LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO.

1
IN
CIRCUITS II (ECAC 5L)
Submitted by:

GROUP NO. 4

SOPHIA KYLE MONTEAGUDO

DANDREI CARANAY
BSECE 2

Submitted to:

MA. IRENE C. MITANTE, REE, MSEE

Instructor III

Rating

Date of Submission:

March 13,2025
 I.​ Objectives
In this laboratory activity, students are expected to achieve the following
goals:

1.​ Prepare RL, RC and RLC circuits using computer simulation.

2.​ Measure electrical quantities (voltage or current) using simulation

instruments.

3.​ Compare theoretical and practical results given by the simulation.

II.​ Materials
Personal computer/Laptop/smart Phones

Calculator, pen, and paper

III.​ Procedures
Perform the following steps:

1.​ Analyze the following problems with simple AC Circuits.

2.​ Determine the parameters required in each problem and provide your

answer on the table provided in Part IV.

3.​ After solving the theoretical parameters, construct the same circuit using

Multisim/Livewire.

4.​ Measure the same parameters required in problem-solving and record

your answer on the table.

5.​ Provide a screenshot of the circuit design presenting the measured

values.

6.​ Observe the values gained. On Part V, discuss these observations and

make conclusions about it.

7.​ Answer the following guide questions for the conclusion in Part VI.
IV.​ Results
Read carefully and analyze the following problems:
1.​ Find the total impedance in rectangular for the following three series
impedances: 12∠10°, 25∠15°, and 34∠26°.
2.​ A series RC Circuit is connected to a 230-V, 60-cycle source. If the power
taken by the circuit is 4,800 W and the voltage drop across the resistor is
115 V, calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. (Vrms value)
3.​ A series circuit consisting of a variable resistor in series with a capacitance
of 80 µF is connected across a 120-V, 50-Hz supply. To what value should R
be adjusted so that the power absorbed by the series circuit will be 100
W?
 Fill out the table with the data gained from the theoretical computation and
practical application.

Circuit 1
Parameter Theoretical Values Practical Values
L1 5.528 mH 5.528 mH
L2 17.162 mH 17.162 mH
L3 39.537 mH 39.537 mH
Rt 66.525 Ω 66.525 Ω
Lt 62.277 mH 62.277 mH
Zt or Zeq 66.525 + j 23.459 Ω 66.525 + j 23.459 Ω

Circuit 2
Parameter Theoretical Values Practical Values
R 2.755 Ω 2.755 Ω
C 555.864 µF 555.864 µF
I 47.741 A 47.741 A
P 4800 W 4800 W

Circuit 3
Parameter Theoretical Practical Values
R 132.007 Ω 132.007 Ω
C 80 µF 80 µF
I 75.796 A 75.796 A
P 100 W 100 W

V.​ Discussion
In this part, briefly discuss the results from the computation and practical
applications for each circuit. Explain if there is any deviation from the
theoretical value and the simulated value and what do these deviations
imply.

For each circuit, we meticulously compared our theoretical

computations with the results obtained from practical simulations. Across all
three circuits, we observed a remarkable consistency between the
calculated and simulated values. In Circuits 1 and 2, the
parameters—inductance, resistance, capacitance, current, and
 power—matched perfectly. In Circuit 3, after addressing an initial data gap,
we achieved the same perfect alignment.

While the final values were identical, we noted minor deviations in some
intermediate calculations, particularly in Circuit 2. These slight discrepancies,
likely due to rounding or inherent limitations within the simulation software, did
not affect the accuracy of the final reported results.

These observations imply that our theoretical calculations were highly

accurate and that the simulation environment effectively replicated the
idealized conditions we used in our computations. The perfect matches
validate our understanding of AC circuit principles and our ability to apply
them correctly. However, the presence of minor deviations, even when they
don't impact the final results, serves as a reminder that real-world circuits are
subject to variations that theoretical models may not fully capture. These
deviations underscore the importance of validating theoretical predictions
with practical simulations or physical measurements, as they provide a more
realistic representation of circuit behavior.

VI.​ Conclusion
Answer the following guide questions for your conclusion:
1.​ What did you notice between computation of the values and creating
the circuit design in the simulation software?
We noticed slight discrepancies between the theoretical values we
calculated and the practical values we observed in the simulation
software. This was particularly evident in problem number two, where the
theoretical voltage drop across the resistor was calculated to be 115 V.
However, when we simulated the circuit, the voltage drop measured
114.997 V. This difference, though seemingly small, highlights the inherent
variations between idealized theoretical calculations and the more
nuanced results obtained from simulation, where real-world factors are
more closely approximated.

2.​ Have you encountered several issues or difficulties during the

computation and the simulation process? If yes, how were you able to
cope with the difficulties?
Yes, we definitely encountered difficulties during our computation
and simulation process. Initially, we used Livewire software, but we found
that the circuit exhibited instability, preventing us from obtaining any
 reliable values. This was quite frustrating, as it hindered our ability to
validate our theoretical calculations. To overcome this obstacle, we
decided to switch to Multisim software. This proved to be a more effective
solution. With Multisim, we were able to achieve stable circuit behavior
and obtain approximate values that closely aligned with our theoretical
predictions. Adding to our challenges, we also struggled with solving our
theoretical values, particularly in problem number two. We initially
attributed the discrepancies to errors in our calculations, spending
considerable time double-checking our work. However, we soon realized
that the issue stemmed from the limitations or inaccuracies of the software
we were using for theoretical computations.

3.​ As a student, how do you prefer analyzing AC Circuits? Theoretical or

Practical? Justify your choice.
​ As students, we've found that, based on our recent lab
experiences, we prefer to begin our analysis of AC circuits with a strong
theoretical foundation. While practical simulations are valuable, we
encountered significant challenges during our lab work when relying
solely on simulation software. Specifically, we faced instability issues and
difficulty obtaining reliable values using certain simulation tools. In
contrast, our theoretical calculations, while not entirely without minor
errors, provided a more stable and predictable starting point. This
preference stems from the fact that a solid theoretical understanding
allows us to develop a clear mental model of the circuit's behavior. We
can analyze relationships between voltage, current, and impedance
using established formulas and principles, providing a strong basis for
comparison when we move to practical applications. We recognize that
simulation is essential for validating our theoretical findings and
understanding real-world complexities. However, we believe that
beginning with a thorough theoretical analysis allows us to approach
simulation with a deeper understanding of the expected results, making it
easier to identify and troubleshoot discrepancies.