1.

Chi phí rõ ràng, chẳng hạn như chi phí pháp lý, liên quan đến việc vỡ nợ của công ty được phân loại bằng
chi phí__
TB CHAP17
*Câu hỏi số 1
The explicit costs, such as the legal expenses, associated with corporate default are classified
as _____ costs.
A. flotation
B. beta conversion
C. direct bankruptcy chi phí phá sản trực tiếp
D. indirect bankruptcy
E. unlevered
Chi phí để tránh nộp đơn phá sản của một công ty gặp khó khăn về tài chính được
*Câu hỏi số 2 phân loại là
The costs of avoiding a bankruptcy filing by a financially distressed firm are classified as
_____ costs.
A. flotation
B. direct bankruptcy
C.indirect bankruptcy
D. financial solvency
E. capital structure
Các chi phí rõ ràng và ngầm liên quan đến vỡ nợ của công ty được gọi là chi phí
*Câu hỏi số 3 _____ của một công ty
The explicit and implicit costs associated with corporate default are referred to as the _____
costs of a firm.
A. flotation
B. default beta Kiệt quệ tài chính bao gồm chi phí phá sản trực
C. direct bankruptcy tiếp và gián tiếp
D. indirect bankruptcy
E. financial distress kiệt quệ tài chính

*Câu hỏi số 4
Indirect costs of financial distress:
A. effectively limit the amount of equity a firm issues.
B. serve as an incentive to increase the financial leverage of a firm.
C. include direct costs such as legal and accounting fees.
D. tend to increase as the debt-equity ratio decreases.
E. include the costs incurred by a firm as it tries to avoid seeking bankruptcy protection.

*Câu hỏi số 5
The legal proceeding for liquidating or reorganizing a firm operating in default is called a:
A. tender offer.
B.bankruptcy.
C. merger.
D. takeover.
E. proxy fight.

*Câu hỏi số 6
The value of a firm is maximized when the:
A. cost of equity is maximized.
B. tax rate is zero.
C. levered cost of capital is maximized.
D. weighted average cost of capital is minimized.
E. debt-equity ratio is minimized.
*Câu hỏi số 7
The optimal capital structure has been achieved when the:
A. debt-equity ratio is equal to 1.
B. weight of equity is equal to the weight of debt.
C. cost of equity is maximized given a pre-tax cost of debt.
D. debt-equity ratio is such that the cost of debt exceeds the cost of equity.
E. debt-equity ratio selected results in the lowest possible weighted average cost of capital.

*Câu hỏi số 8
In a world with taxes and financial distress, when a firm is operating with the optimal capital
structure:
I. the debt-equity ratio will also be optimal.
II. the weighted average cost of capital will be at its minimum point.
III. the required return on assets will be at its maximum point.
IV. the increased benefit from additional debt is equal to the increased bankruptcy costs of
that debt.
A. I and IV only
B. II and III only
C. I and II only
D. II, III, and IV only
E. I, II, and IV only

*Câu hỏi số 9
The optimal capital structure will tend to include more debt for firms with:
A. the highest depreciation deductions.
B. the lowest marginal tax rate.
C. substantial tax shields from other sources.
D. lower probability of financial distress.
E. less taxable income.

*Câu hỏi số 10
The optimal capital structure of a firm _____ the marketed claims and _____ the non marketed
claims against the cash flows of the firm.
A. minimizes; minimizes
B. minimizes; maximizes
C. maximizes; minimizes
D. maximizes; maximizes
E. equates; (leave blank)

*Câu hỏi số 11
The optimal capital structure:
A. will be the same for all firms in the same industry.
B. will remain constant over time unless the firm makes an acquisition.
C. of a firm will vary over time as taxes and market conditions change.
D. places more emphasis on the operations of a firm rather than the financing of a firm.
E. is unaffected by changes in the financial markets.

*Câu hỏi số 12
The basic lesson of MM theory is that the value of a firm is dependent upon the:
A. capital structure of the firm.
B. total cash flows of the firm.
C. percentage of a firm to which the bondholders have a claim.
D. tax claim placed on the firm by the government.
E. size of the stockholders claims on the firm.

*Câu hỏi số 13
Corporations in the U.S. tend to:
A. minimize taxes.
B. underutilize debt.
C. rely less on equity financing than they should.
D. have extremely high debt-equity ratios.
E. rely more heavily on bonds than stocks as the major source of financing.

*Câu hỏi số 14
In general, the capital structures used by U.S. firms:
A. tend to overweight debt in relation to equity.
B. are easily explained in terms of earnings volatility.
C. are easily explained by analyzing the types of assets owned by the various firms.
D. tend to be those which maximize the use of the firm's available tax shelters.
E. vary significantly across industries.

*Câu hỏi số 15
The MM theory with taxes implies that firms should issue maximum debt. In practice, this is
not true because:
A. debt is more risky than equity.
B. bankruptcy is a disadvantage to debt.
C. firms will incur large agency costs of short term debt by issuing long term debt.
D. Both debt is more risky than equity; and bankruptcy is a disadvantage to debt.
E. Both bankruptcy is a disadvantage to debt; and firms will incur large agency costs of short term
debt by issuing long term debt.

*Câu hỏi số 16
Although the use of debt provides tax benefits to the firm, debt also puts pressure on the firm
to:
A. meet interest and principal payments which, if not met, can put the company into financial
distress.
B. make dividend payments which if not met can put the company into financial distress.
C. meet both interest and dividend payments which when met increase the firm cash flow.
D. meet increased tax payments thereby increasing firm value.
E. None of these.

*Câu hỏi số 17
Given realistic estimates of the probability and cost of bankruptcy, the future costs of a
possible bankruptcy are borne by:
A. all investors in the firm.
B. debt holders only because if default occurs interest and principal payments are not made.
C. shareholders because debt holders will pay less for the debt providing less cash for the
shareholders.
D. management because if the firm defaults they will lose their jobs.
E. None of these.

*Câu hỏi số 18
Conflicts of interest between stockholders and bondholders are known as:
A. trustee costs.
B. financial distress costs.
C. dealer costs.
D. agency costs.
E. underwriting costs.

*Câu hỏi số 19
One of the indirect costs of bankruptcy is the incentive for managers to take large risks. When
following this strategy:
A. the firm will rank all projects and take the project which results in the highest expected value of the
firm.
B. bondholders expropriate value from stockholders by selecting high risk projects.
C. stockholders expropriate value from bondholders by selecting high risk projects.
D. the firm will always take the low risk project.
E. Both the firm will rank all projects and take the project which results in the highest expected value
of the firm; and bondholders expropriate value from stockholders by selecting high risk projects.

*Câu hỏi số 20
One of the indirect costs to bankruptcy is the incentive toward underinvestment. Following
this strategy may result in:
A. the firm always choosing projects with the positive NPVs.
B. the firm turning down positive NPV projects that it would clearly accept in an all equity firm.
C. stockholders contributing the full amount of the investment, but both stockholders and bondholders
sharing in the benefits of the project.
D. Both the firm always choosing projects with the positive NPVs; and stockholders contributing the
full amount of the investment, but both stockholders and bondholders sharing in the benefits of the
project.
E. Both the firm turning down positive NPV projects that it would clearly accept in an all equity
firm;and stockholders contributing the full amount of the investment, but both stockholders
and bondholders sharing in the benefits of the project.

*Câu hỏi số 21
Which of the following is true?
A. A firm with low anticipated profit will likely take on a high level of debt.
B. A successful firm will probably take on zero debt.
C. Rational firms raise debt levels when profits are expected to decline.
D. Rational investors are likely to infer a higher firm value from a zero debt level.
E. Investors will generally view an increase in debt as a positive sign for the firm's value.

*Câu hỏi số 22
Studies have found that firms with high proportions of intangible assets are likely to use
____________ debt compared with firms with low proportions of intangible assets.
A. more
B. the same amount of
C. less
D. either more or the same amount of
E. any amount of debt

*Câu hỏi số 23
What three factors are important to consider in determining a target debt to equity ratio?
A. Taxes, asset types, and pecking order and financial slack
B. Asset types, uncertainty of operating income, and pecking order and financial slack
C. Taxes, financial slack and pecking order, and uncertainty of operating income
D. Taxes, asset types, and uncertainty of operating income
E. None of these.
*Câu hỏi số 24
An exchange may offer:
A. allow customers a 30 day money-back guarantee on the firm's product.
B. allow customers a 90 day warranty on the firm's product from defects.
C. allow bondholders to exchange some debt for stock.
D. allow stockholders to exchange some of their stock for debt.
E. Both allow bondholders to exchange some debt for stock; and allow stockholders to
exchange some of their stock for debt.

*Câu hỏi số 25
Which of the following is not empirically true when formulating capital structure policy?
A. Some firms use no debt.
B. Most corporations have low debt-asset ratios.
C. There are no differences in the capital-structure of different industries.
D. Debt levels across industries vary widely.
E. Debt ratios in most countries are considerably less than 100%.

*Câu hỏi số 26
When shareholders pursue selfish strategies such as taking large risks or paying excessive
dividends, these will result in:
A. no action by debt holders since these are equity holder concerns.
B. positive agency costs, as bondholders impose various restrictions and covenants which
will diminish firm value.
C. investments of the same risk class that the firm is in.
D. undertaking scale enhancing projects.
E. lower agency costs, as shareholders have more control over the firm's assets.

*Câu hỏi số 27
Indirect costs of bankruptcy are born principally by:
A. bondholders.
B. stockholders.
C. managers.
D. the federal government.
E. the firm's suppliers.

*Câu hỏi số 28
The value of a firm in financial distress is diminished if the firm:
A. is declared bankrupt and proceeds to be liquidated.
B. is declared insolvent and undergoes financial reorganization.
C. is a partnership.
D. Both is declared bankrupt and proceeds to be liquidated; and is a partnership.
E. Both is declared bankrupt and proceeds to be liquidated; and is declared insolvent and
undergoes financial reorganization.

*Câu hỏi số 29
Covenants restricting the use of leasing and additional borrowings primarily protect:
A. the equityholders from added risk of default.
B. the debtholders from the added risk of dilution of their claims.
C. the debtholders from the transfer of assets.
D. the management from having to pay agency costs.
E. None of these.

*Câu hỏi số 30
If a firm issues debt but writes protective and restrictive covenants into the loan contract, then
the firm's debt may be issued at a _____ interest rate compared with otherwise similar debt.
A. significantly higher
B. slightly higher
C. equal
D. lower
E. Either significantly higher or slightly higher

*Câu hỏi số 31
When graphing firm value against debt levels, the debt level that maximizes the value of the
firm is the level where:
A. the increase in the present value of distress costs from an additional dollar of debt is greater than
the increase in the present value of the debt tax shield.
B. the increase in the present value of distress costs from an additional dollar of debt is equal
to the increase in the present value of the debt tax shield.
C. the increase in the present value of distress costs from an additional dollar of debt is less than the
increase of the present value of the debt tax shield.
D. distress costs as well as debt tax shields are zero.
E. distress costs as well as debt tax shields are maximized.

*Câu hỏi số 32
When firms issue more debt, the tax shield on debt _____, the agency costs on debt (i.e., costs
of financial distress) _____, and the agency costs on equity _____.
A. increases; increase; increase
B. decreases; decrease; decrease
C. increases; increase; decrease
D. decreases; decrease; increase
E. increases; decrease; decrease

*Câu hỏi số 33
Issuing debt instead of new equity in a closely held firm more likely:
A. causes the owner-manager to work less hard and shirk their duties as they have less capital at risk.
B. causes the owner-manager to consume more perquisites because the cost is passed to the
debtholders.
C. causes both more shirking and perquisite consumption since the government provides a tax shield
on debt.
D. causes agency costs to fall as owner-managers do not need to worry about other shareholders.
E. causes the owner-manager to reduce shirking and perquisite consumption as the excess
cash flow must be used to meet debt payments.

*Câu hỏi số 34
The pecking order states how financing should be raised. In order to avoid asymmetric
information problems and misinterpretation of whether management is sending a signal on
security overvaluation, the firm's first rule is to:
A. finance with internally generated funds.
B. always issue debt then the market won't know when management thinks the security is overvalued.
C. issue new equity first.
D. issue debt first.
E. None of these.

*Câu hỏi số 35
Growth opportunities _______ the _____ of debt financing.
A. increase; advantage
B. decrease; advantage
C. decrease; disadvantage
D. Both increase; advantage and decrease; disadvantage
E. None of these

*Câu hỏi số 36
Which of the following industries would tend to have the highest leverage?
A. Drugs
B. Computer
C. Paper
D. Electronics
E. Biological products

*Câu hỏi số 37
The introduction of personal taxes may reveal a disadvantage to the use of debt if the:
A. personal tax rate on the distribution of income to stockholders is less than the personal tax
rate on interest income.
B. personal tax rate on the distribution of income to stockholders is greater than the personal tax rate
on interest income.
C. personal tax rate on the distribution of income to stockholders is equal to the personal tax rate on
interest income.
D. personal tax rate on interest income is zero.
E. None of these.

*Câu hỏi số 38
In Miller's model, when the quantity [(1 - Tc)(1 - Ts) = (1 - Tb)], then:
A. the firm should hold no debt.
B. the value of the levered firm is greater than the value of the unlevered firm.
C. the tax shield on debt is exactly offset by higher personal taxes paid on interest income.
D. the tax shield on debt is exactly offset by higher levels of dividends.
E. the tax shield on debt is exactly offset by higher capital gains.

*Câu hỏi số 39
In a Miller equilibrium, what type of investments do high tax bracket investors tend to hold?
A. Bonds
B. Stocks
C. Debentures
D. Both stocks and bonds.
E. Neither stocks nor bonds.

*Câu hỏi số 40
The TrunkLine Company will earn $60 in one year if it does well. The debtholders are promised
payments of $35 in one year if the firm does well. If the firm does poorly, expected earnings in
one year will be $30 and the repayment will be $20 because of the dead weight cost of
bankruptcy. The probability of the firm performing poorly or well is 50%. If bondholders are
fully aware of these costs what will they pay for the debt? The interest rate on the bonds is
10%.
A. $25.00
B. $27.50
C. $29.55
D. $32.50
E. $35.00
[0.5($35) + 0.5 ($20)]/1.1 = $27.5/1.1 = $25
*Câu hỏi số 41
The TrunkLine Company debtholders are promised payments of $35 if the firm does well, but
will receive only $20 if the firm does poorly. Bondholders are willing to pay $25. The promised
return to the bondholders is approximately:
A. 2.9%
B. 16.9%
C. 27.3%
D. 40.0%
E. 100%
($35/$25) - 1 = .40 = 40%

*Câu hỏi số 42
An investment is available that pays a tax-free 6%. The corporate tax rate is 30%. Ignoring risk,
what is the pre-tax return on taxable bonds?
A. 4.20%
B. 6.00%
C. 7.67%
D. 8.57%
E. None of these.
Rb = .06/(1 - .3) = .06/.7 = .0857 = 8.57%

*Câu hỏi số 43
Your firm has a debt-equity ratio of .60. Your cost of equity is 11% and your after-tax cost of
debt is 7%. What will your cost of equity be if the target capital structure becomes a 50/50 mix
of debt and equity?
A. 9.50%
B. 10.50%
C. 11.00%
D. 11.25%
E. 12.00%
B/S=.6
RWACC = [(1.0 ÷ 1.6) × .11] + [(.6 ÷ 1.6) × .07] = .095;
.095 = .5RS + (.5 × .07); RS = .12 = 12%

*Câu hỏi số 44
The Aggie Company has EBIT of $50,000 and market value debt of $100,000 outstanding with a
9% coupon rate. The cost of equity for an all equity firm would be 14%. Aggie has a 35%
corporate tax rate. Investors face a 20% tax rate on debt receipts and a 15% rate on equity.
Determine the value of Aggie.
A. $120,000
B. $162,948
C. $258,537
D. $263,080
E. $332,143
Unlevered firm = [$50,000 (.65)]/.14 = $232,142.86
Miller leverage tax shield value = [1 - ((1 - Tc)(1 - Ts)/(1 - Tb))]*B
= [1 - ((1 - .35)(1 - .15)/1 - .20))] *$100,000
= $30,937.50
Total Value = $232,142.86 + $30,937.50
= $263,080.36

*Câu hỏi số 45
Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per
dollar of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 34%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 30%
Personal tax rate on income from stocks: 30%
A. $-0.050
B. $0.006
C. $0.246
D. $0.340
E. $0.660
[1 - ((1 - Tc)(1 - Ts)/(1 - Tb))]B = [1 - ((.66)(.7)/.7)]B = .34B; $0.34

*Câu hỏi số 46
Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per
dollar of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 34%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 20%
Personal tax rate on income from stocks: 0%
A. $0.175
B. $0.472
C. $0.528
D. $0.825
E. None of these
[1 - ((1 - Tc)(1 - Ts)/(1 - Tb))]B = [1 - ((.66)(1)/(1 - .2))]B = .175B; $0.175

*Câu hỏi số 47
Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per
dollar of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 34%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 50%
Personal tax rate on income from stocks: 10%
A. $-0.050
B. $-0.188
C. $0.188
D. $0.633
E. None of these
[1 - ((1 - .34)(1 - .1))/(1 - .5)] = 1 - (.66*.9)/.5 = 1 - 1.188 = -.188

*Câu hỏi số 48
Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per
dollar of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 34%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 10%
Personal tax rate on income from stocks: 50%
A. $-0.050
B. $-0.188
C. $0.367
D. $0.633
E. None of these
[1 - ((1 - .34)(1 - .5))/(1 - .1)] = 1 - (.33/.9) = 1 - .3667 = .6333

*Câu hỏi số 49
The Aggie Company has EBIT of $70,000 and market value debt of $100,000 outstanding with a
9% coupon rate. The cost of equity for an all equity firm would be 14%. Aggie has a 35%
corporate tax rate. Investors face a 20% tax rate on debt receipts and a 15% rate on equity.
Determine the value of Aggie.
A. $120,000
B. $162,948
C. $258,537
D. $263,080
E. $355,938
Unlevered firm = [$70,000 (.65)]/.14 = $325,000
Miller leverage tax shield value = $100,000 [1 - {(1 - .35)(1 - .15)}/(1 - .2)] = $30,937.50Total Value
= $325,000 + $30,937.50 = $355,937.50

*Câu hỏi số 50
Suppose a Miller equilibrium exists with a corporate tax rate of 30% and a personal tax rate on
income from bonds of 35%. What is the personal tax rate on income from stocks?
A. 0.0%
B. 7.1%
C. 10.05%
D. 45.5%
E. None of these
0 = {1 - ((1 - .3)(1 - Ts))/(1 - .35)] = Ts = .071 = 7.1%

*Câu hỏi số 51
Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per
dollar of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 40%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 20%
Personal tax rate on income from stocks: 30%
A. $-0.475
B. $0.475
C. $0.525
D. $0.633
E. None of these
[1 - ((1 - .40)(1 - .3))/(1 - .2)] = 1 - .525 = $0.475

*Câu hỏi số 52
Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per
dollar of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 34%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 20%
Personal tax rate on income from stocks: 50%
A. $-0.050
B. $-0.188
C. $0.367
D. $0.588
E. None of these
[1 - ((1 - .34)(1 - .5))/(1 - .2)] = 1 - .4125 = $0.5875

*Câu hỏi số 53
Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per
dollar of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 34%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 20%
Personal tax rate on income from stocks: 30%
A. $-0.050
B. $0.006
C. $0.246
D. $0.340
E. $0.423
[1 - ((1 - Tc)(1 - Ts)/(1 - Tb))]B = [1 - ((.66)(.7)/.8)]B = $0.4225

*Câu hỏi số 54
Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per
dollar of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 30%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 20%
Personal tax rate on income from stocks: 0%
A. $0.125
B. $0.472
C. $0.528
D. $0.825
E. None of these
[1 - ((1 - Tc)(1 - Ts)/(1 - Tb))]B = [1 - ((.70)(1)/(1 - .2)]B = .125B; $0.125

*Câu hỏi số 55
Holly Berry Incorporated will earn $40 in one year if it does well. The debtholders are promised
payments of $25 in one year if the firm does well. If the firm does poorly, expected earnings in
one year will be $20 and the repayment will be $15 because of the dead weight cost of
bankruptcy. The probability of the firm performing poorly or well is 50%. If bondholders are
fully aware of these costs what will they pay for the debt? The interest rate on the bonds is 8%.
A. $18.52
B. $30.00
C. $32.55
D. $35.75
E. $37.04
[0.5($25) + 0.5 ($15)]/1.08 = $18.52

Câu hỏi số 56
Holly Berry Incorporated debtholders are promised payments of $25 if the firm does well, but
will receive only $20 if the firm does poorly. Bondholders are willing to pay $15. The promised
return to the bondholders is approximately:
A. 5.65%
B. 45.65%
C. 50.00%
D. 66.67%
E. 100.00%
($25/$15) - 1 = .6667 = 66.67%

*Câu hỏi số 57
An investment is available that pays a tax-free 7%. The corporate tax rate is 40%. Ignoring risk,
what is the pre-tax return on taxable bonds?
A. 4.20%
B. 7.00%
C. 7.47%
D. 11.67%
E. None of these
Rb = .07/(1 - .4) = .07/.6 = .1167 = 11.67%

*Câu hỏi số 58
An investment is available that pays a tax-free 5%. The corporate tax rate is 25%. Ignoring risk,
what is the pre-tax return on taxable bonds?
A. 5%
B. 6.25%
C. 6.67%
D. 7.14%
E. 7.69%.
Rb = .05/(1 - .25) = 6.67%

*Câu hỏi số 59
The Lanoi Company has EBIT of $30,000 and market value debt of $150,000 outstanding with
an 8% coupon rate. The cost of equity for an all equity firm would be 12%. Aggie has a 30%
corporate tax rate. Investors face a 20% tax rate on debt receipts and a 12% rate on equity.
Determine the value of Aggie.
A. $130,500
B. $142,698
C. $248,537
D. $209,500
E. $332,143
Unlevered firm = [$30,000 (.70)]/.12 = $175,000
Miller leverage tax shield value = [1 - ((1 - Tc)(1 - Ts)/(1 - Tb))]B = [1 - ((1 - .30)(1 - .12)/1 - .20))] *
$150,000 = $34,500Total Value = $175,000 + $34,500 = $209,500

*Câu hỏi số 60
Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per
dollar of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 35%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 25%
Personal tax rate on income from stocks: 30%
A. $-0.625
B. $0.287
C. $0.393
D. $0.635
E. None of these
[1 - ((1 - .35)(1 - .3))/(1 - .25)] = 1 - .6066 = $0.393

*Câu hỏi số 61
Brad's Robotics Incorporated will earn $60 in one year if it does well. The debtholders are
promised payments of $40 in one year if the firm does well. If the firm does poorly, expected
earnings in one year will be $10 and the repayment will be $5 because of the dead weight cost
of bankruptcy. The probability of the firm performing poorly or well is 40%. If bondholders are
fully aware of these costs what will they pay for the debt? The interest rate on the bonds is 7%.
A. $17.76
B. $19.73
C. $32.55
D. $38.75
E. $39.04
[0.4($40) + 0.6 ($5)]/1.07 = $17.76