mahmood, T., & Malik, K.
other crops by small scale farmers. Intercropping of A. (2001). Residual effect of nitrogen fixed by
cereal crops with grain legumes is a widespread mung bean (Vigna radiata) and black gram
focus for current research in Ethiopia as it increases (Vigena mungo) on subsequent rice and wheat
farm income and reduces pressure on land crops. Australian journal of experimental
resources. Crop Rotation System of Mung bean with agriculture, 41, 245- 248.
other crops increases both land and crop  Ahmed, M., Siraj, M., & Mohammed, S. (2017).
productivity particularly and is important for Marketing practices and challenges of Mung
sustainable agriculture. The farmers are producing Bean in Ethiopia Amhara Regional State: North
mung bean during belg season and through Shewa Zone in focus. African Journal of
irrigation around Shewarobit North Shewa Amhara Marketing Management, 9(4), 35-45.
Ethiopia. Dry land areas are experiencing low  Akanda, M. E. and Quayyam M. A. 1982. Effect of
agricultural yields due to severe water shortages intercropping soybean, cowpea, mung bean,
and salinity, leading to food scarcity. Mung bean is blackgram and groundnut with maize.
gaining attention as a short-season crop that can Bangladesh J. Agric. Res., 7(2), 66-69.
tolerate dry land conditions, and fix atmospheric  Akhtaruzzaman, M. A. (1987). Effect of planting
nitrogen, decreasing soil nutrient depletion. The system and nitrogen levels on grain yield of
productivity of mung bean is low in Ethiopia maize intercropped with mung bean. M.Sc. (Ag.)
compared to the production reported in other Thesis, Dept. of Agronomy, Bangladesh
countries around the globe, which might be Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
attributed to low soil fertility, which is also  Asim, M., Aslam, M., Hashmi, N. I., & Kisana, N. S.
attributed to the limited use of inorganic fertilizer. (2006). Mungbean (Vigna radiata) in wheat
The huge constraints of pulse crop value-chain based cropping system: An option for resource
production, aggregation and trading, and demand conservation under rainfed ecosystem. Pakistan
sinks/export. Productivity is below potential due to Journal of Botany, 38(4), 1197.
low input usage, especially chemical fertilizers

© 2023: Global Academic Journal’s Research Consortium (GAJRC) 20

Wondimkun Dikr., Glob Acad J Agri Biosci; Vol-5, Iss- 2 (May-Jun, 2023): 13-22

 Assefa, Z. B., Dinku, A. M., & Jemal, A. M. (2022). and the way forward. Cogent Food & Agriculture,
Value chain analysis of Mung Bean (Vigna 6, 1722353.
radiata L. Wilczek thrive) in Kalu Woreda,  EthioSIS (Ethiopian Soil Information System).
Ethiopia. Agriculture & Food Security, 11(54), 1- Soil fertility status and fertilizer
14. recommendation atlas, Ethiopia; 2015.
 ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency).  Fekadu Mekonen, M., Dereje Shanka, B., &
(2015). Soil Fertility Mapping and Fertilizer Mesfin Bibiso, D. (2021). Response of Mung
Recommendation in Ethiopia: Update of Bean Varieties (Vigna radiata L.) to Application
EthioSIS Project and Status of Fertilizer Rates and Methods of Blended NPS Fertilizer at
Blending Plants, ATA (Agricultural Humbo. International Journal of Agronomy, 1-10.
Transformation Agency), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.  Ganeshamurthy, A. N., & Reddy, K. S. (2000).
 Baza, M., Shanka, D., & Bibiso, M. (2022). Effect of integrated use of farmyard manure and
"Agronomic and economic performance of mung sulfur in a soya bean and wheat cropping
bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties in response to systems on nodulation dry matter production
rates of blended NPS fertilizer in Kindo Koysha and chlorophyll content of soya bean on swell-
district, Southern Ethiopia." Open Life Sciences, shrink soils in central India. J Agron Crop Sci.,
17(1), 1053- 185, 91–97.
1063. https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0461  Ganeshamurthy, A. N., & Reddy, K. S. (2000).
 CSA (Central Statistical Authority). (2018). Effect of integrated use of farmyard manure and
Report on the Preliminary Results of Area, sulfur in a soya bean and wheat cropping
Production and Yield of Temporary Crops in systems on nodulation dry matter production
Ethiopia, CSA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. and chlorophyll content of soya bean on swell-
 Das, S., Shekhar, U. D., & Ghosh, P. (2014). shrink soils in central India. J Agron Crop Sci.,
Assessment of molecular genetic diversity in 185, 91–7.
some green gram cultivars as revealed by ISSR  Habte, U. (2018). Evaluation of Adaptability of
analysis. Advances in Applied Science Research, Mung Bean Varieties in Moisture Stress of
5(2), 93-97. Eastern Harerghe Zone.
 Davis, J. G., & Brick, M. A. (2009). Fertilizing Dry  Havlin, L. J., & Beaton, S. L. (2004). Tisdale, and
Beans, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, W. L. Nelson, Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An
CO, USA. Introduction to Nutrient Management, Pearson,
 Degaga, J., & Angasu, B. (2017). Assessment of London, UK, 6th edition.
Indigenous knowledge of smallholder farmers  Ibedo, A. S. (2014). Analysis of the green gram
on intercropping practices in West Hararghe value chain in Uganda. MSc. Thesis. Makerere
Zone; Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. University, Kampala, Uganda. 113pp. Retrieved
Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural from
Development, 3(3), 270–278. http://dspace.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/3242.
 Dehnavard, S., Souri, M. K., & Mardanlu, S.  Jan, A., Alam, K., & Stewart, B. A. (2012). Mung
(2017). Tomato growth responses to foliar bean response to tillage systems and
application of ammonium sulfate in hydroponic phosphorus management under moisture stress
culture. J Plant Nutr., 40(3), 315–23. condition. J Plant Nutr., 35(1), 21–33.
 Ebert, A. W. (2014). Potential of underutilized  Jan, A., Alam, K., & Stewart, B. A. (2012). Mung
traditional vegetables and legume crops to bean response to tillage systems and
contribute to food and nutritional security, phosphorus management under moisture stress
income and more sustainable production condition. J Plant Nutr., 35(1), 21–33.
systems. Sustainability, 6(1), 319-335.  Kalra, G. S., & Gangwar, B. (1980). Economics of
 ECX (Ethiopian Commodity Exchange), ECX intercropping of different legume with maize at
Rings Bell for Mung Bean, ECX, Addis Ababa, different levels of nitrogen under rain fed
Ethiopia, 2011. conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 25(2),
 ECX (Ethiopian Commodity Exchange), ECX 181-185.
Rings Bell for Mung Bean, ECX, Addis Ababa,  Kassa, Y., Abie, A., Mamo, D., & Ayele, T. (2023).
Ethiopia, 2014. Exploring farmer perceptions and evaluating the
 EPP (Ethiopian Pulses Profile), "Ethiopian performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L)
Export Promotion Agency, Product development varieties in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Heliyon, 8,
and market research directorate, May 2004 1-10.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia," 2004.  Khan, M. A., Ali, K., Hussain, Z., & Afridi, R. A.
 Erana, K. (2020). Grain legumes production and (2012). Impact of maize-legum intercropping on
productivity in Ethiopian smallholder weeds and maize crop. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res.,
agricultural system, contribution to livelihoods

© 2023: Global Academic Journal’s Research Consortium (GAJRC) 21

Wondimkun Dikr., Glob Acad J Agri Biosci; Vol-5, Iss- 2 (May-Jun, 2023): 13-22

18(1), 127-136. Pakistan Journal of sweet basil. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal., 50(22),
Biotechnology; 37(4), 1197-1204. 2864–72.
 Kirchhof, G., & So, H. B. (2005). Rice growth and  Puranik, S., Jha, S., Srivastava, P. S., Sreenivasulu,
post-rice mung bean in relation to two puddling N., & Prasad, M. (2011). Comparative tran-
intensities under glasshouse conditions. scriptome analysis of contrasting foxtail millet
Australian Journal of Soil Research, 43, 623– 628. cultivars in response to short-term salinity
 Matusso, J. M. M., Mugwe, J. N., & Mucheru-Muna, stress. Journal of Plant Physiology, 168, 280–287.
M. (2014). Potential role of cereal-legume shows  Rehman, A., Khalil, S. K., Nigar, S., Rehman, S.,
improvements in integrated soil fertility Haq, I., Akhtar, S., Khan, A. Z., & Shah, S. R.
management in smallholders farming systems of (2009). Phenology, plant height and yield of
Sub-Saharan Africa. Research Journal of mung bean varieties in response to planting
Agriculture and Environmental Management, date. Sarhad J. Agric., 25(2), 147-151.
3(3), 162–174.  Souri, M. K., Rashidi, M., & Kianmehr, M. H.
 MoA (Minister of Agriculture). (2011). Federal (2018). Effects of manure-based urea pellets on
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of growth, yield, and nitrate content in coriander,
Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Regulatory garden cress, and parsley plants. J Plant Nutr.,
Directorate, Crop Variety Register: Issue No. 14. 41(11), 1405–13.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.  Suda, K. C., & Sharma, R. C. (2002). “Sulphur
 MoA (Minister of Agriculture). (2014). Federal needs of potato under rainfed conditions in
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Shimla hills,” in Potato Global Research and
Agriculture: Plant Variety Release, Protection, Development, S. M. Paul, G. Khurana, S.
and Seed Quality Control directorate, Crop Shekhawat, S. K. Pandey, and B. S. Singh, Eds.,
Variety Register: Issue No. 17, Addis Ababa, pp. 889–899, Indian Potato Association, Shimla,
Ethiopia. India.
 Mogotsi, K. K. (2006). Vigna radiata (L.) R.  Wondimkun, D. (2022). Relay Cropping Mung
Wilczek. In: Brink, M. & Belay, G. (Editors). Bean by Plant Density and Row Arrangements
PROTA 1: Cereals and pulses/Cereales et with Maize on Yield and Yield Components of
legumes secs. [CD-Rom]. PROTA, Wageningen, Component Crops at Jejebicho, Southern
Netherlands. Ethiopia. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries,
 Mohammadipour, N., & Souri, M. K. (2019). 11(1), 54-66. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20221101.18
Beneficial effects of glycine on growth and leaf  Wondimkun, D., & Hailu, G. (2022). Agronomic
nutrient concentrations of coriander and other Traits of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)
(Coriandrum sativum) plants. J Plant Nutr., Response to Different Levels of Phosphorus
42(14), 1637–44. Fertilizer and Row Spacing for Better Grain
 Mohammed, A., Muhammed, S., & Said, M. Yield Production in Silte Southern Ethiopia. J
(2015). Marketing practices and challenges of Agri Res, 7(2), 000287.
Mung Bean in Ethiopia Amhara Regional State:  Worku, M., & Azerefegne, F. (2019). Efficacy of
North Shewa Zone in focus NPS fertilizer in insecticides against Apion clavipes Gerst on
Kindo Koysha district, Southern Ethiopia." Open mung bean. Indian J. Entomol., 81, 223–226.
Life Sciences, 17(1), 1053-1063.  Zena Befkadu, A., Amare Molla, D., &
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0461. Abdulkerime Mohammed, J. (2022). Value chain
 Noroozlo, A. Y., Souri, M. K., & Delshad, M. analysis of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek
(2019). Effects of soil application of amino acids, thrive) in Kalu Woreda. Ethiopia Agriculture &
ammonium, and nitrate on nutrient Food Security, 11, 54
accumulation and growth characteristics of https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00393-2

© 2023: Global Academic Journal’s Research Consortium (GAJRC) 22