UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SCE 104 – PROFESSIONA COURSE 4 (PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN)
2ND SEM.SY 2024-2025
PROFESSOR: ENGR. RIC L. GONZAGA, MCE

CHAPTER II: STRESSES IN BENDING, SHEAR, AND TORSION

The following are the learning outcomes to be discussed in this module, to wit:

Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, you will be able to:

1. Compare the shrinkage and creep in prestressing steel.

2. Determine the provision for permissible stress.
3. Calculate stresses due to bending, shear and torsion.

LEARNING LESSON
2.1 Introduction

Working Stress Analysis for Concrete Beams

Consider a relatively long simply supported beam shown below. Assume the load
wo to be increasing progressively until the beam fails. The beam will go into the following
three stages:

1. Uncrack Concrete Stage – at this stage, the gross section of the concrete will resist
the bending which means that the beam will behave like a solid beam made entirely
of concrete.
2. Crack Concrete Stage – Elastic Stress range
3. Ultimate Stress Stage – Beam Failure

At Section 2: Boundary between crack and uncrack stages

a) Actual moment, M = Cracking moment, Mcr
 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SCE 104 – PROFESSIONA COURSE 4 (PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN)
2ND SEM.SY 2024-2025
PROFESSOR: ENGR. RIC L. GONZAGA, MCE
b) Crack begins to form
c) The gross section resists bending
d) The tensile stress of concrete reached the rupture point

At Section 3: Crack concrete stage

a) Actual moment, M > Cracking moment, Mcr
b) Elastic stress stage
c) Cracks developed at the tension fiber of the beam and spreads quickly to the
neutral axis
d) The tensile stress of concrete is higher than the rupture strength
e) Ultimate stress stage can occur at failure

Working Stress Analysis – Uncracked Stage

The beam will behave elastically and remains uncracked. The tensile stress of concrete
is below rupture.

Cracking Moment
NSCP 2010, Section 409.6.2.3

Modulus of rupture of concrete, 𝑓𝑟 = 0.7√𝑓′𝑐 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
Cracking moment, 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑦𝑡
Where
𝐼𝑔 = Moment of inertia of the gross section neglecting reinforcement
𝑦𝑡 = distance from centroid of gross section to extreme tension fiber

Working Stress Analysis – Cracked Stage

General Requirement
Actual Stresses ≤ Allowable Stresses

Internal Couple Method

Static equilibrium of internal forces
 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SCE 104 – PROFESSIONA COURSE 4 (PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN)
2ND SEM.SY 2024-2025
PROFESSOR: ENGR. RIC L. GONZAGA, MCE

Factor k:
𝑓𝑐
𝑘= 𝑓
𝑓𝑐 + 𝑠
𝑛

Factor j:
𝑗 = 113 𝑘

Moment resistance coefficient:

1
𝑗 = 2 𝑓𝑐 𝑘𝑗

Shear and Torsion

Shear in Concrete

Shear typically denotes a force that acts perpendicular to the length of a beam or a column
(often referred to as “beam shear” ) or vertically in a slab. While shear can occur perpendicular to
the surface of a wall, walls are most often used to resist shear along their length and are referred
to as “shear walls.” One mechanism that transfers shear from slabs to columns is termed
“punching shear.” Such shear can be resisted by the slab-column interface, and additional
resistance can be provided by drop panels, shear caps, or reinforcement.

PRESTRESSING STEEL

Prestressing Steel in an early attempt at prestressing concrete were unsuccessful because steel
of ordinary structural strength was used. The low prestress obtainable in such rods was quickly
lost due to shrinkage and creep in concrete. There were consideration taking into account, the
creep and the shrinkage.

What is Creep? Creep is the change in strain for a member held under constant stress
Consider a concrete member of length L prestressed using steel bars of ordinary strength
stressed to 24,000 psi (165.48 MPa) with Es = 29 x 10 6 psi (200,000 MPa), the unit strain ɛs
required to produce the desired stress in the steel of 24,000 psi (165.48 MPa) is
∆𝐿 𝑓𝑠 24000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
ɛ𝑠 = = = = 8.28 𝑥 10−4
𝐿 𝐸𝑠 29𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

or
 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SCE 104 – PROFESSIONA COURSE 4 (PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN)
2ND SEM.SY 2024-2025
PROFESSOR: ENGR. RIC L. GONZAGA, MCE
∆𝐿 𝑓𝑠 165.48 𝑀𝑃𝑎
ɛ𝑠 = = = = 8.28 𝑥 10−4
𝐿 𝐸𝑠 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Alternatively, suppose that the beam is prestressed with high tensile steel stressed to
150,000 psi (1034.25 MPa). The elastic modulus of steel does not vary greatly, and the same
value of 29x106 psi (200,000 MPa) we will be assumed here. Then,
150 000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
ɛ𝑠 = = 51.7 𝑥 10−4
29𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

or in S.I. units

1034.25 𝑀𝑃𝑎
ɛ𝑠 = = 51.7 𝑥 10−4
200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
If the shrinkage and creep strain are the same as before, the net strain in the steel after
these losses is
ɛ𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 51.7 𝑥 10−4 − 8.28 𝑥 10−4
= 43.42 x 10-4
𝑓
Since: ɛ𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠
𝑠
Then, the corresponding stress after losses is
𝑓𝑠 = ɛ𝑠 𝑥 𝐸𝑠 = ɛ𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝐸𝑠

𝑓𝑠 = 43.42 x 10-4 (29 x 106 psi) = 125, 918 psi

In S.I. units,
-4
𝑓𝑠 = 43.42 x 10 (200, 000 MPa) = 868.40 MPa

Using high strength steel, stress loss can be computed as

(150, 000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 125, 918 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑥 100% = 15.33%
150, 000 𝑝𝑠𝑖

 Compared with the 100% loss in the beam using ordinary steel.
 It is apparent that the amount of stress loss because of shrinkage and creep is
independent of the original stress in steel. This implies that the higher the
original stress, the lower the percentage loss
 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SCE 104 – PROFESSIONA COURSE 4 (PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN)
2ND SEM.SY 2024-2025
PROFESSOR: ENGR. RIC L. GONZAGA, MCE

High Tensile Steel, fy = 1724 MPa

 The stress change ∆𝑓 resulting from a certain changeOrdinaryin Steel,∆𝜀

strain
Rein. fy =is414
seen
MPa to have much
less effect when high steel stress levels are attained.
 Therefore, prestressing is practical only when steels of very high strength are used.
Prestressing steel is most commonly used in the form of individual wires, stranded cable made
up of 7 wires, and alloy – steel bars.
 Tensile stress permitted by ACI code in prestressing wires, strands or bars is dependent
upon the stage of loading.
When: Jacking force is first applied.
Tensile stress is allowed up to 0.80 f pu or 0.94 f py

Where:
fpu = Ultimate Strength of the Steel
fpy = Yield Strength
After transfer of prestress to concrete:
0.74 f pu or 0.82 f py

2.2 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN PRESTRESSING TENDONS (ACI)

Tensile stress in prestressing tendons shall not exceed the following:

1. Due to tendon jacking force but not greater than the lesser of 0.80 f pu
0.94 f py
and the max. value recommended by the manufacturer of the
prestressing tendons or anchorages
2. Immediately after prestress transfer but not > 0.74 f pu 0.82 f py

3. Post – tensioning tendons at anchorages and couplers, immediately 0.70 f pu

after tendon anchorage
 Based on ACI Code 318 – 95

CONCRETE FOR PRESTRESSED CONSTRUCTION

Ordinarily, concrete used in prestress construction is of substantially higher compressive
strength than for those constructed of ordinary reinforced concrete, usually prestressed
construction use concrete compressive strength between 35 MPa to 42 MPa. There are several
reasons for this.

1. High strength concrete normally has a higher modulus of elasticity. This results to
reeduction in loss of prestress.
2. High strength concrete has high compressive and bearing strength, suitable for post-
tensioned construction where high bearing stress result at the ends of the beams where
prestressing force is transferred from tendons to anchorage fittings which bear directly
against concrete.
3. Use of high – strength concrete will permit the development of higher bond stress suitable
for pretensioned construction where transfer by bond is costumary.
 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SCE 104 – PROFESSIONA COURSE 4 (PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN)
2ND SEM.SY 2024-2025
PROFESSOR: ENGR. RIC L. GONZAGA, MCE
4. High – strength concrete, can be obtained with concrete mixed, placed, and cured under
carefully controlled conditions suitable for precast construction.

2.3 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE IN PRESTRESSED FLEXURAL MEMBERS

(ACI CODE)
1. Stresses in concrete immediately after prestress transfer, before time – dependent
prestress losses, shall not exceed the following:

ACI in (psi) NSCP

(MPa)

a. Extreme fiber stress in compression 0.60 f’ci 0.60 f’ci

b. Extreme fiber stress in tension except as permitted in 3 √f’ci ¼ √f’ci

(c.)
c. Extreme fiber stresses in tension at ends of simply
supported members wherein computed tensile
stresses exceed these values, bonded auxiliary 6 √f’ci
reinforcement (non – prestressed or prestressed) shall ½ √f’ci
be provided in the tensile zone to resist the total tensile
force in concrete computed with the assumption of an
uncracked section.

2. Stresses in concrete at service loads, after allowance for all prestress losses, shall
not exceed the following:

ACI in (psi) NSCP

(MPa)

a. Extreme fiber stress in compression due to prestress 0.45 f’c 0.45 f’c
plus sustained loads
b. Extreme fiber stress in compression due to prestress 0.60 f’c 0.60 f’c
plus total load
c. Extreme fiber stress in tension in precompressed 6 √f’c ½ √f’c
tensile zone
d. Extreme fiber stress in tension in precompressed
tensile zone of members except two-way slab system,
where analysis based on transformed cracked section 12 √f’c √f’c
and on bilinear moment – deflection relationship shows
that immediate and long – time deflections comply with
restrictions stated elsewhere in the ACI code

3. Permissible stresses in concrete given above may be exceeded if it is shown

by test or analysis that performance will not be impaired.
 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SCE 104 – PROFESSIONA COURSE 4 (PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN)
2ND SEM.SY 2024-2025
PROFESSOR: ENGR. RIC L. GONZAGA, MCE
 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SCE 104 – PROFESSIONA COURSE 4 (PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN)
2ND SEM.SY 2024-2025
PROFESSOR: ENGR. RIC L. GONZAGA, MCE
 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SCE 104 – PROFESSIONA COURSE 4 (PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN)
2ND SEM.SY 2024-2025
PROFESSOR: ENGR. RIC L. GONZAGA, MCE

SUMMARY

 In Prestressing Steel, early attempts at prestressing concrete were unsuccessful because

steel of ordinary structural strength was used. The low prestress obtainable in such rods
was quickly lost due to shrinkage and creep in concrete. There were consideration taking
into account, the creep and the shrinkage.

 Creep is the change in strain for a member held under constant stress. There were
provisions for the permissible stresses such as Permissible Stresses in Prestressing
Tendon, Permissible stresses in concrete in prestressed flexural members which includes:
Stresses in concrete immediately after prestress transfer, before time – dependent
prestress losses, with limitation; Stresses in concrete at service loads, after allowance for
all prestress losses, with limitations; Permissible stresses in concrete given above may be
exceeded if it is shown by test or analysis that performance will not be impaired.

 CONCRETE FOR PRESTRESSED CONSTRUCTION

Ordinarily, concrete used in prestress construction is of substantially higher
compressive strength than for those constructed of ordinary reinforced concrete, usually
prestressed construction use concrete compressive strength between 35 MPa to 42 MPa.
There are several reasons for this.

1. High strength concrete normally has a higher modulus of elasticity. This results in
a reduction in loss of prestress.

2. High strength concrete has high compressive and bearing strength, suitable for
post-tensioned construction where high bearing stress result at the ends of the
beams where prestressing force is transferred from tendons to anchorage fittings
which bear directly against concrete.

3. Use of high – strength concrete will permit the development of higher bond stress
suitable for pretensioned construction where transfer by bond is customary.

4. High – strength concrete, can be obtained with concrete mixed, placed, and cured
under carefully controlled conditions suitable for precast construction.
 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SCE 104 – PROFESSIONA COURSE 4 (PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN)
2ND SEM.SY 2024-2025
PROFESSOR: ENGR. RIC L. GONZAGA, MCE

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

SELF ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION: Answer the questions comprehensively

and substantively.

INSTRUCTION: Answer the following:

1. Differentiate the Creep and the Shrinkage

2. What are the limitations of permissible stresses in

Prestressing tendons based on the Provision of
American Concrete Institute (ACI)?

3. If the shrinkage and creep strain are the same,

What is the implication of stress?
 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SCE 104 – PROFESSIONA COURSE 4 (PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN)
2ND SEM.SY 2024-2025
PROFESSOR: ENGR. RIC L. GONZAGA, MCE
II. PROBLEM SOLVING

1. Determine the Ultimate load of the Prestressed Concrete Girder given the following
properties:
- The 8 – 16 mm diameter steel reinforcing bars

200 mm
150 mm

500 mm

150 mm

200 mm

2. Given the following data for a rectangular reinforced concrete beam subjected to 250 KN-m.
Width = 250 mm
effective depth = 500 mm
reinforcement: 8 – 16 mm diameter bars
modular ratio =8
determine the following:
2.1 maximum stress of concrete
2.2 maximum stress of steel
2.3 total compressive force in concrete

ASSIGNED READINGS AND/OR ENRICHMENT

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259312538_An_Overview_of_Reinforced_
and_Prestressed_Concrete_Research.

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/reinforced-concrete-design/working-stress-analysis-
concrete-beams

https://www.slideshare.net/PriodeepChowdhury/prestressed-concrete-design-
56871214

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