ELECTRICAL DESIGN WITH CALCULATION COURSE

CONTENTS

ELECTRICAL DESIGN WITH CALCULATION ___________ Page 2

SHORT CIRCUIT DESIGN WITH CALCULATION_______ Page 39

LIGHTING DESIGN WITH CALCULATION _____________ Page 48

EARTHING DESIGN WITH CALCULATION ____________ Page 72

LIGHTNING DESIGN WITH CALCULATION ____________ Page 96

PREPARED BY

SWELDAW-MINTHANAYE

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 ELECTRICAL DESIGN WITH CALCULATION

Planning before electrical design calculation

1-types of building
2-dimension of building and room (length,width,height)
3-electrical distribution system
4-types of electrical equipment
5-electrical equipment planning
6-electrical equipment location
7-electrical equipment installation height
8-wire way or cable management
9-eletrical equipment circuit length
10 total nos of circuit to distribution panel
11-single line diagram
12-protection of transformer and, power system
13-cable size, voltage drop
14-cpc or pe , protective earth conductor
15-shortcircuit current
16-earth leakage and earth fault
17-overload protection
18 how many DBs to use in building electrical system
19 how many transformers to use in building electrical system
20 how to supply power to building by transformers

Type of buildings for electricaldesigning

 Industrial buildings (equipments,installation method ,code of practice)
 Commercial buildings
 Residential buildings
 Agricultural buildings
 Educational buildings
 Transportation buildings
 Religious buildings
 Parking and storage
 Military buildings
 Governmental buildings
 Cultural buildings
 Other buildings

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 Major electrical equipments for building electrical system

· Transformers
· Diesel generators
· Transfer switches(A AND MANUAL TRANFER SWITH)
· Automatic voltage regulator
· Load bank
Load center
· Power factor correction capacitors
· UPS
· Bus ducts & bus bars
· Motors & pumps
· Light fixtures,air con,socket outlets,fridges,water cooler
· Switchgear
· Disconnecting switches
· Wires and cables
· Raceway
· Grounding materials
· Lightning materials
· TVSS (transient voltage suppression systems)(overvoltage)
· Wiring devices
· Cable trays and ladders, conduits, trunkings (wireway, cable management)
· Measuring devices
· Control devices
· Protection devices
Constitution of power distribution

Constitution of power distribution system

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Floor plan

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 A/C planing

Isometric view of flat

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

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 Table 4.14 - Cable factors (terms) for conduit and trunking

Type of Conductor c.s.a. Factor for Factor for trunkingpvc Factor for trunking thermosetting
conductor (mm²) conduit insulation insulation

Solid 1.0 16 3.6 3.8

Solid 1.5 22 8.0 8.6

Stranded 1.5 22 8.6 9.1

Solid 2.5 30 11.9 11.9

Stranded 2.5 30 12.6 13.9

Stranded 4.0 43 16.6 18.1

Stranded 6.0 58 21.2 22.9

Stranded 10.0 105 35.3 36.3

Stranded 16.0 145 47.8 50.3

Stranded 25.0 217 73.9 75.4

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 Standard ampere rating of breaker (IEE rule)
Mcb-.5,1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10,13,16,20,25,32,40,50,63A

Mccb-25,32,50,63,80,100,125,160,200,250,315,400,500

-630,800,1000,1250,1600,

Acb-400,630,800,1000,1250,1600,2000,2500,3200,4000,5000,, -6300

Vcb-800,1200,1600,2000, 2500,3000/3150,4000

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Definition of AF(ampere rating of circuit breaker frame size)

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MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)

CHARACTERISTICS

 Rated current not more than 100 A.

 Trip characteristics normally not adjustable.
 Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation.

MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)

CHARACTERISTICS

 Rated current up to 1000 A.

 Trip current may be adjustable.

Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation

Air Circuit Breaker

CHARACTERISTICS

 Rated current up to 10,000 A.

 Trip characteristics often fully adjustable including configurable trip thresholds and delays.
 Usually electronically controlled—some models are microprocessor controlled.
 Often used for main power distribution in large industrial plant, where the breakers are arranged in draw-out
enclosures for ease of maintenance.

Vacuum Circuit Breaker

CHARACTERISTICS

 With rated current up to 3000 A,

 These breakers interrupt the arc in a vacuum bottle.
 These can also be applied at up to 35,000 V. Vacuum circuit breakers tend to have longer life
expectancies between overhaul than do air circuit breakers.

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 How to setting Overload Relay protection?
Basically to setting the overload value,we refer to this formula :

1) IB ≤ In ≤ IZ

IB = Anticipated operating current of the circuit

IZ = Current carrying capacity of conductor or cable or Motor
In = Rated current of protective device

2) I2 ≤ 1,45 x IZ

Note:
IZ = Current carrying capacity of conductor or cable or Motor

For adjustable protective devices, In corresponds to the value set.

I2 = The current which causes tripping of the protective device under the conditions specified in the
equipment regulations (high test current)

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 NSX630N circuit breaker equipped with a 400 A Micrologic 6.3E overcurrent trip relay, set at 0.9, will have a trip-
current setting:

Ir = 400 x 0.9 = 360 A

NOTE: For circuit breakers equipped with non-adjustable overcurrent-trip relays, Ir = In. Example: for C60N 20 A circuit
breaker, Ir = In = 20A.

Trip currents
Real life performance is rather more complex than simply tripping when rated current is exceeded.

Modern MCBs contain 2 trip mechanisms, one thermal, one magnetic.

 The thermal element is slow acting, and responds to sustained overload currents of at minimum 1.13-1.45 x rated current
 The magnetic element responds rapidly to substantial fault currents
 MCBs don't trip at a sustained low level overload currents, BS EN 60898 requires a MCB to carry upto 1.13 times its
nominal current rating indefinitely

BS EN 60898 also requires a current of 1.45 (or more) times the nominal capacity to result in a trip. Currents between these
thresholds may or may not cause a trip depending on external influences such as temperature etc. Note these are minimum

performance requirements required for MCBs designed to meet the British Standard. Actual products can perform better than this

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IEC 60228 is the International Electrotechnical Commission's international standard on conductors of insulated
cables. Among other things, it defines a set of standard wire cross-sections:

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BUILDING ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION

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Electrical Load Calculation

TCL MDL I(N C I-t LENGT TVD TVD %

I(B) CB Ca Cg Cable Size PE
(kVA) (kVA) ) i min H (m) r x VD

125AT/250AF/3P/MC 0.8 0.7 4x1Cx95sq.m 1C x

SDB-R 72.39 65.15 94.04 125 1 191.57 30 0.42 0.24 0.34
CB 7 5 m 35sqmm
114.9 125AT/250AF/3P/MC 0.8 0.7 4x1Cx95sq.m 1C x
SDB-LP 125 1 191.57 30 0.42 0.24 0.41
88.48 79.63 4 CB 7 5 m 35sqmm
SDB- 125AT/250AF/3P/MC 0.8 0.7 4x1Cx95sq.m 1C x
91.94 125 1 191.57 30 0.42 0.24 0.33
L14 70.77 63.69 CB 7 5 m 35sqmm
SDB- 125AT/250AF/3P/MC 0.8 0.7 4x1Cx95sq.m 1C x
91.94 125 1 191.57 30 0.42 0.24 0.33
L13 70.77 63.69 CB 7 5 m 35sqmm
SDB- 125AT/250AF/3P/MC 0.8 0.7 4x1Cx95sq.m 1C x
94.10 125 1 191.57 30 0.42 0.24 0.34
L12 72.43 65.19 CB 7 5 m 35sqmm
SDB- 125AT/250AF/3P/MC 0.8 0.7 4x1Cx95sq.m 1C x
91.94 125 1 191.57 30 0.42 0.24 0.33
L11 70.77 63.69 CB 7 5 m 35sqmm
SDB- 125AT/250AF/3P/MC 0.8 0.7 4x1Cx95sq.m 1C x
91.94 125 1 191.57 30 0.42 0.24 0.33
L10 70.77 63.69 CB 7 5 m 35sqmm
117.2 125AT/250AF/3P/MC 0.8 0.7 4x1Cx95sq.m 1C x
SDB-L9 125 1 191.57 30 0.42 0.24 0.42
90.25 81.23 5 CB 7 5 m 35sqmm
BusDuc 606.6 545.9 788.0 0.8 0.7 1226.0 2500A
800 1 35 0.014 0.011 0.12
t 3 7 6 7 5 5 /4W+E

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SHORT CIRCUIT DESIGN WITH CALCULATION

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Rated Oil-immersed Cast-resin
Power
(kVA) Usc (%) Rtr (mΩ) Xtr (mΩ) Ztr (mΩ) Usc (%) Rtr (mΩ) Xtr (mΩ) Ztr (mΩ)

100 4 37.9 59.5 70.6 6 37.0 99.1 105.8

160 4 16.2 41.0 44.1 6 18.6 63.5 66.2

200 4 11.9 33.2 35.3 6 14.1 51.0 52.9

250 4 9.2 26.7 28.2 6 10.7 41.0 42.3

315 4 6.2 21.5 22.4 6 8.0 32.6 33.6

400 4 5.1 16.9 17.6 6 6.1 25.8 26.5

500 4 3.8 13.6 14.1 6 4.6 20.7 21.2

630 4 2.9 10.8 11.2 6 3.5 16.4 16.8

800 6 2.9 12.9 13.2 6 2.6 13.0 13.2

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1,000 6 2.3 10.3 10.6 6 1.9 10.4 10.6

1,250 6 1.8 8.3 8.5 6 1.5 8.3 8.5

1,600 6 1.4 6.5 6.6 6 1.1 6.5 6.6

2,000 6 1.1 5.2 5.3 6 0.9 5.2 5.3

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LIGHTING DESIGN WITH CALCULATION

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Illuminance level

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Determination of LLMF

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(REF- CIBSE- chartered institute of building services engineering)

Determination of LSF

(REF-CIBSE- chartered institute of building services engineering)

Determination of LMF, clean environment

(REF- CIBSE- chartered institute of building services engineering)

Determination of LMF, normal environment

(REF- CIBSE- chartered institute of building services engineering)

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 Determination of LMF, dirty environment

(REF-CIBSE- chartered institute of building services engineering)

Determination of RSME , clean environment

(REF- CIBSE- chartered institute of building services engineering)

Determination of RSME , normal environment

(REF- CIBSE- chartered institute of building services engineering)

Determination of RSME , dirty environment

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(REF- CIBSE- chartered institute of building services engineering)

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determination of luminaire dust depreciation(LDD)

(REF-IESNA lighting handbook 9th edition)

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Determination of room surface dirt depreciation (RSDD)

Determination of room surface dirt depreciation (RSDD)

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 Ballast factor(showing lamp and ballast combination)
(REF-SYLVANIA ballast technology and specification guide)

Room 30 20 9 AML=50 FC
Pc =80% hcc =0.0

Pw =50% hrc =9.5

Pf =20% hfc =2.5

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Obtain effective ceiling cavity reflectance (pcc) pcc =( 80%)

Obtain effective floor cavity eflectance(pfc) Pfc =

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EARTHING DESIGN WITH CALCULATION

Fault protection

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 Metal-To-Metal Touch Voltage: shock situation due to either hand-to-hand or hand-to-feet contact,

 Touch Voltage: shock situation due to hand-to-feet contact,

 Step Voltage: shock situation due to foot-to-foot contact,

 Mesh Voltage: shock situation due to hand-to-feet contact,

 Transferred Voltage: shock situation due to hand-to-feet contact, occurred when a person standing within
the substation area touches a conductor grounded at a remote point,

 Extended Transferred Voltage: shock situation due to hand-to-feet contact, occurred when or a person
standing at a remote point touches a conductor connected to the substation grounding grid.

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Table 5.6 - Supplementary bonding conductor sizes

Circuit protective
Supplementary bonding conductor size
conductor size

- Not protected Mechanically protected

1.0 mm² 4.0 mm² 2.5 mm²

1.5 mm² 4.0 mm² 2.5 mm²

2.5 mm² 4.0 mm² 2.5 mm²

4.0 mm² 4.0 mm² 2.5 mm²

6.0 mm² 4.0 mm² 4.0 mm²

10.0 mm² 6.0 mm² 6.0 mm²

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(

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 R is the resistance to earth in ohms,
ρ is the resistivity of the soil, in Ω-m,
L is the length of electrode, in feets,
D is the diameter of the rod in inches

Example#1:

For a vertical rod electrode having 20mm diameter and 3 m length, calculate the resistance to earth noting that
soil resistivity is 50 Ω-m.

Solution:

The resistance to earth of a vertical rod electrode is given by the following equation:

R= ρ * { loge (8L / d) -1 } / 2ΠL = 50 * { loge (8*3 / 0.02) -1 } /2*3.14*3 = 16.1 ohm

Example#2:

For a vertical rod electrode having 25mm diameter and 2 m length, calculate the resistance to earth noting that
soil resistivity is 30 Ω-m.

Solution:

The resistance to earth of a vertical rod electrode (R) in ohms is given by the following equation:

R= ρ * { loge (8L / d) -1 } / 2ΠL = 30 * { loge (8*2 / 0.025) -1 } /2*3.14*2 = 13.0 ohm

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 The Earth Resistance of Single Rod or Pipe electrode is calculated as per BS 7430:
 R=ρ/2×3.14xL (loge (8xL/d)-1)
 Where ρ=Resistivity of Soil (Ω Meter),
 L=Length of Electrode (Meter),
 D=Diameter of Electrode (Meter)
 Example:
 Calculate Isolated Earthing Rod Resistance.
 The Earthing Rod is 4 Meter Long
 12.2mm Diameter
 Soil Resistivity 500 Ω Meter
 R=500/ (2×3.14×4) x (Loge (8×4/0.0125)-1) =156.19 Ω.

 Example:
 Calculate Total Earthing Rod Resistance of 200 Number arranges in Parallel having 4 Meter Space
of each and if it connects in Hollow Square arrangement. The Earthing Rod is 4 Meter Long and
having 12.2mm Diameter, Soil Resistivity 500 Ω.
 First Calculate Single Earthing Rod Resistance

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  R=ρ/2×3.14xL (loge (8xL/d)-1)
 R=500/ (2×3.14×4) x (Loge (8×4/0.0125)-1) =136.23 Ω
 Now Calculate Total Resistance of Earthing Rod of 200 Number in Parallel condition.
 a=500/(2×3.14x136x4)=0.146
 Ra (Parallel in Line) =136.23x (1+10×0.146/200) =1.67 Ω.
 If Earthing Rod is connected in Hollow Square than Rod in Each side of Square is 200=(4n-1) so
n=49 No.
 Ra (In Hollow Square) =136.23x (1+9.4×0.146/200) =1.61 Ω.

Thumb Rule for Calculate Number of Earthing Rod:

 The approximate earth resistance of the Rod/Pipe electrodes can be calculated by
 Earth Resistance of the Rod/Pipe electrodes R= K x ρ/L
 Where ρ = Resistivity of earth in Ohm-Meter
 L= Length of the electrode in Meter.
 d= Diameter of the electrode in Meter.
 K=0.75 if 25< L/d < 100.
 K=1 if 100 < L/d < 600
 K=1.2 o/L if 600 < L/d < 300
 Number of Electrode if find out by Equation of R(d) =(1.5/N) x R
 Where R(d) = Desired earth resistance
 R= Resistance of single electrode
 N= No. of electrodes installed in parallel at a distance of 3 to 4 Meter interval.
 Example:
 Calculate Earthing Pipe Resistance and Number of Electrode for getting Earthing Resistance of 1 Ω ,Soil
Resistivity of ρ=40, Length=2.5 Meter, Diameter of Pipe= 38 mm.
 Here L/d = 2.5/0.038=65.78 so K=0.75
 The Earth Resistance of the Pipe electrodes R= K x ρ/L=0.75×65.78=12 Ω
 One electrode the earth resistance is 12 Ω.
 To get Earth resistance of 1 Ω the total Number of electrodes required =(1.5×12)/1 =18 No

earth fault table

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The first method is to measure the impedance of the supply by determining its voltage regulation, that is, the
amount by which the voltage falls with an increase in current. For example, consider an installation with a
no-load terminal voltage of 240 V. If, when a current of 40 A flows, the voltage falls to 238 V, the volt drop
will be due to the impedance of the supply.

Thus Zs = systems volt drop = 240 – 238  =2= 0.05 

current 40 40
=
Then 240
Uo = 4800 A or 4.8 kA
PSC A
=
Zs 0.05

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 LIGHTNING DESIGN WITH CALCULATION

The three basic methods recommended for determining the position of the air termination
system components are:

1. The Rolling Sphere Method (RSM),

2. The Protective Angle Method (PAM),
3. The Mesh Method.

Any of these methods can be used to determine:

1. The optimum location of the air-termination System Components,

2. The resulting down-conductor,
3. earthing requirements.

Fig.15: The protection to areas adjacent to the mesh

external areas of the structure with heights more than the radius of corresponding rolling sphere

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 Introduction To Design Calculations Of Lightning Protection Systems

It is very important before explaining the design calculations of lightning protection systems to
highlight some important topics or expressions that will be used in these calculations. These
topics can be listed as follows:

1. Sources and Types of Damage to a Structure,

2. Types of Loss,
3. Types of Risks Associated with Losses,
4. Lightning Protection Levels (LPL),
5. Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ),
6. Class of LPS,
7. Protection Measures.

LPS Design Drawings

Complete design drawings shall be submitted to the engineer for approval and
showing at least the following:

 Location of all grounding,

 Location of all roof conductors,
 Location of all through-roof / through-wall assemblies,
 Location of all down conductors,
 Location of all air terminals,
 Location of all bonding bars,
 Location of all welding points to Rebars,
 Location of all Roof Top Equipments,
 Details for installation of different materials and equipments

First: Based on IEC 62305-3

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 Protection angle method

Configurations and minimum cross-sectional areas of air-termination conductors, air termination

rods and down-conductors are given in below Table#1 and shall comply with the requirements
and tests according to the future IEC 62561 series.

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 Shapes of Protection Zones Provided By Protection Angle Method

non- isolated air-termination systems on roof-mounted structures

Protection Angle Method with Catenary (or suspended) conductors

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Protection Levels According to Height and α Angles

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Protective range of rolling sphere method

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 The Rolling Sphere Method Protection Applications

The rolling sphere methods can be used for the following applications:

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1. Rolling sphere method with rod air-terminations,
2. Rolling sphere method and mesh/catenary conductors,
3. Rolling sphere method and Tall structures.

When rods are to be used as the air-termination for the protection of plane surfaces the following
formula can be used:

4. d = 2 √ (2rh – h2)
Where:

d = distance between two rods (m)

r = radius of the rolling sphere (m)
h = height of the rods (m)

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Rolling Sphere Method And Tall Structures

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 MESH METHOD

The rolling sphere method is recommended as the most

The Rolling Sphere universal and most effective method.
Method (RSM) The rolling sphere method generally provides the most
optimized design and the vertical air-terminal is far more

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 effective at capturing lightning flashes than mesh
conductors installed upon, or just above structure
surface. For example; Rod air-terminations of height in
the region of 0.5 m are preferable to shorter rods or
conductors on the building surface.

The Protection Angle The protection angle method can only be used with
limited vertical distances (limited height).
Method (PAM)
The mesh method is more suitable for the protection of
The Mesh Method flat/plane surfaces.

Suitability Of Air-Termination Forms and Design Methods

Meshed conductors used as air-terminations should not be confused with the mesh method. While the mesh method
requires the use of surface mounted meshed conductors (a grid) to protect flat surfaces, the rolling sphere and
protection angle method can also be used to determine protection provided by elevated meshed conductors to
protect a variety of compound surfaces. The below Table shows the Suitability Of Air-Termination Forms and
Design Methods.

Protection Method
Air-Termination
Rolling Protection
Mesh Method
Sphere Angle
Rod √√√ √√
Meshed conductors – (on structure
√(1)
surface)
Meshed conductors – (elevated
√√ √√
from structure)
Catenary wires √√ √√
Note (1): Mesh method is appropriate for the evaluation of the protection of the bound flat
surface. Rolling sphere and protection angle methods can be used to determine protection of
adjacent areas.

According to IEC 62305-3, Based on the class of the lightning protection system, the below table indicate
Maximum values with each class for:

1. Rolling sphere radius,

2. Mesh size,
3. Protection angle permitted,

Class Of LPS
Rolling Sphere Radius
(Lightning Mesh Size (M) Protection Angle
(M)
Protection Level)
I 20 5x5 See below figure
II 30 10 x 10

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 III 45 15 x 15
IV 60 20 x 20

:
Protection Angle with corresponding height and Class of LPS

 h is the height of air–termination above the surface to be protected,

 The angle will not change for values of h below 2 m,
 Lightning protection class I, II, III & IV relate to protection level I, II, III, & IV respectively as in
below table:

Lightning protection
Class of LPS
level (LPL)
I I (highest protection)
II II
III III
IV IV (lowest protection)

h (m) 20 30 45 60
Protection level Mesh Width d (m)
R (m) α0 α0 α0 α0
I 20 25 * * * 5

II 30 35 25 * * 10

III 45 45 35 25 * 15

IV 60 55 45 35 25 20

* Rolling sphere and mesh methods only apply in these cases

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 First: According to IEC 62305-3
Typical Distance
Class of LPS between down
conductors
I 10 m
II 10 m
III 15 m
IV 20 m

Table#1: Distance between down conductors according to

IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)

econd: According to NFPA 780-2011

 At least two down conductors shall be provided on any kind of structure, including
steeples.

 Structures exceeding 76 m (250 ft) in perimeter shall have a down conductor for every 30
m (100 ft) of perimeter or fraction thereof.

 Lower roofs or projections that are located within a zone of protection shall not be
required to be included in the perimeter measurement.

Third: According to Rules of Thumb

 The number of down conductors depends upon the building area or upon its
circumference in such away that the minimum numbers of down conductors is (2).

 A building with area not exceeding 100 m2 or its perimeter up to 30m or less, the number
of down conductor = one.

 For buildings with height <30 m, the minimum number resulted from one of the following
two methods:

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 2 2
1. One down conductors for first 100m in addition of one conductor for each 300m or a part
of it.
2. One down conductor for each 30m of building perimeter.

 For buildings with height ≥30 m, the minimum number of down conductor is given in the
following Table#2:

Number of
Area of building in m2
down conductors
100 - 400 2
400 - 700 3
700 - 1000 4
1000 - 1300 5
1300 – 1600 6
1600 - 1900 7
Table#2

Example#2:

If the total perimeter of intermediate school = 625 mt, Find the Minimum required number of
down conductors by the rules of thumb method if the intermediate school height < 30 m?

Solution:

Since intermediate school height < 30 m , then use One down conductor for each 30m of building
perimeter.

the No. of down conductor = 625 / 30 = 20.83333 = 21 down conductors

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Llightning protection of ESE

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 SHORT CIRCUIT RATING FOR PVC INSULATED CABLES

NOMINAL CROSS SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT RATING

SR.NO. SECTIONAL AREA IN FOR 1 SEC.IN K Amps
SQ.MM. COPPER ALUMINIUM
1 1.5 0.173 0.114
2 2.5 0.288 0.190
3 4 0.460 0.304
4 6 0.690 0.456
5 10 1.150 0.760
6 16 1.840 1.220
7 25 2.880 1.900
8 35 4.030 2.660
9 50 5.750 3.800
10 70 8.050 5.320
11 95 10.900 7.220
12 120 13.800 9.120
13 150 17.300 11.400
14 185 21.300 14.000
15 240 27.600 18.240
16 300 34.500 22.800
17 400 46.000 30.400
18 500 57.500 38.000
19 I. 625 71.900 47.500
20 800 92.000 60.800
21 1000 115.000 76.000

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