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Computer Programming
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO C++
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Why Use C++
C++ is one of the world's most popular programming languages.
C++ can be found in today's operating systems, Graphical User Interfaces,
and embedded systems.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear
structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development
costs.
C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be
adapted to multiple platforms.
C++ is fun and easy to learn!
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First Program in C++
Prints a line of text:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
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First Program in C++ (cont.)
#include <iostream>
is a header file library that lets us work with input and output objects, such as
cout
using namespace std;
means that we can use names for objects and variables from the standard
library.
int main()
The main function where Any code inside its curly brackets { } will be
executed.
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First Program in C++ (cont.)
cout << "Hello World!";
is used to output values/print text on the output screen.
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Prints a multi line of text
To insert a new line, you can use the \n
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World! \n";
cout << "I am learning C++";
return 0;
}
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Prints a multi line of text (cont.)
Another way to insert a new line, is with the endl manipulator:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
cout << "I am learning C++";
return 0;
}
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Escape Sequence
Examples of other valid escape sequences are:
Description
\t Creates a horizontal tab
\\ Inserts a backslash character (\)
\” Inserts a backslash character (“)
\’ Inserts a backslash character (‘)
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Comments
The comments are used by C++ to explain the program
The comments are ignored by the compiler
Single-line Comments
Single-line comments start with two forward slashes (//)
// This is a comment
cout << "Hello World!";
Or
cout << "Hello World!"; // This is a comment
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Comments (cont.)
C++ Multi-line Comments
Multi-line comments start with /* and ends with */
/* The code below will print the words Hello World!
to the screen, and it is amazing */
cout << "Hello World!";
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Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values.
In C++, there are different types of variables defined by the following keywords:
int: stores integer value, without decimals, such as 175 or -175
float: stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99
char: stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by single
quotes
string: stores text, such as "Hello World". String values are surrounded by double quotes
bool: stores values with two states: true or false
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Basic data types
The data type specifies the size and type of information the variable will store:
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Declaring Variables
To create a variable, specify the type and assign it a value:
type variableName = value;
Example:
int myNum = 15;
cout << myNum;
Or:
int myNum;
myNum = 15;
cout << myNum;
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Declaring Variables (cont.)
The variable could be assigned to another value:
int myNum = 15; // myNum is 15
myNum = 10; // Now myNum is 10
cout << myNum; // Outputs 10
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Other Types
int myNum = 5; // Integer (whole number without decimals)
double myFloatNum = 5.99; // Floating point number (with decimals)
char myLetter = 'D'; // Character
string myText = "Hello"; // String (text)
bool myBoolean = true; // Boolean (true or false)
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Simple program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int x = 5;
int y = 6;
int sum = x + y;
cout <<“ the sum = “<< sum;
}
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Declare Multiple Variables
To declare more than one variable of the same type, use a comma-
separated list:
int x = 5, y = 6, z = 50;
cout << x + y + z;
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Rules for naming variables
All C++ variables must be identified with unique names.
These unique names are called identifiers.
Names can contain letters, digits and underscores
Names are case-sensitive (Num and num are different variables)
Names cannot contain whitespaces or special characters like !, #, %, etc.
Reserved words (like C++ keywords, such as int) cannot be used as names
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Constants
Constant means unchangeable read-only identifier:
const int myNum = 15; // myNum will always be 15
myNum = 10; // error: assignment of read-only variable 'myNum‘
You should always declare the variable as constant when you have values that are
unlikely to change
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User Input
You have already learned that cout is used to output (print) values. Now we will
use cin to get user input.
cin is a predefined variable that reads data from the keyboard with the
extraction operator >>
In the following example, the user can input a number, which is stored in the
variable x Then we print the value of:
int x;
cout << "Type a number: "; // Type a number and press enter
cin >> x; // Get user input from the keyboard
cout << "Your number is: " << x; // Display the input value
}
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Operators
divides the operators into the following groups:
Arithmetic Operator
Assignment Operators
comparison Operators
Logical Operators
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Arithmetic Operators
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Arithmetic Operators Examples
int sum1 = 100 + 50; // 150 (100 + 50)
int sum2 = sum1 * 2; // 300 (150 * 2)
int sum3 = sum2 / 10; // 30 (300 / 10)
cout<<" sum1 = " <<sum1<<endl;
cout<<" sum2 = " <<sum2<<endl;
cout<<" sum3 = " <<sum3<<endl;
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Assignment Operators
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Comparison Operators
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Logical Operators
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Simple Calculator Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int x, y;
cout << "Type a number: ";
cin >> x;
cout << "Type another number: ";
cin >> y;
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Simple Calculator Program
cout << "Sum of the two numbers is: " << x + y <<endl;
cout << "Subtraction of the two numbers is: is: " << x - y <<endl;
cout << "product of the two numbers is: " << x * y <<endl;
cout << "Division of the two numbers is: " << x / y <<endl;
}
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Program Output Screen
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End
