lOMoARcPSD|16242038

MODEL ANSWER FOR ESP (22633) W-23 EXAMINATION

Q1 Attempt any FIVE of the following 10 marks
a) State the typical resistance values of 11, 33, 132 and 400 kV substation
ans The typical resistance values are ½ mark for
 11 kV substation= 2 ohms each for
 33 kV Substation= 0.5 ohms correct
 132 kV substation= answer= 2
 400 kV substation= marks
b) State the need of pole mounted distribution substation
ans The need of pole mounted distribution substation:
 Pole mounted substation is used for the low voltage power distribution. 2 marks
 It generally supplies the electrical power supply to domestic consumers.
c) Illustrate the function of isolator switch
ans The function of isolator switch is as following:
2 marks for
Isolators are used to disconnect the transformers, circuit breakers, and bus bars for repair
correct
and maintenance. They are operated under no current conditions (no load) only since they
function
don’t have rated making or breaking current capacity.
d) List out any four protective devices needed in 132/33 kV substation.
ans The protective devices used are as follows:
½ mark for
 Circuit Breaker (CB)
each for
 Lightning Arrester or Surge Arrester.
correct
 Isolator
answer= 2
 CVT
marks
 HT Fuse
e) List the precautions taken while carrying out routine maintenance of batteries in substation.
ans The precautions to taken are as follows:
 Avoid bringing metal into contact with batteries.
1 marks
 Never allow both terminals to make contact with an item
each for any
 Practice safe and appropriate lifting procedures.
2 points
 Wear protective equipment when handling batteries including gloves, eyewear and
hardhat.
f) State the need of gas insulated substation.
ans The need of GIS are as follows: ½ mark for
 Space saving each for
 Increased safety correct
 Increased reliability answer= 2
 Low maintenance marks
g) Why SF6 gas is used as an electrical insulating medium in gas insulated substation.
Ans SF6 is used as electrical insulating medium in GIS because of Following reasons: Any two
 It is extremely chemically stable. properties=
 It is non-flammable. 2 marks
 It is highly electronegative.
 It has excellent dielectric property of approximately 2.5 times more than air, five
times the density of atmospheric air at mean sea level.
Q2 Attempt any THREE of the following 12 marks
a) Explain any four general safety rules to be followed to minimize the risk of electrical hazards
in substation.
ans General safety rules to be followed while working in substation:
i) Permits to be issued / cancelled while carrying out any electrical work.
1 Mark for
ii) Use of PPEs, danger boards while working on line.
each of any
iii) SOP, SMP to be followed while carrying out maintenance activities.
four rules =
iv) Understand the safety threats that abound in the work environment.
4 Marks
v) Know how each equipment functions, what parts are energized and what
voltages, clearance requirements, risk involved and levels of protection are
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required to work on the equipment.

vi) Be cautious even when around de-energized equipment.
vii) Conduct routine inspections to ensure that the area and equipment are safe for
use prior to each task.
viii) Maintain the prescribed clearance from each type of equipment, and handle
operations remotely if the option is available.
ix) Securing Battery Stores, Securing Perimeter Area, Restricting or Prohibiting
Visitor Access to such areas. x) Enough Clearance from energized parts should
be provided to avoid accidental contact with them. If that can’t be met, live
parts should be guarded or enclosed.
b) Describe the procedure to measure insulation resistance for pole mounted substation.
Ans: Procedure to measure Insulation Resistance in 11 kV substation:
1) Make sure that the equipment under test (EUT) is grounded. Do not disconnect the
ground connection to the equipment.
2) Disconnect all high-voltage, low-voltage, and neutral connections, lightning arresters, fan
systems, meters, or any low-voltage control systems that are connected to the EUT.
3) Before beginning the test, connect together (short) all high-voltage terminals at bushings
using jumpers, making sure that the jumpers are clear of all metal and grounded parts. Also
connect together all low-voltage terminals and neutral terminals at bushings using jumpers,
making sure that the jumpers are clear of all metal and grounded parts.
4) Use a mega-ohmmeter (megger) with a minimum scale of 20,000 MΩ.
5) Resistance measurements are then made between each set of windings or conductor part
and ground. The winding or conductor whose insulation resistance is to be measured must 2 Marks for
have their ground connection, if any, removed to measure their insulation resistance. diagram or
6) Mega-ohmmeter reading should be maintained for 1 min. sketch + 2
For three-winding transformers, the test should be made as follows: Marks for
7) For measurement of insulation resistance (IR) between HV winding and earth, the shorted explanation
HV winding is connected to line “L” terminal and earthed tank or core is connected to earth = 4 Marks
“E” terminal of megger, as shown in Figure. Since no winding is kept floating during test,
shorted LV winding is connected to guard “G” terminal of megger.

c) Distinguish between system earthing and equipment earthing.

Ans: Sr. No. Equipment Earthing System Earthing
Equipment earthing means connecting
System earthing means connecting a
dead part (the one which does not
1 current carrying part/ neutral of the
carry electric current under normal
system to earth
condition) to earth.
Equipment earthing is done to protect System earthing is done to protect the
2
human being from electric shock. power system from malfunctioning. 1 Mark for
In normal condition the earthing wire each of any
is at zero potential, it does not carry In normal condition neutral wire will four points =
3 any current, but in case of failure of have some potential. It is always 4 Marks
insulation, it carries the current to charged.
ground.
Following are the methods of system
Following are the methods of
earthing: i. Solid earthing ii.
4 equipment earthing: i. Plate earthing
Resistance earthing iii. Reactance
ii. Rod earthing iii. Pipe earthing
earthing
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Green colour wire is used for Black colour wire is used for system
5
equipment earthing. earthing.
d) Explain working and need of Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT) with neat sketch
Working of CVT:
 The capacitor or potential divider is placed across the line whose voltage is used to
be measured or controlled. Let the C1 and C2 be the capacitor placed across
the transmission lines. The output of the potential divider acts as an input to the
auxiliary transformer.
 The capacitor places near to the ground have high capacitances as compared to that
placed near the transmission line. The high value of capacitances means the
impedance of that part of the potential divider becomes low. Thus, low voltages
pass to the auxiliary transformer.
 The auxiliary transformer further step-down the voltages. To overcome the problem
of phase shift, the inductance is placed in series with the auxiliary transformer.
Need of CVT:
 For reducing the cost, the capacitive potential transformer is used in the system.
The CVT is cheap, and their performance is not much inferior to the highly insulated
transformer.

Q3 Attempt any THREE of the following 12 marks

a) Explain the factors governing the selection of site for the substation
Ans Following factors are considered in selection of site for substation.
1) The site should be as near the load center as possible.
2) The site should be far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe
approach/termination of high voltage overhead transmission lines.
3) The Site should have sufficient land area.
4) The site should have Necessary clearances for electrical safety. 1 Mark for
5) Access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers. each of any
6) The site must have room for expansion due to load growth or planned transmission four factors
additions. = 4 Marks
7) Environmental effects like drainage, noise and road traffic effects should be taken into
account.
8) Grounding must be taken into account to protect passers-by during a short circuit in the
transmission system.
9) The substation site must be reasonably central to the distribution area to be served.
b) State the function and rating of
1) 3 phase distribution transformer
2) Lightning arrester
3) Bus bar
4) DO fuse for 11 kV substation
Ans: Sr. No Name of Equipment Rating Function
3 Phase Distribution 300kVA, 11kV/415V, 50Hz, Step down voltage to
1
Transformer 3-phase transformer desired level.
Voltage rating: 1.1× 11×0.8
= 9.68KV
Power frequency spark
½ mark each
over voltage: 1.5×9.68 =
correct
14.52KV
To protect the rating and
Nominal discharge current:
substation from the function =4
2 Lightning Arrester 5kA Rated voltage: 12 kV
direct lightning marks
Continuous Operated
strokes.
voltage: 10kV
Long duration discharge
class 2
High current impulse
withstand value: 100KA
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Energy absorption capacity:

6KJ/KV (For 3 sequential
shot)
Current rating : 25KA/31.5 Provide connecting
3 Bus Bar KA faults for 3 seconds for platform for incomer
11kV system and outgoing.
DO fuse for 11 kV Rated current: 100A Fuse Used for protection
4
substation carrier: Fibre tube against surges
c) Draw schematic (single line) diagram of a 33/11kV substation and enlist any eight
equipment’s of it
Ans:

2 Marks for
diagram or
sketch + 2
Marks for
Equipments used are as follows: explanation
1) Lightning Arrester = 4 Marks
2) Isolator
3) Current transformer
4) Circuit breaker
5) Potential Transformer
6) Busbar
7) Transformer
8) Wave trap
9) Drop out Fuse.
d) Explain with neat sketch functioning of
i) Wave trap
ii) PLCC
Ans

2 Marks for
diagram or
sketch + 1
1) Wave Trap:
Marks each
 A wave trap is a Prevention device that is mounted on the transmission line to trap for functions
the high frequency communication signals sent on the line between two substations = 4 Marks
and prevented from entering the power system components in the substation.
 These high frequency communication signals are diverted to the telecom/tele
protection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and
LMU).
 This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for
communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom
company network.
2) PLCC:
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Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) is used for following purposes:

 Power-line carrier communication (PLCC) is mainly used for telecommunication, and
tele-monitoring between electrical substations through power lines at high voltages,
such as 110 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV.
 PLCC can be used for interconnecting private branch exchanges (PBXs).
 Carrier protection scheme for transmission line.
 Telemetering of electrical quantities such as kW, kVA, kVAR.
Q4 Attempt any THREE of the following 12 marks
a) Describe the construction and working of swing out (Drop out) Fuse.
Construction:
 Drop-out fuses are typically composed of three main components:
a) The fuse element: The fuse element is a thin strip of metal alloy, chosen for its
specific melting characteristics at various current levels.
b) Thefuse tube: the fuse element is enclosed in fuse tube, which is often made of
insulating materials like porcelain or glass fiber-reinforced plastic, to protect it
from environmental factors and ensure proper insulation.
c) The fuse carrier: The fuse carrier is the external housing that holds the fuse tube
in place, allowing for easy installation and removal. The carrier is often designed
2 marks
with a drop-out mechanism, which causes the fuse to automatically disengage
each for
from the circuit once the fuse element has melted. This drop-out feature is
construction
particularly useful in high-voltage applications, as it provides a visual indication
and
of a blown fuse and allows for easy maintenance and replacement
working= 4
Working:
marks
 When an overcurrent or short-circuit situation occurs, the fuse element within the
device melts, disconnecting the circuit and preventing further damage to the
electrical system.Drop-out fuses are designed to be sensitive to both overcurrent
and temperature changes. In the event of a sustained overcurrent, the fuse
element’s temperature will rise, causing it to melt and break the circuit.
 Additionally, these fuses are designed to respond to rapid temperature changes,
such as those caused by a sudden short circuit, ensuring swift protection for the
electrical system.

b) Explain any four methods of improving earth resistance.

Ans The methods for improving the earth resistance are as follows:
 Adding salt or other soluble substances around the electrode to increase soil
conductivity by electrolysis.
 Adding charcoal or other moisture-retaining substances around the electrode to
keep the soil moist throughout the year. 1 mark each
 Using multiple electrodes connected in parallel to increase the total surface area in for any 4
contact with soil. points= 4
 Using longer or deeper electrodes to reach lower layers of soil with lower resistivity. marks
 Using electrodes with larger cross-sections or hollow shapes to reduce electrode
resistance.
 Using electrodes with special coatings or alloys to prevent corrosion and increase
contact resistance.
c) Describe the procedure followed to undertake breakdown maintenance of dry type power
transformer.
Ans: The procedure followed to undertake breakdown maintenance of dry type power
transformer is as follows:
 First de-energize the transformer to begin inspection and maintenance.
 Clean any dust or dirt from the cooling fans and windings. Use either a vacuum or 4 marks for
compressed air to avoid directly touching the components. Ideally, use both any four
methods. Only use dry compressed air. Avoid using chemical cleaners to protect the point
surfaces of the transformer from damage.
 Tighten all accessible hardware and replace any loose insulation or parts. Doing this
prevents screws or nuts from working loose during regular operation.
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 Lastly, if you need to remove dust from your fan blades or transformer windings
regularly, install filters at the bottom ventilation ports.
d) List precaution to be taken while carrying out preventive maintenance of gas insulated
substation.

e) Define partial discharge and explain its effect on performance of GIS

Ans: Partial Discharge:

 It is a flashover of part of the insulation system due to a localized electric field

greater than the dielectric withstand capability of that part where the overall
insulation system remains capable of withstanding the applied electrical field.
 It is a localized dielectric breakdown (DB) (which does not completely bridge the
space between the two conductors) of a small portion of a solid or fluid electrical
insulation (EI) system under high voltage (HV) stress.
 PD can occur in a gaseous, liquid or solid insulating medium.
 It often starts within gas voids, such as voids in solid epoxy insulation or bubbles in
transformer oil.
 Protracted (long lasting) partial discharge can erode solid insulation and eventually
lead to breakdown of insulation.
Effect on Performance of GIS:

Q5 Attempt any TWO of the following 12
a) Prepare a schedule to carry out the routine, preventive & Breakdown maintenance of 11 kV
pole mounted substation.

b) With neat labelled diagram, illustrate standard procedure to be carried out of Break Down
Voltage (BDV) test on power transformer oil.
Ans 3 marks for
diagram + 3
marks for
explanation
= 6 marks.
Procedure: -
 The sample of oil is taken from near the top& bottom of the transformer.
 In this kit, there are two electrodes separated by small gap of 2.5 mm or 4mm
between them.
 The cup (test cell) is filled with sample of oil to be tested up to about 1 cm above the
electrodes.
 The cup top is covered with clean glass plate.
 Now slowly raise the voltage between the electrodes till breakdown of oil occurs or
sparking starts between the electrodes. And note down voltage reading.
 Repeat the procedure by taking same sample of oil 3 to 6 times & Calculate average
of all results to finalize the breakdown voltage of oil sample.
c) Solve the following
1) Differentiate between mat earthing and plate earthing.
2) List the merits of mast protection.

Q6. Attempt any TWO of the Following.

a) Explain the fire-fighting equipments used for the different situation in the 33kV/11kV
substation
Fire-fighting equipment used in a 33 kV sub-station: 2 marks
1) Fire Buckets: each for any
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 A Fire Bucket is filled with sand or water and is used to extinguish fires. three
 Sand is often used where there is a risk of spilled flammable liquid which might equipment=
ignite and spread by flowing across the ground. 6 marks.
 The sand is deployed to act as a barrier to the flowing liquid. Both plastic and
metal fire buckets are available.
 They are easy to use, no training is required, all one has to do is to grab it, fill it
with sand or water and throw it at the flames.
2) Foam type fire extinguishers:
 Foam extinguishers are used to extinguish Class B fires and are located near
flammable liquids.
 There can be two types of foam type fire extinguishers depending upon its
contents- A) Chemical foam type fire extinguisher B) Mechanical foam type fire
extinguisher
 These extinguishers work by creating a cooling effect on the fuel that is
responsible for causing the fire.
 When it is poured on burning liquid, the fire is extinguished by creating a barrier
between the fuel and the flame with the help of the foaming agent which
blankets oxygen.
3) Dry Chemical Powder fire extinguishers:
 A Sodium bicarbonate powder is used to extinguish almost all types of fires.
 It is mainly located near electrical equipment.
 Dry powder extinguisher contains sodium bicarbonate powder in the outer
container.
 Small container with carbon dioxide is placed beneath the plunger mechanism.
When the plunger is pushed, it releases the carbon dioxide gas, which in turn
forces the dry powder out of the discharge nozzle.
 It can be used for class A, class B and class C fires.
4) Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers:
 Carbon dioxide extinguishers are mainly used for class B or class C fires.
 They are not used for accommodation areas and confined spaces because of the
gas used in lethal. These are widely used as electrical fire extinguisher.
 Carbon dioxide is stored in liquid form under pressure. A central tube acts as an
outlet for carbon dioxide gas.
 A plunger attached to a bursting disc at one end and a trigger at the other is
used to release the carbon dioxide gas. The liquid changes to gas as it comes out
of the extinguisher through a Hose.
 CO2 extinguishers are mainly used for electrical fire risks. They also put out Class
B fires.
b) Describe the causes of hot spot Formation and state the methods of identification.
Ans Causes of hot spot formation in transformer:
1) The winding is heated up by I2R losses, the core is heated up due to the core losses
(hysteresis and eddy losses) inside the CRGO lamination stack. Losses will not be uniform in
the core and the joints between limbs and yokes will have more losses (10-20 %) than the
average unit weight loss (w/kg). Hence the temperature hot spot in the core will be near
these core joints. In three-phase three limbed cores, this hot spot will be in the middle of
the top yoke above the middle limb. In other types of cores, the hot spot will be slightly
down in the upper part of the middle limb portion.
2) Moisture and oxygen cause the oil to decay much faster than the normal rate and form
acid and sludge. Sludge settles on windings and inside the structure, causing transformer
temperature to rise. If temperature increases, then conductor resistance increases and
consequently transformer Output voltage and load voltage decreases. So, under voltage
occurs if transformer temperature rises. Moisture lowers the dielectric strength of oil. Thus,
insulating property decreases. So, breakdown voltage also decreases with increase of
moisture content in oil, Moisture raises the temperature and hence dielectric power factor
and increases the risk of thermal breakdown of solid insulation.
3) When the windings are loaded, leakage flux from the windings under the rated load will
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impinge on the outermost packets of the core, heating the surface due to the eddy current
losses. This temperature rise can be a few kelvins to several tens of kelvins over the adjacent
oil depending on the transformer winding, core, and tank shielding design. This creates hot
spots.
4) In short, the real core hot spot temperature is a combination of the hot spot from the
main flux, core surface heating from winding leakage flux, and temperature rise of the oil
around the area of the surface hot spot.
Identification of Hotspot in transformer- There are few methods to identify and measure
the hotspot temperature.
1) The conventional method of finding the hotspot temperature is indirect calculation
method. Adding the temperature difference between the hot spot temperature in the
transformer tank and the temperature of the top oil, the temperature rise of the top oil in
the tank and the ambient temperature, the sum is equal to the hot spot temperature.
2) Other method is using fibre optical temperature sensors positioned at the predicted
hotspot of the windings. The thermal sensors, attached to the end of optical fibre are usually
placed between the insulated conductor and spacer, and their signals via optical fibre
transmitted out of the tank.
3) When hotspots due to faults are created in the transformer winding, they lead to
formation of hydrocarbon gases (H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, and C2H2), whereas faults involving
the solid insulation of the transformer result in the formation of oxide gases (CO and CO2).
Oil samples are taken from transformers and are analyzed for the existence of these gases.
Then the approximate location of hot spots is found by using infrared images of the external
surfaces of the power transformer.
c) Draw single line diagram of 132kV GIS substation and write advantages and disadvantages
of GIS substation over conventional substation.
Advantages of GIS Substation:
 It occupies very less space (1/10th) compared to ordinary substations. Hence these
(GIS) are most preferred where area for substation is small like metrocities.
 Most reliable compared to Air Insulated Substations, number of outages due to the
fault is less
 Maintenance Free
 Can be assembled at the shop and modules can be commissioned in the plant easily
Disadvantages of GIS Substation:
 Cost is higher compared to Ordinary Conventional Substations
 Care should be taken that no dust particles enter into the live compartments which
result in flashovers
 When fault occurs internally, diagnosis of the fault and rectifying this takes very long
time (outage time is high)
 SF6 gas pressure must be monitored in each compartment, reduction in the
pressure of the SF6 gas in any module results in flashovers and faults.
Single Line diagram for 132 kV substation.:
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