DELEGATE

HANDBOOK
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Introduction
What is MUN
Message from SG
Preparation
Rules of Procedure
Glossary
Code of Conduct
Dress Code
Committees & Topics
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Introduction
Distinguished Delegates
The delegate handbook for A’MUN will provide a comprehensive guide to understanding
both the United Nations and Model United Nations (MUN), including the benefits of
participation and details about A’MUN, its theme for 2025, and its mission. It will also
include an address from the Secretary-General and information on the Secretariat.

The three integral parts of the handbook are the Rules of Procedure, Preparation, and
Etiquette and Behavior. These sections will ensure delegates are well-versed in the formal
processes of MUN, adequately prepared with research and speech guidelines, and aware of
the expected conduct and dress code for the conference.

What is the United Nations?

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization established on October 24, 1945,
in the aftermath of World War II. Its primary goals are to maintain international peace and
security, develop friendly relations among nations, and promote social progress, better
living standards, and human rights. Today, the UN has 193 member states and operates
through several key bodies, including the General Assembly, where all member states meet
to discuss global issues, and the Security Council, which is responsible for maintaining
international peace and security. The UN also includes the International Court of Justice,
which settles legal disputes between states, and various specialized agencies like the World
Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, which address health and children's welfare,
respectively.

The UN plays a crucial role in addressing global challenges such as conflict resolution,
climate change, sustainable development, and humanitarian aid. Through its peacekeeping
missions, the UN works to stabilize conflict zones and protect civilians. It also provides
critical aid to those affected by natural disasters and conflicts, promotes
human rights, and facilitates international cooperation to solve pressing
issues. Overall, the UN serves as a platform for dialogue and
collaboration among countries, striving to create a more
peaceful, just, and sustainable world.
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Introduction
Main Bodies of the UN
General Assembly: The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the UN where all
193 member states have equal representation. It provides a unique forum for multilateral
discussion of international issues, including peace and security, economic development, and
human rights. The General Assembly adopts resolutions and makes decisions on important
questions, such as the admission of new members and the UN budget. It also coordinates
international cooperation and sets priorities for the organization.

Security Council: The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and
security. It has 15 members, including five permanent members with veto power: China,
France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Security Council can
authorize peacekeeping missions, impose sanctions, and approve the use of force to
address threats to international peace. Its decisions are binding on all UN member states,
making it a powerful body within the organization.

Economic and Social Council: The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) coordinates the
economic, social, and environmental activities of the UN and its specialized agencies. It
consists of 54 member states elected by the General Assembly. ECOSOC promotes
international economic and social cooperation and development, addressing issues such as
poverty, education, health, and environmental sustainability. It serves as a central forum for
discussing international economic and social issues and formulating policy
recommendations.

The Trusteeship Council: The Trusteeship Council was originally established to oversee the
administration of trust territories and ensure that their inhabitants were prepared for self-
government. Its operations were suspended in 1994 when the last trust territory, Palau,
became independent. However, the Trusteeship Council can be reactivated if necessary to
address new trusteeship arrangements or issues related to decolonization. It remains a
formal part of the UN structure. This council is no longer operating within the
UN and will not be represented at A’MUN
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Introduction
Main Bodies of the UN
The International Court of Justice: The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The
Hague, Netherlands, is the principal judicial body of the UN. It settles legal disputes
between states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by the
General Assembly or the Security Council. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges elected by the
General Assembly and the Security Council. It plays a crucial role in upholding international
law and ensuring that justice is served in disputes between nations.

Secretariat: The Secretariat carries out the day-to-day work of the UN. It is led by the
Secretary-General, who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of
the Security Council. The Secretariat provides studies, information, and facilities needed
by the UN for its meetings and operations. It also implements the decisions of the other
UN bodies and coordinates the work of the UN's specialized agencies and programs.

Here is a link to the access the United Nations System Chart:

Click Me!!

United Nations Charter

The UN Charter is the founding treaty of the United Nations, signed on June 26, 1945, and
came into force on October 24, 1945. It outlines the principles, purposes, and structure of
the organization, establishing its main bodies and defining their functions and powers. The
Charter serves as a framework for international cooperation, aiming to maintain peace and
security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation in
solving global problems, and promote human rights and fundamental freedoms. It is a
binding legal document for all UN member states.

The UN Charter is crucial in A'MUN as it provides the foundational principles and structure
guiding all discussions and decisions, ensuring that debates and resolutions align with the
values and objectives of the United Nations. Understanding the Charter
helps delegates simulate real UN processes accurately and effectively.

The Secretary General highly encourages you to go through it.

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What is MUN?
Model United Nations, commonly known as MUN, is an educational simulation that allows
students to stimulate the acts of delegates in the United Nations (UN) and its committees. It
provides an excellent platform to develop skills in diplomacy, negotiation, and public
speaking. MUN conferences feature multiple committees, each focusing on specific topics
of international importance. Delegates are assigned countries or organizations to represent,
requiring them to research their assigned country's policies and positions on the topics at
hand.

Debates within MUN follow formal rules of procedure, where delegates deliver speeches,
engage in moderated caucuses (structured debates), and participate in unmoderated
caucuses (informal discussions) to share ideas and negotiate solutions. The ultimate goal is
to draft and pass resolutions—documents that outline the committee’s stance on the issues
and propose solutions. These resolutions are collaboratively written by delegates and then
voted upon by the committee.

Participating in MUN offers numerous benefits by enhancing critical skills such as public
speaking, research, negotiation, and writing. It also fosters a deeper understanding of global
issues and international relations, promoting the importance of diplomacy and collaboration
in solving complex problems.

Welcome to the world of Model United Nations at A’MUN, and we wish you a successful
and enriching experience!
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What is MUN?
Benefits of Participating in MUN
Participating in Model United Nations (MUN) offers a wide range of valuable benefits for
students, both academically and personally. First and foremost, MUN helps improve critical
thinking and public speaking skills. Delegates are required to thoroughly research and
prepare arguments on important global issues, which enhances their ability to analyze
complex topics and present their ideas clearly and confidently. This process not only
sharpens their analytical abilities but also boosts their confidence in public speaking.

MUN also fosters leadership and teamwork. Students learn to work together in committees,
negotiate with other delegates, and find common ground to solve problems. These
experiences teach them the importance of collaboration, compromise, and effective
communication. By simulating real-world diplomatic scenarios, MUN participants develop
essential skills that are highly valuable in any professional setting.

Furthermore, MUN provides a deeper understanding of international relations and the

workings of the United Nations. Students gain insights into how countries interact, the
importance of diplomacy, and the complexities of global governance. This knowledge is
crucial for anyone interested in pursuing a career in international affairs, politics, or law. It
also helps students become more informed and engaged global citizens.

In addition to academic and professional benefits, MUN promotes cultural awareness and
empathy. By interacting with peers from diverse backgrounds, students learn to appreciate
different perspectives and develop a broader worldview. This exposure to different cultures
and ideas fosters tolerance, respect, and a sense of global responsibility. It encourages
students to think beyond their own experiences and consider the impact of their actions on
a global scale.

Overall, MUN is an excellent educational experience that prepares students for future
careers in various fields, including diplomacy, law, politics, and international business. It
builds strong communication, leadership, and analytical skills, making participants more
confident and capable in their personal and professional lives. Moreover,
MUN helps students develop a deeper understanding of global issues
and the importance of working together to create a better world.
Through MUN, students become more knowledgeable, empathetic,
and motivated to make a positive impact on the world.
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Adress from the
Secretary General
Dear Delegates,

Welcome to A’MUN! My name is Aarav Mamtani and

I am honored to serve as the Secretary General of
A’MUN, we are dedicated to providing the most
engaging, educational, and inspiring conference
experience possible. Our commitment to excellence
is reflected in every aspect of our event, from top-
tier debates and high-quality research opportunities
to a supportive and dynamic community of like-
minded individuals.

On behalf of the entire Ambassador Model United

Nations Team I take great pride in extending a
warm welcome to all delegates. We believe that every participant will feel valued and
included in our vibrant community. Our aim is to create an environment where you can freely
express your ideas, engage in meaningful diplomatic dialogue, and develop lifelong skills in
negotiation and collaboration

Throughout the conference, you will have the opportunity to delve into pressing global issues
under the theme "Forging Pathways to Global Unity Through Consensus in Crisis." This theme
challenges you to think critically and creatively about finding solutions to global conflicts and
building consensus. We are confident that your time here will be both enriching and
enjoyable, leaving you with memorable experiences and a deeper understanding of
international diplomacy.

We look forward to seeing the passion and dedication you will bring to A’MUN.
Let’s work together to make this conference a truly transformative
and rewarding experience for all.

Warm Regards,
Aarav Mamtani | Secretary General, A’MUN ‘25
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Preparation
Researching
As soon you receive your delegation and committee, the first thing you should do is begin
your research on your committee's respective topics.
1. Start Researching about your assigned country like so:

2. Of all the topics you will receive in your respective committees; Research is key. There
has been a lot of debate around primary and secondary research but our team highly
encourages you to do a combination of both. Our team has also prepared a document with
a few questions that you could answer based on your country for your researching
purposes. Click on the button below to gain access to this document and download it and
start your MUN researching journey.

Country Research Document

Its an extremely good practice to have all your findings, or the important facts and statstics
listed down in a word document. In A’MUN it would be encouraged if you print such
documents as it would help you a lot as a delegate of this conference.
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Position Papers
To be considered for any award at A’MUN, it is imperative to submit your position papers to
your respective chairs for all topics in the committee. Completing the position paper to the
best of your abilities could also earn you a Best Position Paper Award. The chairs will also
gain a better understanding on how you are as a delegate from your position papers.

What Exactly Is A Position Paper: A position paper is a one page essay that demonstrates a
delegate's knowledge on a particular issue from the perspective of the country the delegate
is representing.
Why Is It Needed For You?: Delegates, you must understand that submitting a position
paper will increase your chances to win an award, especially the Best Position Paper Award.
This document is also significant as the chairs will understand the perspective of your
country in this committee.

This is a document that has information on:

Facts, statistics and logical arguments about the issue for speeches and Points of
Information,
The country's stance towards the issue,
Existing policies in place (Can be used for preambulatory clauses),
Potential solutions that can be implemented (Can be used for operative clauses),
Fully written out speech.

The requirements in this document is as follows:

Can be a maximum of one and a half page long. (excluding bibliography)
Structured Paragraphs that conveys your point/ countries stance. (4-5 paras)
Font Size 11 or 12
Times New Roman
Single Spaced.

The File Name when submitting should be as follows:

CountryAbreviation_Committee_FirstNameLastName
Eg. USA_UNSC_JohnDoe.pdf

USA_UNSC_JohnDoe.pdf
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Preparation
Position Papers... Layout
Committee: {Official Committee Name}
Topic: {Full Topic}
Delegation: {Official Country Name}

I. Introductory Paragraph:
Introduce the issue from a general standpoint. Background and history of the topic must
be mentioned. Talk about the logical facts & statistics pertaining to the topic and how it
can be solved. Many Delegates focus on how the issue should be solved but asking the
question “Why the issue needs to be solved?” Is also critical.

II. Past International Actions

To understand the international efforts, it is necessary to review previous resolutions,
treaties, and accords on the subject. Notable United Nations and associated non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) actions should be recognized. Furthermore, any
major UN events relevant to the topic, both current and upcoming, should be noted.
Reports detailing progress in resolving the issue can give useful information.

III. Country’s Stance

Country’s perspective on this issue, How the issue has affected the country, Steps taken
in the past by the country. To highlight the country's official perspective, it is critical to
refer to remarks and quotes from our political leaders, such as the President, Prime
Minister, Foreign Minister, or UN representatives. Furthermore, the position paper
should define our country's views on the matter and suggest potential coalitions with
other member states or political groupings.

IV. Possible Solutions

Ideal solutions that should be implemented in the committee regarding this issue (2-3
should be discussed in detail.), Mention past attempts at solving this issue, whether by
Past UN Resolutions, NGOs etc. These solutions do not have to be limited to
what the country can do, as these solutions can be implemented by
other countries and organizations as well.
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Preparation
Position Papers... Layout
V. Conclusion
Summarize the key points discussed in the position paper, reiterating the importance of
addressing the issue at hand. Emphasize the significance of international cooperation
and collaboration in implementing the proposed solutions. Reaffirm your country's
commitment to working with other member states and organizations to achieve a
sustainable and effective resolution. Highlight the potential positive outcomes of
solving the issue, not just for your country, but for the global community as a whole.
Encourage the committee to take decisive action and make meaningful progress on this
critical topic.

VI. Bibliography
A comprehensive bibliography, identifying all sources used for research, should be given
at the end of the position paper. To preserve transparency and academic integrity,
proper citation formatting must be used. MLA9 Format is the accepted citation format
at A’MUN.

Position Papers... Formatting

Font Style: Times New Roman
Font Size: 11 or 12
Word Count: 500-800 Words ( 1 - 1.5 pages excluding Bibliography)
Line Spacing: Single

There must be no graphs, photos or any type of illustrations.

Plagiarism including quotes and sayings should be kept less than 5% if it exceeds
we will not accept it.
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Preparation
Position Papers... Sample
Committee: United Nations Security Council
Topic: Overviewing the Jammu Kashmir Conflict
Delegation: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

The Jammu and Kashmir conflict traces its roots back to the partition of British India in
1947, which led to the creation of India and Pakistan. The princely state of Jammu and
Kashmir, with a majority Muslim population but a Hindu ruler, became a contentious issue.
The Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, initially wanted to remain independent but eventually
acceded to India under duress, following an invasion by tribal militias from Pakistan. This led
to the first Indo-Pak war, culminating in the establishment of the Line of Control (LoC) and a
UN-mediated ceasefire. The region's disputed status has fueled several wars and
continuous skirmishes between India and Pakistan.

One of the most significant and tragic events was the Jammu massacre of 1947, where
thousands of Muslims were killed in communal violence, leading to mass migration and
deep-seated animosity between the communities. This incident highlights the volatile and
complex nature of the conflict, rooted in religious and ethnic divides.

The Jammu and Kashmir conflict has persisted for decades, characterized by periodic
escalations and attempts at peace. The United Nations intervened early in the conflict,
establishing the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)
in 1949 to monitor the ceasefire line. Multiple UN Security Council resolutions, including
Resolution 47, called for a plebiscite to allow the people of Jammu and Kashmir to decide
their future, though this has never been implemented.

Despite various bilateral agreements, such as the Shimla Agreement of 1972 and the Lahore
Declaration of 1999, the conflict remains unresolved. Efforts to
mediate peace have often been thwarted by mutual distrust, acts
of terrorism, and military confrontations, such as the Kargil War
in 1999 and the 2019 Pulwama attack.
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Preparation
Position Papers... Sample
The primary actors in the Jammu and Kashmir conflict are India and Pakistan, both of whom
lay claim to the region. China also plays a role, having control over the Aksai Chin area and
parts of Ladakh. The conflict has broader international implications, drawing attention from
global powers such as the United States, Russia, and the European Union, who have vested
interests in regional stability. Additionally, countries with significant South Asian diasporas,
like the United Kingdom and Canada, also monitor the situation closely.

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) views the Jammu and Kashmir conflict
through the lens of colonial history and the right to self-determination. The DPRK expresses
solidarity with the Kashmiri people, emphasizing the need for their voices to be heard in any
resolution process. While historically maintaining strong ties with Pakistan, the DPRK calls
for peaceful dialogue and negotiations, opposing any external interference that exacerbates
the conflict. The DPRK highlights the importance of respecting the sovereignty and
territorial integrity of nations involved.

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) advocates for a multi-faceted approach
to resolving the Jammu and Kashmir conflict, emphasizing the importance of peaceful
dialogue and international mediation. The DPRK calls for renewed international mediation
under the auspices of the United Nations to facilitate dialogue between India and Pakistan,
ensuring that the voices of the Kashmiri people are heard and their aspirations addressed. A
phased demilitarization of Jammu and Kashmir is suggested to reduce tensions and build
trust between the conflicting parties. This demilitarization should be coupled with
confidence-building measures, including joint economic projects and cultural exchanges, to
foster cooperation and mutual understanding.

Addressing the humanitarian impact of the conflict is crucial. The DPRK supports initiatives
aimed at providing aid to affected populations, ensuring the
return of displaced persons, and promoting reconciliation efforts to
heal communal divides.
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Preparation
Position Papers... Sample
Additionally, the DPRK encourages both India and Pakistan to engage in continuous
bilateral talks, supported by multilateral forums such as the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), to create an environment conducive to
lasting peace. Upholding the principle of self-determination, the DPRK endorses the long-
standing call for a plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir, to be conducted under UN supervision.
This would ensure a fair and impartial process that reflects the true will of the Kashmiri
people. In conclusion, the DPRK underscores the need for a peaceful resolution to the
Jammu and Kashmir conflict, prioritizing dialogue, demilitarization, humanitarian aid, and
respect for self-determination as the pillars of a sustainable solution.

Bibliography:
MLA9 or Harvard Formatting is accepted .

Works Cited List: Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Page or Article." Title of Site,
Sponsor or Publisher [include only if different from website title or author], Date of
Publication or Update Date, URL. Accessed Date [optional; include date you accessed
source if it is likely to help readers].

In-text: (Author Last Name or page title)

Example:
Andaya, Barbara. "Introduction to Southeast Asia." Center for Global Education, Asia Society,
2017, asiasociety.org/education/introduction-southeast-asia. Accessed 17 Dec. 2021.

Sources allowed: “.org, .edu, .gov”

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Preparation
Delegate Preparation Guide - DMN
Now you may be wondering what more can I prepare for? It is perfectly normal to ask a
question like this. Below is a resource that our Secretary General had made for his IB MYP
Personal project for you to use for A’MUN and it is incredibly amazing as it provides several
sources as well for you to use and become familiar with the proceedings of the actual UN
and what you can expect at an MUN.

Desert MUN Network

Delegates can effectively utilize the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR) as foundational tools to prepare for their topics and strengthen their
arguments during committee sessions.

The UN Charter, as the cornerstone of the United Nations, outlines the principles and
purposes of the organization, such as maintaining international peace and security,
promoting sustainable development, and respecting state sovereignty. Delegates can use
the Charter to understand the legal framework under which the UN operates and align their
solutions with these principles. For instance, referencing specific articles like Article 1 on
the UN's purposes or Article 2 on state sovereignty can add credibility to their stance and
demonstrate a thorough understanding of international law.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, on the other hand, serves as a moral and
ethical guide for ensuring the dignity, rights, and freedoms of all individuals. Delegates can
use it to advocate for solutions that uphold fundamental human rights, particularly in topics
related to social justice, humanitarian crises, and conflict resolution. Quoting relevant
articles, such as Article 1 ("All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights")
or Article 25 (the right to an adequate standard of living), can highlight the human-centric
aspect of their arguments and show their commitment to universal values.

By integrating the principles of the UN Charter and the UDHR, delegates can not only
enhance the depth and legitimacy of their research but also align their
proposed solutions with internationally recognized standards. These
documents act as guiding compasses, helping delegates navigate
complex global issues while fostering constructive and principled
debate in the committee.
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Rules of Procedure
Flow of Committee (Green = POIs)
Setting Opening
Roll Call Lobbying
Agenda Speeches

For/Against Submitting Presenting

Voting
Speeches Amendments Resolutions

Roll Call:
This is when the entire committee has to begin with roll call. The chair will call upon the
Delegations and the Delegates will have to state “Present” or “Present and Voting”
“Present” basically means you are present in the committee and you are flexible with voting,
which means you can either vote or not vote. HOWEVER “Present and Voting” means you
are present in the committee and HAVE to vote during all voting procedures.

Setting Agenda:
Setting the Agenda basically means you are setting the main topic of discussion through a
motion. Delegates will be required to raise a motion: “Motion to set the agenda to x topic”
after a delegate has raised this motion, the chair will recognize it and by the chairs
discretion it will be in order.

Opening Speeches:
After a Delegate has set the Agenda, you will be required to make opening speeches on the
Agenda as a whole. These speeches do NOT have any POIs as we are in THIMUN
procedure. However, these speeches have a “Right to Reply” which can only be issued if the
main speaker has insulted your Delegation / Country. Right to reply means that you can
make a statement and refute whatever the speaker has said, and the speaker cannot answer
back.
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Rules of Procedure
Lobbying:
Lobbying is the process of forming groups that are called “blocs” . These blocs will need to have a
certain amount of delegates in it. (Based on your committee size) With these blocs, you all need to
collaborate and write resolutions to discuss. Resolutions are documents full of solutions and there is
a specific format you have to follow. You can NAME your blocs as well! So please do keep in mind
that these names should be family friendly and in accordance to parliamentary vocabulary.

Presenting Resolutions:
Once you and your bloc have formulated a constructive and innovative resolution, you will now
have to submit it to your chair. Then your chair will review it and they will let the committee know
which bloc’s resolutions are going to be discussed.

Submitting Amendments:
Submitting Amendments at an A’MUN committee is sort of different compared to other
conferences. This will be done through a google forms, so that the Chairs have easier access to the
amendments submitted. Lets suppose an Amendment is being discussed and a Delegate notices
something wrong with the amendment or the delegate notices something that can be amended
further, then a delegate is able to submit an Amendment to the Second Degree. This is explained
further below.

For/Against Speeches:
For and Against speeches are very simple. Suppose a resolution is being discussed and it goes
against a countries foreign policy or does not align with their interests, then that delegate who is
representing that country can do an against speech on that resolution. Against speeches can also be
done if a delegate feels as if the resolution and its clauses are not feasible and simply wont work.
For speeches are normally done by Co-Submitters of that resolution and they speak as to how they
are for that resolution and they are eager for it to pass. For speeches can also be done by delegates
who are not a Co-Submitter and they can make that speech simply based on their countries
interests and foreign policy.

Voting:
After all resolutions and amendments are discussed, delegates can raise
“Motion to Move To Previous Question” which means that the house will
go into voting procedure on the Resolution as a whole (this motion is
further explained below). Voting just means that the house will vote on a
specific thing (resolution or amendment). They can either Vote in Favor,
Vote Against or Abstain
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Rules of Procedure
Points
Points are tools used by delegates to address specific issues during the debate, ranging from
personal concerns to procedural clarifications. They ensure smooth communication and
maintain the decorum of the session.

Types of Points
Point of Information (POI):
Definition: A question posed by a delegate to the speaker.
When Used: After a speech when the speaker yields to POIs.
Process:
The Chair recognizes the delegate raising the point.
Questions must be concise and relevant to the speech.
Point of Personal Privilege:
Definition: Raised to address personal discomfort that hinders participation (e.g.,
inability to hear).
When Used: Can interrupt a speaker if urgent.
Point of Order:
Definition: Used to highlight a procedural error or breach of rules.
When Used: Only to be raised after a speech, point.
Point of Parliamentary Inquiry:
Definition: Raised to seek clarification on procedural rules or the flow of debate.
When Used: During any pause in the debate, but not to interrupt a speaker.

Motions
Motions are tools used by delegates to move into the next procedures of the debate or to
reconsider or redo something in the flow of debate, this ensures smooth and efficient flow
of debate.

Types of Motions
Motion to Set the Agenda
Definition: A motion to establish the order in which the committee will
discuss topics.
When Used: At the start of the session or before substantive debate.
Process:
Raised by a delegate and seconded by at least one other delegate.
Delegates may speak in favor or against.
Requires a majority vote to pass.
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Rules of Procedure
Motions
Motion to Move into Open Debate
Definition: A motion to allow delegates to speak freely for or against the topic or
resolution without restrictions.
When Used: During formal debate when the Chair permits.
Process:
Raised by a delegate and seconded by another.
The Chair decides whether to put it to a vote.
Requires a majority vote to pass.
Motion to Move into Unmoderated Caucus
Definition: Unmoderated caucuses are time where you suspend regular committee
procedure and talk freely amongst other delegates about resolutions, amendments,
etc (Mostly used to lobby).
Needs second
Can be objected
Ultimately up to the Chair’s discretion
Motion to Extend Debate Time
Definition: A motion to increase the time allotted for debate on a particular topic or
subtopic.
When Used: During substantive debate when the current debate time is insufficient.
Process:
Raised by a delegate and seconded by another.
The Chair decides whether to put it to a vote.
Requires a majority vote to pass.
Motion to Move to the Previous Question
Definition: A motion to close debate and proceed to a vote on the resolution or
amendment.
When Used: When the committee is ready to conclude discussion on the matter at
hand.
Process:
Raised by a delegate and seconded by another.
The Chair decides whether to put it to a vote.
Requires a two-thirds majority vote to pass.
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Rules of Procedure
Motion to Divide the Question
Definition: A motion to consider parts of a resolution or amendment separately.
When Used: When delegates feel specific clauses need independent voting.
Process:
Raised by a delegate and seconded by another.
The Chair may allow speakers for and against the motion.
Requires a majority vote to pass.
Motion to Divide the House
Definition: A motion to eliminate abstentions during a vote, requiring all delegates to
vote either in favor or against.
When Used: After a tied or unclear vote, or at the discretion of the Chair.
Process:
Raised by a delegate and seconded by another.
The Chair decides whether to put it to a vote.
Requires a majority vote to pass.
Motion to Amend the Rules of Procedure
Definition: Allows modifications to the Rules of Procedure during the conference for
specific needs.
Process:
Chairs will call the Secretary General and then this motion needs approval from the
Secretary General before moving into voting procedure.
Requires a Two-Thirds Majority to pass.
Motion to Open Discussion on the Resolution Submitted by XYZ Bloc
Definition: A motion to begin formal debate on a specific resolution.
Process:
Raised and seconded by delegates.
Chair puts it to a vote.
Requires a simple majority to pass.
Motion to Suspend and Revoke Speaking Rights
Definition: A motion to temporarily remove a delegate's right to speak due to
inappropriate behavior or repeated disruptions.
Process:
Raised and seconded by delegates.
Chair may allow one speaker for and against.
Requires a two-thirds majority to pass.
Chair can also use Discretional Power to pass this motion.
Note: The Chair has the discretion to reinstate speaking rights after
assessing the delegate's behavior post-suspension.
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Rules of Procedure
Amendments
An amendment is a formal proposal to modify, add, or remove parts of a draft resolution. It
helps ensure the resolution aligns with the committee’s objectives.

The Three Types of Amendments:

Insert/ Add Amendment
Definition: Proposes to add a new clause or sub-clause to the resolution.
When Used: When delegates want to include an additional idea or concept to
strengthen the resolution.
Modify/ Amend/ Edit
Definition: Proposes changes to an existing clause or sub-clause to clarify, improve,
or better align it with the resolution's goals.
When Used: When the current language or intent of a clause needs adjustments
without complete replacement.
Delete/ Strike
Definition: Removes an entire clause or part of a clause from the resolution.
When Used: When a clause is considered unnecessary, redundant, or controversial.

Classification of Amendments:
First-Degree Amendment
Definition: Directly modifies, adds, or removes content in the main resolution.
When Used: Proposed during substantive debate and debated upon before voting.
Second-Degree Amendment
Definition: Proposes changes to a first-degree amendment, refining or altering its
content.
When Used: Before the committee votes on the first-degree amendment.
Note: Second-degree amendments cannot be further amended.
Friendly Amendment
Definition: An amendment agreed upon by all the sponsors of the draft resolution.
When Used: Submitted directly to the Chair without the need for debate or voting.
Process: Automatically included in the resolution upon Chair’s approval.
Unfriendly Amendment
Definition: An amendment not supported by all sponsors of the
draft resolution.
When Used: Requires debate and voting by the committee to
determine its inclusion.
Process: Followed by speeches for and against, then put to a vote.
 23

Rules of Procedure
Adhoc and Non-Adhoc
AdHoc Committee:
An AdHoc committee is a committee where clauses are debated individually. Each clause
would be submitted by a delegate, and the delegate would give a speech for the clause
when it's debated. One important difference between an AdHoc committee and a Non-
AdHoc committee is that it does not require people to be signatories. Each clause can be
amended by another committee member and that can also be amended to the 2nd degree.
It is a common practice that once all clauses have been debated, the chairs themselves will
compile all of them into a single resolution, which would then be debated as a whole.
AdHoc is often used in more advanced committees, with more experienced delegates such
as the Security Council.

Non-AdHoc Committee:
A Non-AdHoc committee is a committee where clauses are debated as groups in
resolutions. Each resolution would be main submitted by a delegate, who would give a
speech for the resolution when it's debated, along with co-submitters, who would work on
the resolution. In a Non-AdHoc committee there must be signatories, and the minimum
quantity of them would be dependent on the size of the committee. Each clause would be
amended by another committee member, and that can also be further amended to the 2nd
degree. These are often used in less advanced committees such as the General Assemblies
or the Human Rights Council.

For AdHoc committees, it is advised for delegates to come with 2 to 4 extremely well
thought out and detailed clauses. Do not expect any mroe than that number to be debated
in committee. Although you will have more time during lobbying to write more clauses, it is
better to use this time to form alliances and strategies with other delegates.

For Non-AdHoc, the amount of preparation would depend on what kind of a role you would
want to play in the conference. Usually, the person who provides the most to the resolution
would end up being the main submitter. If your goal is to be the main submitter then it is up
to you how you want to approach it, although it would make it much easier for
yourself to write as much of a resolution as possible and then use the
lobbying time to get your co submitters to add more detail and go
through the resolution.
 24

Rules of Procedure
Veto
The "Power of Veto" refers to the power that the five permanent members of the United
Nations Security Council have which enables them to prevent adoption of any draft
resolution presented by another nation. It can be used no matter the level of international
support the resolution has gained. The Veto is used whenever a negative vote is cast on a
draft resolution by a permanent member of the United Nations and automatically causes
the resolution to fail. In MUN, upon casting a veto, the delegate must provide a sufficient
speech about the reason they decided to fail the resolution, then all P5 members, along
with a chair will leave the room to discuss the terms of the veto. If you are a P5 member in
the Security Council, make sure to use your Veto power only when it is conflicting with the
interests of your country and provide evidence to make your claim more valid.

Resolution / Clauses
The resolution or the clause is the foundation of debate at any Model United Nation
conference around the world. These consist of the actual solution to the issues that your
committee discusses and debates about. The first that a delegate must do is to clarify and
differentiate whether your committee is Adhoc or NonAdhoc

When writing a clause, keep these points in mind:

Does the clause present a clear, valid solution Is this clause really achievable (in terms of
funding and feasibility)?
Would this clause violate any country or organization's policy or sovereignty?
Is the clause detailed enough to remove the possibility of confusions and excess
questions?
What resources will this solution need for it to be correctly implemented?

Answering and putting this into practice will ensure that the clauses you make will be of
better quality and more feasible to be implemented in the real world.

THIMUN Resolution Format

 25

Rules of Procedure
Resolution/ Clauses
1. Choosing the appropriate and suitable operative phrase is extremely integral. This is
because if a wrong one is chosen then the clause would lose its entire meaning. When
writing a resolution, it is recommended to avoid using the same one twice. A list of all
the operative phrases can be found below
2. Introducing the solution in a way that enables further detail in the subclause is a smart
strategy as it gives delegates a clear idea of what the solution is, and helps to avoid any
confusion
3. It makes it easier for delegates to understand what they are dealing with if you remain
detailed and specific. By catering the solution to a certain group of people, it avoids
confusion and enables further detail to be present in the clause
4. By talking about the solution can and will be implemented in both MEDCs and LEDCs, it
avoids delegates making comments on the lack of global feasibility mainly how this can
be implemented in LEDCs. It is best to answer the questions delegates would likely have
in the clause itself
5. Goes into detail where it is possible which is very important. Delegates often find
themselves asking questions about missing details. Hence in order to avoid any issues,
making the clause as detailed as possible is a smart way to increase support for the
clause. Sub-sub clauses are extremely useful in adding information.
6. Small details work to make the clause seem more uniform. Making the clauses longer
impresses chairs and other delegates

Operative Clauses
 26

Rules of Procedure
Speeches
When in a conference, it is crucial to speak on the topic multiple times so the delegates will
understand your stance on the topic and the chairs will understand your knowledge and
understanding. Since MUN follows the procedures of an official United Nations conference,
there are some requirements in order to keep the conference professional.
1. Delegates must speak in third singular person (example: “the delegate of .... thinks...”).
When referring both to themselves and to other delegates, the use of the first plural
person is tolerated (example: “us delegates…”).
2. Informal dialogue is not permitted, as well as offence to other delegations: in such
circumstances, a request for formal apologies addressed to the Chair via a Point of
Order is allowed.
3. Cross Talk is not permitted, you can communicate via notes/ chits.

Rules and Regulations during a Speech

1. The Chair and the speaker are never to be interrupted as they speak, the only exception
being a point of personal privilege due to audibility.
2. It is crucial to keep all speeches within the given timeframe. Failing to do so will result in
the chair allowing you to finish the sentence, and thus speech prematurely

Request/ Plea to follow up

This is usually used when a delegate has asked a POI and is not satisfied with the answer
he/she has received, so they raise “Request to Follow Up” and it is up to the Chairs
Discretion whether they want it to be allowed. If the chair allows it then the delegate can
ask a further point of information to the speaker on the floor.

If the chair doesn’t allow it, the Delegate who has asked the POI will go back to their seat
and the next POI asker will take the floor.
 27

Glossary
A
- Abstain: Choosing not to vote either for or against a resolution or motion.
- Adjourn: A motion to end the session or meeting temporarily until it reconvenes.
- Adjournment of Debate: A motion to temporarily halt debate on a topic or resolution.
- Advisory Opinion: A legal interpretation provided by the International Court of Justice
(ICJ) in response to a request, though not legally binding.
- Agenda: The specific topics to be discussed by a committee during a conference.
- Amendment: A formal change or addition proposed to a draft resolution.
- Appeal: A request by a delegate to challenge a chair’s decision.
- Appeal of the Chair: A motion that questions the ruling of the chairperson, allowing
delegates to vote on whether the chair’s decision should be upheld or overturned.
- Arms Control: Measures taken internationally to regulate or limit the production,
proliferation, or use of arms.
- Article: A specific section of a treaty or charter.
- Asking the Floor: Requesting permission from the chair to speak during formal debate.
- Asylum Seeker: A person seeking protection in another country from persecution or
danger in their home country.

B
- Background Guide: A document outlining the committee’s topic, agenda, and key issues
to be discussed, provided by the chairs.
- Binding Resolution: A resolution that member states are legally obligated to follow, typical
in the Security Council.
- Bilateral Agreement: An agreement or treaty between two countries.
- Bloc: A group of countries with similar positions or interests on a particular issue.
- Bloc Position: A collective stance taken by a group of countries on a specific issue or
resolution.
- Budgetary Allocations: Funds assigned to various activities or projects as part of an
agreement or resolution.
 28

Glossary
C
- Chair: The person who oversees the debate, ensures rules are followed, and manages the
speaking list.
- Clause: A paragraph in a draft resolution outlining a specific action or stance.
- Closed-Door Meeting: A private session where only delegates from specific countries or
blocs are allowed to participate.
- Coalition: A temporary alliance of countries or blocs working together for a common goal.
- Committee: A group in a MUN conference where delegates debate specific topics or
issues (e.g., WHO, UNSC, GA).
- Consensus: General agreement among delegates without needing to take a formal vote.
- Customary International Law: A type of international law derived from consistent state
practice, as opposed to written treaties.
- Crisis: A crisis in a standard MUN committee is a surprise situation which the delegates
have to deal with

D
- Decorum: The rules and formal behavior expected in a committee during debate.
- Delegate: A participant in MUN representing a country or organization.
- Delegation: A group of delegates representing the same country in different committees.
- Diplomacy: The art and practice of negotiating between nations.
- Disarmament: The reduction or elimination of military forces and weapons, often
discussed in disarmament-focused committees.
- Draft Resolution: A proposed solution to a topic, which becomes a resolution after being
voted upon and passed.
- Drafting Committee: A group tasked with drafting formal resolutions or amendments to
be presented to the full committee.
- Double Delegation: When two delegates represent the same country in a committee and
share responsibilities.
- Dais: The group of people leading the committee. Depending on the size of the committee
it may consist of one chair, one chair and one vice-chair or one chair and two vice-chairs.
Many other combinations are also possible and conferences adopt different dais structures.
 29

Glossary
E
- ECOSOC: Economic and Social Council, one of the main bodies in MUN addressing
economic, social, and environmental issues.
- Economic Sanctions: Financial penalties imposed on a country to influence its actions or
policies.
- Emergency Session: A special meeting called to address an urgent international issue.
- Explained Vote: A statement made by a delegate explaining why their country voted a
certain way.
- Expert Witness: A specialist invited to provide insight or information to a committee,
especially in legal or scientific matters.
- Executive Order: A directive issued by a government leader that can have the force of
law.

F
- Fact-Finding Mission: An investigative mission undertaken to gather information about a
specific conflict or situation.
- Formal Debate: A structured debate with a set speaking list moderated by the chair.
- Framework Agreement: A broad agreement providing the basis for more specific
negotiations.
- Friendly Amendment: An amendment to a draft resolution that is accepted by the
sponsors and doesn’t require a vote.
- Funding Mechanisms: Financial structures within a resolution for supporting international
programs and initiatives.

G
- Gavel: A small ceremonial mallet used by the chair to call the meeting to order or signify
a decision.
- General Assembly (GA): The main deliberative body of the UN, in which all member states
participate.
- Global South: A term used to describe developing countries, particularly in Africa, Latin
America, and Asia.
- Grammatical Correction: A procedural change to a draft resolution that
fixes minor language or spelling issues without altering the content.
 30

Glossary
H
- Host Country: The country where an MUN conference is being held, or a country hosting
a specific international event or meeting.
- Humanitarian Crisis: A situation that threatens the health, safety, or well-being of a
population, often a focus for humanitarian aid committees.
- Humanitarian Intervention: A country's or organization’s interference in another
country’s internal affairs, typically for humanitarian purposes.
- Human Rights Violation: An infringement upon the basic rights and freedoms to which
all humans are entitled.

I
- ICJ: International Court of Justice, which deals with legal disputes between states and
offers advisory opinions.
- In Favor: When a delegate supports a motion or resolution and votes accordingly.
- International Law: A set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding between
nations, governing their interactions.
- International Observer: A representative who monitors international events, elections, or
processes without direct involvement.
- International Sanctions: Penalties or restrictions imposed on countries by other nations or
international organizations for violations of international law.
- Intervention: A country's involvement in another country's affairs, often discussed in
terms of military, political, or humanitarian actions.

L
- Legal Committee: A committee that deals with international law, treaties, and legal
disputes.
- Legal Precedent: A previous legal decision used as a basis for deciding similar cases in the
future.
- Lobbying: The process of delegates meeting and discussing their positions to gather
support for draft resolutions.
- Lanyard: A lanyard is essentially a strap or cord, typically worn around the neck, shoulder,
or wrist, to carry important items like ID badges, keys, or electronic devices
 31

Glossary
M
- Mandate: The authority granted to a country or body, often under international law, to
carry out specific functions.
- Majority Vote: A decision-making process in which more than half of the delegates must
agree for the motion to pass.
- Model United Nations: A simulation of the United Nations where participants, called
delegates, debate global issues, draft resolutions, and represent the positions of countries.
- Motion: Motion is a formal proposal made by a delegate to suggest specific actions or
changes during a committee session

N
- NGO: Non-Governmental Organization, a non-state actor involved in international
discussions, often as an observer.
- Non-Member Observer: A state or entity that is not a member of the UN but can observe
and participate in discussions (e.g., Palestine, the Holy See).
- Non-Substantive Vote: A procedural vote that does not address the content of the
resolution or amendment.
- Non State Actors: A non-state actor (NSA) is an individual or organization that has
significant political influence but is not allied to any particular country or state.

O
- Objection: A formal expression of disagreement or opposition to a motion or statement.
- Operative Clause: A section of a resolution outlining the specific actions to be taken to
address the issue.
- Observer: A country or organization that may participate in debate but cannot vote on
resolutions.
- Opening Statement: The first speech made by a delegate to introduce their country’s
stance
on the agenda topics.
- Oral Amendment: A verbal proposal made to change a draft resolution during debate.
 32

Glossary
P
- Placard: A sign with the name of a country or delegate’s assignment, used to be
recognized
during debate.
- Position Paper: A document written by a delegate outlining their country’s stance on the
topics being discussed.
- Point: A formal request made by a delegate to address issues related to procedure,
personal
comfort, or clarification.
- Preambulatory Clause: The introductory part of a resolution that outlines the context and
reasons for the actions that follow.
- Procedural Vote: A vote on procedural matters such as the format of debate, not on
substantive issues

Q
- Quorum: The minimum number of delegates required to be present for a committee to
conduct business.
- Question of Competence: A point made to question whether the committee is authorized
to discuss or vote on a certain topic.

R
- Resolution: The final written document containing the decisions or actions agreed upon by
the committee to solve the issue.
- Right of Reply: A delegate's right to respond to a direct attack on their country’s integrity
or policy.
- Roll Call: The calling of countries' names at the beginning of each session to determine the
presence of delegates.
 33

Glossary
S
- Sanctions: Punitive measures imposed on a country to enforce international law or
pressure them into compliance.
- Second: Supporting a motion proposed by another delegate; needed to proceed with
voting
on the motion.
- Signatories: Delegates who support a draft resolution being debated but do not
necessarily
agree with it.
- Sovereignty: The principle that a state has the authority to govern itself without outside
interference.
- Special Envoy: A diplomat appointed by a government or organization to address a
specific issue or conflict.
- Sponsors: Delegates who are the main authors of a draft resolution.
- Substantive Vote: A vote on the content of a resolution or amendment, not a procedural
matter.

T
- Table: A motion to temporarily set aside an issue or resolution.
- Technicalities: Refers to details such as formatting and procedures that must be followed
in MUN.
- Treaty: A formal and legally binding agreement between countries.
- Two-Thirds Majority: A decision-making process requiring two-thirds of the delegates to
agree for the motion to pass.

U
- United Nations Charter: The founding document of the United Nations, outlining its
purposes, functions, and structure.
 34

Glossary
V
- Veto: The power held by the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (China,
France, Russia, the UK, and the US) to prevent the adoption of a resolution.
- Voting Bloc: The phase in committee when delegates vote on draft resolutions and
amendments.

W
- Working Paper: A preliminary document containing ideas that might later be developed
into a draft resolution.
- World Health Organization (WHO): A specialized agency of the UN responsible for
international public health issues.

Y
- Yield: A delegate giving up their remaining speaking time to the chair, another delegate, or
points of information

Z
- Zero Draft: The initial version of a resolution or working paper, which serves as a basis for
further debate and amendments.
 35

Code of Conduct
At A’MUN, we are committed to fostering a professional and inclusive environment where
delegates, directors, and staff can engage in productive debate, collaborative decision-
making, and meaningful learning. To ensure a positive experience for all participants, we ask
that everyone adheres to the following guidelines:

Demonstrate Respect
Treat all participants—delegates, directors, staff, or advisors—with the utmost
respect and courtesy. A’MUN brings together diverse individuals, and this diversity
enriches our discussions and debates.
Refrain from any behavior that may cause discomfort, including offensive comments
or inappropriate actions. Each individual deserves to feel safe, valued, and
respected.
Maintain a diplomatic tone during all exchanges, even in moments of disagreement.
Remember, the focus is on debating ideas, not individuals.

Uphold Professionalism
Professionalism should be evident in all aspects of your participation, including
adherence to the dress code, punctuality, and focused engagement in sessions.
Avoid distractions—side conversations or unrelated activities disrupt the flow of
debate and hinder the flow of committee sessions.

Adhere to Rules and Procedures

It is essential to familiarize yourself with and follow the official rules of procedure.
Doing so ensures that debates are structured, equitable, and efficient, allowing
every participant to contribute.

Maintain Academic Integrity

All submitted work, including position papers, resolutions, and directives, must be
the original work of the delegate. Plagiarism or misrepresenting facts undermines
the learning experience and the conference's integrity.
Delegates are expected to limit the use of AI tools in creating position papers,
directives, or resolutions. While AI may assist with research, the content submitted
must primarily reflect the delegate's own understanding and
critical thinking. Excessive reliance on AI tools will be considered
a breach of academic integrity.
 36

Code of Conduct
Strive to represent your assigned country’s policies with accuracy and authenticity.
This enhances the quality and depth of the debate.

Engage in Collaborative Diplomacy

Model United Nations is a platform for diplomacy and negotiation. Approach each
debate with an open mind and a willingness to collaborate, even with those whose
views differ from your own. The best solutions often come from cooperative effort
Maintain a respectful and patient demeanor in all negotiations. Personal attacks or
aggressive behavior are counterproductive and against the spirit of diplomacy.

Use Technology Responsibly

While technology is a valuable tool for research and drafting during sessions, it
should be used solely for MUN-related activities. Devices should not be used for
personal purposes such as social media or texting during committee sessions.
The use of technology which can disrupt the professionalism and focus of the event
should be avoided.

Zero Tolerance for Misconduct

Any form of harassment, bullying, or inappropriate conduct will not be tolerated
under any circumstances. Every participant has the right to feel safe and included in
the A’MUN community.
If you experience or witness any misconduct, it is your responsibility to report it to
the Secretariat or A’MUN staff immediately.

Consequences for Violations

Failure to comply with this Code of Conduct may result in consequences, ranging
from verbal warnings to expulsion from the conference, depending on the severity
of the infraction.
The A’MUN Secretariat reserves the right to take appropriate disciplinary action to
uphold the integrity, safety, and professionalism of the conference.

At A’MUN, our goal is to provide a rewarding, enriching, and respectful environment for all
participants. By adhering to these guidelines, you contribute to the success
of the event and the positive experience of everyone involved. We
thank you for your cooperation and commitment to upholding these
standards.
 37

Dress Code
As representatives of various countries, delegates are expected to maintain a professional
and respectful appearance throughout the conference. A formal dress code is not only a
reflection of the event’s prestigious nature but also fosters a conducive atmosphere for
diplomacy and debate. Delegates are required to adhere to the following dress code:

General Requirements
- All delegates are required to dress in Western business attire
- Attire must be professional, modest, and appropriate for a formal setting.
- Casual wear such as jeans, t-shirts, or sportswear is strictly prohibited during
committee sessions and official events.

Men’s Dress Code

- Suit: Dark-colored suits (navy, black, grey) are recommended.
- Shirt: A formal, long-sleeved, collared shirt in a light or neutral color (white, light
blue).
- Tie: A conservative tie is essential. Patterns should be subtle and professional.
- Shoes: Formal dress shoes, polished and in good condition. Sneakers and sandals
are not allowed.
- Accessories: Minimal accessories. Avoid flashy jewelry or accessories.
- Grooming: Hair should be neat and well-groomed.

Women’s Dress Code

- Suit or Dress: A business suit, pantsuit, or conservative knee-length dress in dark
or neutral
colors. Skirts should be of modest length (at or below the knee).
- Blouse: A formal blouse or top in a neutral or professional color.
- Shoes: Closed-toe formal shoes or flats. Heels should be of moderate height. Flip-
flops or casual sandals are not permitted.
- Accessories: Minimal and professional. Avoid overly large or distracting jewelry.
- Makeup and Hair: Subtle makeup and a neat, professional hairstyle are
encouraged
 38

Dress Code
Prohibited Attire
The following items are not permitted during any MUN-related sessions or events:
- Casual or athletic wear (jeans, leggings, shorts, t-shirts, hoodies)
- Sports shoes, sneakers, or sandals
- Hats or caps
- Excessively casual or revealing clothing

Delegates failing to comply with the dress code will be asked to change or may face
penalties, including being barred from participation in sessions. We encourage all
participants to review their attire before attending the conference to ensure adherence to
these standards.
 39

Committees & Topics

The First General Assembly (DISEC):
The illegal trade of small arms fuels ongoing conflicts and
insurgencies across West Africa
Addressing the impact of drug cartels on security in Latin America

The Second General Assembly (ECOFIN):

Strategies to Eliminate Student Loan Debt and Promote Financial
Literacy.
Examining the impact of unregulated cryptocurrency markets on
financial stability, money laundering, and inequality in emerging
economies.

United Nations Security Council (UNSC):

The Role of NATO in Eastern Europe: Provocation or Protection?
Preventing the Proliferation of Nuclear Technology to Non-State
Actors

United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC):

Increasing tax for upper-class citizens in LEDCs.
Combating modern slavery and human trafficking: strengthening
international efforts to protect vulnerable populations

United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW)

Cultural Practices vs. Women's Rights: Should the UN Intervene
in Traditional Customs That Violate Gender Equality?
Abolishing the Pink Tax: Should Gender-Based Pricing Be
Outlawed Globally?