4/5/2021

SIN 413
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

THEME 2-3
SUSPENDED FLOORS:

FLAT SLABS

FLAT SLABS

Flat slab Flat slab with drops

Flat slab with drops and column heads Ribbed flat slab

DESIGN OF FLAT SLABS

• Supported by columns
instead of beams
• Most common type – (a)
• Thickened around
columns – drop (b)
• Reduce shear stresses in a) Flat plate b) Flat slab with drops
slab – column head (c)
• Edge beam (d) –
approaches the behaviour
of a flat slab, and must be
analysed as such

c) Round tapered d) Flat slab with

column head edge beam

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FLAT SLAB ANALYSIS

Modern design codes, including Eurocode 2, allow the use of
the following methods for flat slab analysis:

• Empirical method – used for small, regular frames.

Bending moments and shear forces are calculated using
tabled moment and shear coefficients.
• Simplified method – this is commonly known as the
equivalent frame method, however this name is
misleading as it implies that the full frame including the
columns is included in the analysis. It is possible to
simplify the equivalent frame method conservatively by
considering a continuous beam with simple supports. This
method is used for more irregular frames.

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FLAT SLAB ANALYSIS

• Linear finite element (FE) method – used where the floor

has irregular supports or geometry, which in today’s
building sector environment, is the norm. A non-linear
cracked section FE analysis is helpful in predicting the
deflections and crack widths.
• Yield line analysis – this method enables the most
economic and uniform distribution of reinforcement,
however a separate analysis of cracking and deflection is
required.
• Grillage analysis – this method involves the slab being
modelled as a series of longitudinal and transverse
elements which are interconnected at nodes. This method
is quite time consuming.

SIMPLIFIED METHOD / EQUIVALENT

FRAME METHOD Vertical loads are resisted by
an equivalent beam with the
same width and depth as the
slab.

• Bracing provided so that only

vertical loads are considered
• Take a strip through the
structure
• Consider it independent as an
equivalent frame
• Slab width on each side =
half the transverse width on
that side of the column
• Analysis carried out on the
frame
• 3D problem is reduced to a
2D problem

SIMPLIFIED METHOD / EQUIVALENT

FRAME METHOD

Bending moments are not constant across the width of a

slab, and it has been experimentally shown (Regan 1981)
that they are highest on a line connecting the columns, and
then reduce transversely.

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SIMPLIFIED METHOD / EQUIVALENT

FRAM METHOD
Most codes prescribe the design of
flat slabs by considering a “column”
Column strip and a “middle” strip, with the
column strip resisting approximately
two thirds of the load effect and the
middle strip one third.

This approach is aimed at satisfying

serviceability requirements by
Middle strip placing more reinforcement in
regions of higher bending moment.

SIMPLIFIED METHOD / EQUIVALENT

FRAME METHOD • Analysis of equivalent
frame gives the bending
moments in a beam
with the same width as
the slab
• Bending moments are
not uniformly distributed
across the width of the
slab – greater on the
line connecting the
columns, reducing in
the transverse direction
• Column and middle
strip
• Column strip width –
lx/4 (lx = short span
length)
• Drops present – width
of drop, ignore if drop
width is less than lx/3

SIMPLIFIED METHOD / EQUIVALENT

FRAM METHOD

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SIMPLIFIED METHOD / EQUIVALENT

FRAME METHOD
Code Column strip Middle strip
TMH 7. 1989 Code of Practice for the 66.67% 33.33%
Design of Highway Bridges and
Culverts in South Afirca, Part 3.
SANS 10100. 2000 The structural use 75% 25%
of concrete, Part 1
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete 60 – 80% 40 – 20%
structures EN 1992-1-1:2003 (E)
BS 8110.1997 Structural use of 75% 25%
concrete. Part 1

Apportionment between column and middle strip expressed as a percentage

of the total negative (hogging) moment

The column strip reinforcement can be further refined by placing two

thirds of the column strip reinforcement in the central half of the column
strip in accordance with SANS 10100-1 Cl 4.6.5.4

SIMPLIFIED METHOD / EQUIVALENT

FRAME METHOD
Column strip Middle strip
Negative moment 75% 25%
Positive moment 55% 45%
Apportionment between column and middle strip moment. (These values are
influenced by the aspect ratio (ly/lx))

Further simplification of the equivalent frame method

• Continuous beam
• Replace columns with simple supports
• Ignore moments carried by columns
• Moments divided into column and middle strips

Equivalent frame analysis is done in both directions

Total UDL used in both directions

Gross uncracked concrete section used for analysis section properties

SIMPLIFIED METHOD / EQUIVALENT

FRAME METHOD
Bending moment and shear force coefficients for flat slab
panels of three or more equal spans
End support and end span Interior span
Simple support Monolithic At first Middle of
interior interior Interior
Near Near spans supports
At outer At outer support
middle of middle of
support support
end span end span
Moment 0 0.086FL -0.040FL 0.075FL -0.086FL 0.063FL -0.063FL
Shear 0.4F - 0.46F - 0.6F - 0.5F

F = total factored load

L = effective span

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SIN 413
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

THEME 2-4
SUSPENDED FLOORS:

FLAT SLABS -
PUNCHING SHEAR

PUNCHING SHEAR VS NORMAL SHEAR

There are two types of shear in slabs - punching shear and beam type shear.

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BEAM TYPE SHEAR

Concrete resistance to beam types shear is given by the formula for VRd,c:
/
𝑉 , 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑓 𝑏 𝑑

But not less than

/
𝑉 , 0.035 𝑓 𝑘 𝑏 𝑑

Where:

200
𝑘 1 2.0
𝑑

𝐴
𝜌 0.02
𝑏 𝑑

Where As1 is the area of tensile reinforcement

PUNCHING SHEAR
• Caused by a concentrated load
• Cracks develop around the column so that a cone of
concrete is punched through the slab

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EFFECTS OF MOMENT TRANSFER ON

SHEAR
• Design recommendations assume that the loads on the slab only consists of
a vertical load and the distribution of shear stresses on the critical perimeter is
uniform
• This is not the case in flat slabs where moments are present in the columns
• To allow for non-uniform distribution of shear stresses caused by these
moments, the total shear force (ie. column reaction) is increased

Internal columns: Veff = 1.15Vt

Corner columns: Veff = 1.5Vt
Edge columns: Veff = 1.4Vt

PUNCHING SHEAR
The shear stress at the column perimeter should first be checked that is does
not exceed the maximum value for the concrete strength:

1000𝑉 𝑓
𝑣 0.2 1 𝑓
𝑢 𝑑 200

Where:

Veff = the effective shear force in kN, the shear force magnified by the effect of
moment transfer Veff = V

d = the average of the effective depth of the tension reinforcement in both

direction

u0 = column perimeter in mm

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PUNCHING SHEAR
The shear stress should then be checked at the basic control perimeter, 2d from
the column perimeter:

1000𝑉
𝑣
𝑢 𝑑

Basic control perimeters for loaded areas close to or at an edge (Pike et al., 2006)
Where:

vEd = shear stress at the basic control perimeter, a distance 2d from the column
perimeter

u1 = the length of the basic control perimeter in mm.

PUNCHING SHEAR

Shear perimeters for internal columns (Pike et al., 2006)

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PUNCHING SHEAR
If the applied shear applied is less than the permissible ultimate shear stress
of the reinforced concrete no further checks are required.

If vEd > vRd,c, the outer control perimeter, uout at which vEd ≤ vRd,c is then
determined.

Basic control perimeters around loaded area

PUNCHING SHEAR
⁄ / ⁄
𝑣 , 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑓 with a minimum value of 𝑣 , 0.035𝑘 𝑓
Where:

vRd,c = the design shear resistance of the section without shear reinforcement

200
𝑘 1 2.0
𝑑

𝐴
𝜌 0.02
𝑏 𝑑

As1 = the area of tensile reinforcement that extends beyond the section
considered by at least a full anchorage length plus one effective depth

bw = the smallest width of the section in the tensile area (mm)

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PUNCHING SHEAR
Shear reinforcement should be provided within the area between the column face
and 1.5d inside the outer control perimeter such that:

𝑣 , 0.75𝑣 ,
𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑑 𝑓 ,
1.5
𝑠 𝑢 𝑑
Asw = area of one perimeters of shear reinforcement around the column

sr = radial spacing of perimeter of shear reinforcement = 0.75d

fywd,ef = effective design strength of the punching shear reinforcement

vRd,c = the design shear resistance of the slab without shear reinforcement

PUNCHING SHEAR
𝑓
𝑓 , 250 0.25𝑑
1.15

d = mean effective depths in the orthogonal directions

vRd,cs = punching shear resistance of the reinforced concrete slab

 = angle between the reinforcement and the plane of the slab, so that sin  = 1 for
vertical reinforcement.

This expression allows for a 75% contribution from the unreinforced concrete slab.

𝑣 , 0.75𝑣 ,
𝐴
𝑓 ,
1.5 𝑠 𝑢

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PUNCHING SHEAR

Layout of flat slab shear reinforcement (Pike et al., 2006)

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SIN 413
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

THEME 2-1
SUSPENDED FLOORS:

EXAMPLE 2-7
PUNCHING SHEAR IN A FLAT SLAB

A 175mm thick slab has a average effective depth of 145mm and is constructed with 30MPa
concrete and has Y12 rebar at 150 centres (754mm2/m) and Y10 rebar at 200mm centres
(393mm2/m) in the other direction. Determine the ultimate load that can be carried on an area
of 300 x 400mm.

fy = 450MPa
fcu = 30MPa
fck = 0.8 x 30 = 24MPa

Y12@150 in one direction and Y10@200 in the other direction =175mm

300X400

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Check maximum shear stress at face of loaded area:

𝑓 𝑓
𝑉 𝑢 𝑑 0.5 0.6 1
250 1.5
u0 = 2(300+400) = 1400mm
Vmax = 2(300+400) x 145 x 4.33MPa
Vmax = uod x 4.33MPa = 879kN

Check maximum shear stress at control perimeter:

u1 = (2a + 2b + 2 + 2d) = 2(a+b) + 4d = 2(300 + 400) + 4 x 145 = 3222mm
VRd,c = vRd,c x 3222 x 145 = 467190vRd,c

Average steel ratio:

y = 754 / (1000 x 145) = 0.0052
x = 393 / (1000 x 145) = 0.0027

𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 0.0052 0.0027

1 = 0.0038

Concrete shear resistance:

⁄
𝑣 , 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑓 = 0.5014MPa
k=2
 = 0.0038
fck = 0.8 x 30 = 24MPa

VRd,c = vRd,c x 3222 x 145 = 467190vRd,c = 234.3kN

Therefore the maximum load that can be carried is 234.3kN

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SIN 413
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

THEME 2
SUSPENDED FLOORS:

EXAMPLE 2-8
PUNCHIN SHEAR IN A FLAT SLAB

The 300mm thick flat slab is

supported by 450x450 square
columns with not drops or column
heads. Calculate the punching
reinforcement required for a typical
internal column
Applied dead load: 1.5kPa
Live load: 5kPa

fy = 450MPa
fcu = 30MPa
fck = 0.8 x 40 = 32MPa

lx = 7m
ly = 9m

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lx = 7m
ly = 9m
h = 300mm
cover = 30mm
 = 25mm
d long span = 300 – 30 – 25/2 = 258mm
d short span = 300 – 30 – 25 - 25/2 = 233mm
d average = (258 + 233)/2 = 246mm
1) Loading on panel:

DL = (cuh)lx ly = (25 x 0.30+1.5) 7 x 9 = 567kN

LL =5 lx ly = 5 x 7 x 9 = 315kN
F = 1.2DL + 1.6LL = 1184.4kN
n = F/(lx ly) = 1184.4 / (7 x 9) = 18.8kPa

1) Design for flexure

Check long span end bay

M = -0.086FL = -0.086(18.8x7x9)x9 = -917kNm

Considering the central column strip:

Design moment = 0.75 x -917 = -687kNm

Column strip width = lx / 2 = 7000/2 = 3500mm

𝑀 687 10
𝐾 0.092 0.167
𝑏𝑑 𝑓 3500 258 32

𝑧 𝑑 0.5 0.25 𝐾 0.91𝑑

1.134

z = 0.91 x 258 = 235mm

𝐴 7467𝑚𝑚 (2133mm2/m)
. .

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1) Design for flexure

Check long span end bay

Using the SANS 10100-1 Cl 4.6.5.4 detailing rules

where 67% of the hogging reinforcement in the
column strip must be placed in central half of the
column strip: (lx/4 = 1750mm)

Inner column strip: 0.67 x 7467 = 5003mm2

5003mm2 / 1.75 = 2858mm2/m
Provide Y25@150 – 3272mm2/m

Outer column strip: 0.33 x 7467 = 2464mm2

2464mm2 / 1.75 = 1408mm2/m
Provide Y20@200 – 1571mm2/m

1) Design for flexure

Check short span end bay

M = -0.086FL = -0.086(18.8x7x9)x7 = -713kNm

Considering the central column strip:

Design moment = 0.75 x -713 = -535kNm

Column strip width = lx / 2 = 7000/2 = 3500mm

𝑀 535 10
𝐾 0.088 0.167
𝑏𝑑 𝑓 3500 233 32

𝑧 𝑑 0.5 0.25 𝐾 0.915𝑑

1.134

z = 0.915 x 233 = 213mm

𝐴 6415𝑚𝑚 (1833mm2/m)
. .

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1) Design for flexure

Check short span end bay

Using the SANS 10100-1 Cl 4.6.5.4 detailing rules

where 67% of the hogging reinforcement in the
column strip must be placed in central half of the
column strip: (lx/4 = 1750mm)

Inner column strip: 0.67 x 6415 = 4498mm2

4298mm2 / 1.75 = 2456mm2/m
Provide Y25@150 – 3272mm2/m

Outer column strip: 0.33 x 6415 = 2117mm2

2117mm2 / 1.75 = 1210mm2/m
Provide Y20@200 – 1571mm2/m

Check maximum shear stress at the face of the column:

V = (18.8x7x9) = 1184.4kN
𝛽𝑉 1.15 1184.4 1000
𝑣 3.07 𝑣
𝑢𝑑 1800 246

𝑓 𝑓
𝑣 0.5 0.6 1 5.58𝑀𝑃𝑎
250 1.5
u0 = 2(450+450) = 1800mm
deff ave = 246mm

Check maximum shear stress at control perimeter

(d from the column face):
V = (18.8x7x9) = 1184.4kN

. .
𝑣 1.132 MPa

u1 = (4a + 4 d) = 4x450 + 4 x 246 = 4890mm

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Check maximum shear stress at control perimeter - 2d from the column face:
Average steel ratio:
y = 3272 / (1000 x 246) = 0.0133
x = 3272 / (1000 x 246) = 0.0133

𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 0.0133 0.0133

1 = 0.0133
Concrete shear resistance:
⁄
𝑣 , 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑓 = 0.72MPa
𝑘 1 ⁄ 1 ⁄ 1.9 2.0
 = 0.0133
fck = 0.8 x 30 = 24MPa

ved =1.132MPa > vRd,c = 0.79MPa Shear reinforcement required

Check maximum shear stress at control perimeter 2d from the column face:

, . , . . .
𝐴 , . /
1043mm2/m / perimeter
.

𝛽𝑉
𝑣 , 𝑣 1.132𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑢𝑑

sr = 0.75d = 0.75x246 = 185mm

𝑓
𝑓 , 250 0.25𝑑 312𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.15

Assume Y10 stirrups: 1043 / 78 = 13.3

Provide 14 Y10’s in the control perimeter

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Check maximum shear stress at control perimeter: (2.75d from the column face):
. .
𝑣 0.915 Mpa > 𝑣 , 0.79𝑀𝑃𝑎

u2 = (4a + 2 x 2.75d) = 4x450 + 5.5 x 246 = 6048mm

, . , . . .
𝐴 771mm2/m / perimeter
.
, . /

𝛽𝑉
𝑣 , 𝑣 0.915𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑢𝑑

sr = 0.75d = 0.75x246 = 185mm

𝑓
𝑓 , 250 0.25𝑑 312𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.15

Assume Y10 stirrups: 771 / 78 = 9.88

Provide 10 Y10’s in the second control perimeter

Check maximum shear stress at control perimeter: (3.5d from the column face):
. .
𝑣 0.768 MPa < 𝑣 , 0.79𝑀𝑃𝑎

No further checks required

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SIN 413
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

THEME 2-1
SUSPENDED FLOORS:

EXAMPLE 2-4
TWO WAY SPANNING SLAB
CORNERS RESTRAINED

Design slab “a” to carry

the following loading:
Imposed dead load: 1kPa
Live load: 4kPa

The slab is cast

monolithic with the beams
and is supported by a
beam on each gridline

fy = 450MPa
fcu = 30MPa

Panel A

ly / lx = 7.2 / 6 = 1.2 – case 4

Panel B

ly / lx = 7.2 / 6 = 1.2 – case 2

Panel C

ly / lx = 7.2 / 6 = 1.2 – case 3

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Type of panel and Short span coefficients bsx for all ly/lx Long span
moments considered coefficients
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
bsy for all ly/lx

1. Interior panel
Negative moment at
0.031 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032
continuous edge
Positive moment at
0.024 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.024
midspan
2. One short edge
discontinuous
Negative moment at
0.039 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.037
continuous edge
Positive moment at
0.029 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.028
midspan
3. One long edge
discontinuous
Negative moment at
0.039 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.073 0.082 0.089 0.037
continuous edge
Positive moment at
0.030 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.028
midspan

1) Initial sizing (l/d ratio)

Simply supported : l/d = 24

l/d = 24 x 1.25 = 30
6000/d = 30
d = 200mm
h = d + c + /2 = 200+ 30 + 12/2 = 236mm
cover = 30mm
 = 12mm
Using brick courses: 85x3 = 255mm
Let h = 255mm
Therefore: d short span = 255 – 30 – 12/2 = 219mm
d long span = 255 – 30 –12 - 12/2 = 207mm

2) Loading:
Selfweight = 0.255m x 25kN/m3 = 6.375kPa
Imposed dead load: 1kPa
Live load: 4kPa
n = 1.2DL + 1.6LL = 1.2 x (6.375 + 1) + 1.6 x (4) = 15.25kPa

3) Load effects: Panel A – case 4 (ly / lx = 1.2)

Bending moments in the short span (lx) direction:

Sagging: +sx = 0.047 msx a = 0.047 x 15.25 x 62 = 25.8 kNm/m
Hogging: -sx = -0.063 msx a 2 = -0.063 x 15.25 x 62 = -34.6 kNm/m

Bending moments in the long span (ly) direction:

Sagging: +sy = 0.034 msy a = 0.034 x 15.25 x 62 = 18.7 kNm/m
Hogging: -sy = -0.045 msy a B = -0.045 x 15.25 x 62 = -24.7 kNm/m

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Load effects: Panel B – case 2 (ly / lx = 1.2)

Bending moments in the short span (lx) direction:

Hogging: -sx = -0.048 msx b2 = -0.048 x 15.25 x 62 = -26.4 kNm/m

Load effects: Panel C – case 3 (ly / lx = 1.2)

Bending moments in the long span (ly) direction:

Hogging: -sy = -0.037 msy c B = -0.037 x 15.25 x 62 = -20.3 kNm/m

-24.7

-18.7
25.8

+18.7
-24.7 -18.7
18.7
-34.6
8.2
43.1 -26.4
-34.6

25.8 (34.6+26.4)/2
= 30.5
-26.4

Msx a = 43.1– 30.5/2 = = 27.85 kNm/m

Y12@250 - 452
(342mm2/m)
27.85

-24.7

18.7
(321mm2/m)
(243mm2/m)
(374mm2/m)
Y12@250 - 452

Y12@250 - 452
Y10@200 - 393
--30.5

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8) Detailing requirements

Minimum rebar:
0.26𝑓 𝑏𝑑
𝐴 0.0013𝑏𝑑 285 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
𝑓
0.26 2.6 1000 219
𝐴 329 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
450

fctm = meant tensile strength of the concrete = 2.6MPa for 24MPa cylinder strength
fyk = yield strength of reinforcement = 450MPa
As min < As

Using Table 6-7 (Moseley et. al.) Max spacing = 275mm

Therefore nominal rebar: Y10@200 (393mm2/m) for transverse rebar (Nominal)

9) Torsion requirements

In corner:

𝐴 339 ⁄ 𝐴 Asx a prov = 452mm2/m - Y12@250

Along edges:

𝐴 170 ⁄ 𝐴 329 ⁄ Asx a prov = 452mm2/m - Y12@250

10) Reinforcement at discontinuous edge

Short span reinforcement:

𝐴 226 ⁄ 𝐴 329 ⁄ Asx a prov = 452mm2/m - Y12@250

Long span reinforcement:

𝐴 197 ⁄ 𝐴 329 ⁄ Asy a prov = 393mm2/m - Y10@200

329
329

329
342mm2/m

329
329

329

329
374mm2/m
329

329

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329
329 329 329
329

243mm2/m 329
321mm2/m
(Y10@200 – 393mm2/m)

329 329
329
329

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SIN 413
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

THEME 2
SUSPENDED FLOORS:

EXAMPLE 2-5
FLAT SLAB

The 340mm thick flat slab is

supported by 450x450 square
columns with not drops or
column heads. Determine
suitable longitudinal flexural
reinforcing for the strip along
gridlines B and 2

Live load: 5kPa

fy = 450MPa
fcu = 40MPa
fck = 0.8 x 40 = 32MPa

lx = 6m
ly = 7.5m

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lx = 6m
ly = 7.5m
h = 340mm
cover = 30mm
 = 25mm
d long span = 340 – 30 – 25/2 = 298mm
d short span = 340 – 30 – 25 - 25/2 = 273mm

1) Loading on panel:

DL = (cuh)lx ly = (25 x 0.34) 6 x 7.5 = 382.5kN

LL =5 lx ly = 5 x 6 x 7.5 = 225kN
F = 1.2DL + 1.6LL = 819kN
n = F/(lx ly) = 819 / (6 x 7.5) = 18.2kPa

2) Long span direction

Column strip width = Bcol = short span length / 2 = lx / 2 = 6m / 2 = 3m
Middle strip width = lx - Bcol = 6m – 3m = 3m

Bending moments in the long span (ly) direction:

Middle of end span - sagging: = 0.086FL = 0.086 x 819 x 7.5 = 528.3 kNm
First interior support - hogging: = -0.086FL = -0.086 x 819 x 7.5 = -528.3 kNm
Middle of interior span - sagging: = 0.063FL = 0.063 x 819 x 7.5 = 387 kNm
Interior support - hogging: = -0.063FL = -0.063 x 819 x 7.5 = -387 kNm

Adjust first support moment:

(-528-387)/2 = -458kNm

Adjust first span moment:

-458/2 + 792 = +563kNm

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3) Short span direction

Column strip width = Bcol = shot span length / 2 = lx / 2 = 6m / 2 = 3m
Middle strip width = ly - Bcol = 7.5m – 3m = 4.5m

Bending moments in the short span (lx) direction:

Middle of end span - sagging: = 0.086FL = 0.086 x 819 x 6 = 422.6 kNm
First interior support - hogging: = -0.086FL = -0.086 x 819 x 6 = -422.6 kNm
Middle of interior span - sagging: = 0.063FL = 0.063 x 819 x 6 = 310 kNm
Interior support - hogging: = -0.063FL = -0.063 x 819 x 6 = -310 kNm

Adjust first support moment:

(-422.6-310)/2 = -366.3kNm

Adjust first span moment:

-366.3/2 + 634 = +450.9kNm
MID STRIP
1500
COL STRIP
3000
1500
MID STRIP

2250 3000 2250

MID STRIP COL STRIP MID STRIP

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Long span moments K (d = 298mm) z/d < 0.95 As (mm2) As (mm2/m)

Moment (kNm) Column Middle Column Middle
Total Column Middle Column Middle Column Middle
3 3 3 3
Outer Support 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 1.00 1.00 0 0 0 0
Middle of end span 563 310 253 0.036 0.030 0.97 0.97 2794 2286 931 762
First interior
support -458 -344 -115 0.040 0.013 0.96 0.99 3099 1033 1033 344
Middle of second
span 387 213 174 0.025 0.020 0.98 0.98 1920 1571 640 524
Interior support -387 -290 -97 0.034 0.011 0.97 0.99 2619 873 873 291

Short span moments K (d = 273mm) z/d < 0.95 As (mm2) As (mm2/m)

Moment (kNm) Column Middle Column Middle
Total Column Middle Column Middle Column Middle
3 4.5 3 4.5
Outer Support 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 1.00 1.00 0 0 0 0

Middle of end span 451 248 203 0.035 0.019 0.97 0.98 2442 1998 814 444
First interior
support -366 -275 -92 0.038 0.009 0.96 0.99 2706 902 902 200
Middle of second
span 310 171 140 0.024 0.013 0.98 0.99 1679 1374 560 305
Interior support -310 -233 -78 0.032 0.007 0.97 0.99 2290 763 763 170

8) Detailing requirements

Minimum rebar:
0.26𝑓 𝑏𝑑
𝐴 0.0013𝑏𝑑 387 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
𝑓
0.26 2.9 1000 298
𝐴 499 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
450

fctm = meant tensile strength of the concrete = 2.9MPa for 30MPa cylinder strength
fyk = yield strength of reinforcement = 450MPa
As min < As

Using Table 6-7 (Moseley et. al.) Max spacing = 300mm

Therefore nominal rebar: Y12@200 (565mm2/m)

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SIN 413
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

THEME 2-1
SUSPENDED FLOORS:

EXAMPLE 2-6
FLAT SLAB

The 255mm thick flat slab is

supported by 450x450 square
columns with not drops of column
heads. Determine suitable
longitudinal flexural reinforcing for
the strip along gridline 2

Superimposed dead load: 1.5kPa

Live load: 2.5kPa

fy = 450MPa
fcu = 40MPa
fck = 0.8 x 40 = 32MPa

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lx = 5.5m
ly – 7.5m
h = 255mm
cover = 30mm
 = 12mm
d long span = 255 – 30 – 25/2 = 213mm
d short span = 255 – 30 – 25 - 25/2 = 188mm

1) Loading on panel:

DL = (cuh)lx ly = (25 x 0.255+1.5) 5.5 x 7.5 = 324.8kN

LL =2.5 lx ly = 2.5 x 5.5 x 7.5 = 103kN
F = 1.2DL + 1.6LL = 554.6kN
n = F/(lx ly) = 554.6 / (5.5 x 7.5) = 13.45kPa

2) Long span direction

Column strip width = Bcol = shot span length / 2 = lx / 2 = 5.5m / 2 = 2.75m
Middle strip width = lx = Bcol = 5.5m – 2.75m = 2.75m

Bending moments in the long span (ly) direction:

Middle of end span - sagging: = 0.086FL = 0.086 x 554.6 x 7.5 = 357.7 kNm
First interior support - hogging: = -0.086FL = -0.086 x 554.6 x 7.5 = -357.7 kNm
Middle of interior span - sagging: = 0.063FL = 0.063 x 554.6 x 7.5 = 262 kNm
Interior support - hogging: = -0.063FL = -0.063 x 554.6 x 7.5 = -262 kNm
Cantilever: = wl2/2 = 333kNm
Adjust first support moment:
(-357.7-262)/2 = -310Nm

Adjust first span moment:

-310/2 + 536.6 = +381.6kNm

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Long span moments K (d = 213mm) z/d < 0.95 As (mm2) As (mm2/m)

Moment (kNm)
Column Middle Column Middle
Total Column Middle Column Middle Column Middle
2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75

Outer Support 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 1.00 1.00 0 0 0 0

Middle of end span 381.6 210 172 0.053 0.043 0.95 0.96 2649 2168 963 788
First interior
support -310 -233 -78 0.058 0.019 0.95 0.98 2935 978 1067 356
Middle of second
span 262 144 118 0.036 0.030 0.97 0.97 1819 1488 661 541

Interior support -262 -197 -66 0.049 0.016 0.95 0.99 2480 827 902 301
Cantilever -333 -166.5 -166.5 0.042 0.042 0.96 0.96 2102 2102 764 764

Minimum rebar:
0.26𝑓 𝑏𝑑
𝐴 0.0013𝑏𝑑 277 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
𝑓
0.26 2.9 1000 213
𝐴 357 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
450
fctm = meant tensile strength of the concrete = 2.9MPa for 30MPa cylinder strength
fyk = yield strength of reinforcement = 450MPa

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SIN 413
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

THEME 2-5

RIBBED SLABS

RIBBED SLABS
• Reduction in weight achieved by removing part of the
concrete below the neutral axis and replacing it with a lighter
form of construction
• Economical for long spans > 5m, and light live loads
• Near supports hollow blocks are stopped off and slab is
made solid to achieve greater shear strength
• Ribs should be checked for shear at their junction with the
solid slab

WAFFLE SLABS
The top slab thickness of a waffle slab is recommended as 85 to 100 mm while the overall
depth of slab is limited to 300 to 600 mm. The width of beams or ribs provided are
generally 110 to 200 mm. Spacing of ribs recommended is 600 to 1500 mm. Reinforced
waffle slabs can be constructed for the span up to 16 meters.

• Relatively light, therefore less foundation costs and longer spans are economic
• Speed of construction
• Robustness
• Excellent vibration control
• Good for services integration

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Photos: Marno Grobler

RIBBED SLABS
Structural topping ribbed slabs are formed as follows:
• Slab cast over block = slab with ribs between blocks (permanent
blocks may or may not contribute to strength)
• Formwork
• Void formers

RIBBED SLABS – DIMENSION REQUIREMENTS

Slab without blocks

• Centerline of ribs < 1500mm
• Width of ribs (bw) – cover, bar spacing, fire resistance; > 65mm and depth <
4bw
• Topping thickness > 50mm or opening spacing (ao) / 10

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RIBBED SLABS - DESIGN

Flexure:
• As for T beam
• If the web is in tension the effective width for the T section must be used

Shear:
• If slab designed as a flat slab – each rib intersected by the critical
perimeter carries an equal portion of the applied shear force
• Shear reinforcement provided in rib should extend a distance d into the
solid part of the slab
• Shear stress = v = V/bvd (bv = average width of the rib)

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SIN 413
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

THEME 2
SUSPENDED FLOORS:

MOSELY EXAMPLE 8-8

RIBBED FLOOR SLAB

Design the slab spanning 5m to

carry the following loading:
Dead load: 4.5kPa
Live load: 2.5kPa

fy = 450MPa
fcu = 30MPa

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Loading:
Consider a 0.4m width of floor slab:
1.2DL + 1.6LL = 1.2 x (0.4 x 4.5) + 1.6 x (0.4 x 2.5) = 3.76kN/m
Ultimate load on span = F = 3.76 x 5 = 18.8kN

Load effects:
At midspan – design as a T section: M = 0.086FL = 0.086 x 18.8 x 5 = 8.08kNm
At support – design as a rectangular section for the solid slab: M = 0.086FL = 0.086 x 18.8 x 5 = 8.08kNm

bflange = 125 + 2(400-125)/2 = 400mm

Midspan: M = 8.08kNm (assume neutral axis lies in the top flange)

Check if compression rebar is required

𝑀 8.08 10
𝐾 0.033 0.167
𝑏𝑑 𝑓 400 160 24

Calculate lever arm (compression block to rebar)

𝑧 𝑑 0.5 0.25 𝐾 0.97𝑑

1.134
Therefore use 0.95d = 152mm

Calculate rebar
.
𝐴 135𝑚𝑚 (check that neutral axis lies in the top flange)
. .

Therefore provide 2 Y10 in each rib (157mm2)

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Support: M = 8.08kNm

Check if compression rebar is required

𝑀 8.08 10
𝐾 0.033 0.167
𝑏𝑑 𝑓 400 160 24

Calculate lever arm (compression block to rebar)

𝑧 𝑑 0.5 0.25 𝐾 0.97𝑑

1.134
Therefore use 0.95d = 152mm

Calculate rebar
.
𝐴 135𝑚𝑚
. .

Therefore provide 2 Y10 in each rib (157mm2)

At the section where the ribs terminate, 0.6m from the centreline of the support – the moment may be a
hogging moment, so the 0.125m must provide sufficient concrete area to develop the design moment.

Check if compression rebar is required

𝑀 0.167𝑏𝑑 𝑓 0.167 24 125 160 12.8𝑘𝑁𝑚 8.08𝑘𝑁𝑚

Therefore no compression rebar required

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Check shear stress

Maximum shear force: 0.6F – 0.6 x 3.76 = 0.6 x 18.8 - 0.6 x 3.76 = 9.02kN

𝑉 9.02 10
𝜈 0.45𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑 125 160

Check shear resistance of the concrete:

⁄
𝜈 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑓 0.64𝑀𝑃𝑎 > min

𝑘 1 ⁄ 1 ⁄ 2.11 2.0

𝐴 157
𝜌 0.0079
𝑏 𝑑 125 160

𝜈 𝜈 0.64𝑀𝑃𝑎 Provide nominal stirrups

⁄ ⁄
𝜈 0.035𝑘 𝑓 0.485𝑀𝑃𝑎 = minimum concrete resistance

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SIN 413
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

THEME 2
SUSPENDED FLOORS:

MOSELY EXAMPLE 8-9

WAFFLE FLOOR SLAB

Design the internal 6x6m slab to

carry the following loading:
Dead load: 6.0kPa
Live load: 2.5kPa

fy = 450MPa
fcu = 30MPa

Span = 6m

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Loading:
Consider a 0.4m width of floor slab:
1.2DL + 1.6LL = 1.2 x (6) + 1.6 x (2.5) = 11.2kN/m2

Load effects: Interior panel – case 1 (ly / lx = 1.0)

Bending moments in the short span and long span directions:

Sagging: +sx = 0.024 msx a = 0.024 x 11.2 x 62 = 9.67 kNm/m
Hogging: -sx = -0.031 msx a 2 = -0.031 x 11.2 x 62 = -12.5 kNm/m

Midspan: M = 9.67kNm/m
Moment /rib = 9.67 x 0.4 = 3.87kNm/rib (assume neutral axis lies in the top flange)
Check if compression rebar is required
𝑀 3.87 10
𝐾 0.0157 0.167
𝑏𝑑 𝑓 400 160 24

Calculate lever arm (compression block to rebar)

𝑧 𝑑 0.5 0.25 𝐾 0.98𝑑

1.134
Therefore use 0.95d = 152mm

Calculate rebar
.
𝐴 65𝑚𝑚 (check that neutral axis lies in the top flange)
. .

Therefore provide 2 Y10 in each rib (157mm2)

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Support: M = 12.5kNm
Moment /rib = 12.5 x 0.4 = 5kNm/rib
Check if compression rebar is required
𝑀 5.0 10
𝐾 0.02 0.167
𝑏𝑑 𝑓 400 160 24

Calculate lever arm (compression block to rebar)

𝑧 𝑑 0.5 0.25 𝐾 0.98𝑑

1.134
Therefore use 0.95d = 152mm

Calculate rebar
.
𝐴 84𝑚𝑚
. .

Therefore provide 2 Y10 in each rib (157mm2)

At the section where the ribs terminate, 0.6m from the centreline of the support – the moment may be a
hogging moment, so the 0.125m must provide sufficient concrete area to develop the design moment.

Check if compression rebar is required

𝑀 0.167𝑏𝑑 𝑓 0.167 24 125 160 12.8𝑘𝑁𝑚 12.5𝑘𝑁𝑚

Therefore no compression rebar required

Rebar in topping:

Nominal steel = 0.13bh/100 = 0.13 x 1000 x 60 / 100 = 78mm2/m

Provide Mesh Ref 193 (123mm2/m)

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Check shear stress

Maximum shear force: 0.55nlx = 0.55 x 11.2 x 6 x 0.4 = 14.78kN (beams – interior support)
Maximum shear in rib (0.6m from the centreline) = 14.78 – 0.6 x 11.2 x 0.4 = 12.1kN

𝑉 12.1 10
𝜈 0.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑 125 160

Check shear resistance of the concrete:

⁄
𝜈 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑓 0.64𝑀𝑃𝑎 > min

𝑘 1 ⁄ 1 ⁄ 2.11 2.0

𝐴 157
𝜌 0.0079
𝑏 𝑑 125 160

𝜈 𝜈 0.64𝑀𝑃𝑎 Provide nominal stirrups

⁄ ⁄
𝜈 0.035𝑘 𝑓 0.485𝑀𝑃𝑎 = minimum concrete resistance