ASSIGNMENT
NAME: QAMAR HAMEED
CLASS: BS ZOOLOGY 3RD
SUBJECT: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Topic: FORMALITY IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
SUBMITTED TO: MIS JAVERIA MOHSIN
DATE: 6.MAR.2025
INSTITUTE : SUPERIOR COLLEGE T.T.S
BULLETE POINTS
1. INTRUDUCTION TO FORMALITY.
2. SIGNIFICANCE OF MOLARITY IN SOLUTION PREPRATION
3. FORMALITY IN TITRATION PROCESS
4. APPLICATION OF FORMALITY IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
5. NUMERICAL PROBLEM
6. LIMITATIONS OF FORMALITY
7. CONCLUTION AND SUMMARY.
1. INTODUCTION TO FORMALITY
Formality is a concept used in analytical chemistry to express the
concentration of a solute in a solution. It refers to the amount of solute in
terms of moles per liter (mol/L), regardless of whether the solute
dissociates or reacts in the solution. Unlike molarity, which considers the
actual number of particles (ions, molecules) present after dissociation,
formality simply reflects the original concentration of the solute in its
undissociated state.
Formality is particularly useful when dealing with solutions of salts and non-
volatile solutes. It is important in experiments where you need to prepare
standard solutions and maintain the integrity of the concentration for
accurate measurements, such as in titrations or volumetric analysis.
EXAMPLE: A liquid containing 0.1 mol of Na+ and 0.1 mol of Cl– is obtained by
dissolving 0.1 mol of NaCl in 1 L of water.
Formality: Number of gram formula masses of solute/ volume of solution in
litre.
2. SIGNIFICANCE OF FORMALITY IN SOLUTION PREPRATION
Formality is really important in analytical chemistry because it helps us measure
and prepare solutions accurately. When we make solutions in the lab, especially
with salts like sodium chloride (NaCl), we need to know the exact amount of
substance we're working with to ensure the experiment is accurate.
For example, in titrations, where we measure how much of a solution is needed to
react with a certain amount of another substance, knowing the formality of the
solution helps us get the right concentration. This is crucial because even small
errors in concentration can lead to incorrect results.
3. FORMALITY IN TITRATION PROCESS
Formality is important in the titration process because it helps determine the
exact concentration of the titrant (the solution of known concentration) used to
react with the analyte (the substance being measured). Since formality
represents the total amount of solute in a solution, it ensures that you can
calculate the precise volume of the titrant required to reach the endpoint of the
titration.
For example, in an acid-base titration, knowing the formality of the NaOH
(sodium hydroxide) solution helps you calculate how much of it is needed
to neutralize a known volume of acid, allowing you to accurately determine
the concentration of the acid solution.
4. APPLICATION OF FORMALITY IN ANALYTICAL CHMESTRY
1. Titration: Formality helps determine the exact concentration of a titrant,
which is crucial for calculating the concentration of an unknown solution.
2. Preparation of Standard Solutions: Formality is used to prepare
solutions with a known concentration, ensuring consistency and accuracy
in experiments.
3. Gravimetric Analysis: Formality is important when preparing
solutions to precisely measure substances by their mass.
4. Spectrophotometry: When preparing solutions for spectrophotometric analysis,
knowing the formality ensures accurate concentration for absorbance
measurements.
5. Chromatography: Formality is used in chromatography to prepare samples with
precise concentrations, ensuring reproducible results in separating compounds.
5. NUMERICAL PROBLEM
Calculate the formality of NaCl solution, 5.85 g of which have
been dissolved to form 250 ml of the given solution.
SOLUTION:
GIVEN: Volume of solution = 250 ml (Given) = 0.25 L
TO FIND= FORMALITY OF NACL.
Formula used to calculate formality is:
FORMALITY= NO.OF GRAM FORMULA MASS OF SOLUTE/VOLUME OF SOLUTION IN LITTERS
It can also be calculated with the number of moles in the given compound i.e.
FORMALITY= MOLES OF SOLUTE/VOLUME OF SOLUTION IN LITTERS
MOLE OF NACL= GIVEN WEIGHT/MOLECULAR WEIGHT
MOLES OF NACL: 5.85/58.8 = 0.1
Volume of solution = 250 ml (Given) = 0.25 L
FORMALITY= 0.1/0.25 =0.4F
Hence the formality of NaCl solution, 5.85 g of which have been
dissolved to form 250 ml of the given solution is 0.4 F.
6. LIMITATIONS OF FORMALITY
1. Doesn't Account for Dissociation: Formality doesn't consider the dissociation of
solutes into ions. For example, salts like NaCl dissociate in water, but formality only
measures the total amount of solute, not the individual ions.
2. Temperature Sensitivity: Formality assumes no volume change with
temperature, but in reality, temperature changes can cause volume expansion
or contraction, affecting concentration.
3. Not Suitable for Highly Dissociative Solutes: For substances that dissociate
extensively, like acids and salts, formality may not be as useful as molarity, which
accounts for the dissociated particles.
7.CONCLUTION OR SUMMARY
Formality in analytical chemistry refers to the concentration of a solute in a
solution, expressed in moles per liter (mol/L), without considering whether the
solute dissociates into ions or molecules. It is commonly used for preparing
solutions, especially in cases where the solute does not dissociate, or dissociation is
not a primary concern. Formality helps ensure precise solution concentrations,
making it essential in techniques like titration, spectrophotometry, and gravimetric
analysis.
However, formality has limitations. It doesn’t account for solute dissociation,
volume changes with temperature, or the behavior of non-ideal solutions. While
it's useful for many applications, it may not be as accurate in systems where
dissociation significantly affects the active species involved in reactions.
REFRENCES:
https://unacademy.com/content/question-answer/chemistry/what-is-formality/
https://www.deepseek.com/
https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/calculate-the-formality-of-nacl-solution-585-
g-class-12-chemistry-cbse-5fb60671a3fe460ba52e8f63
