Course Code: 1010043461

Course Name: Mobile Computing

and Wireless Networks
SEMESTER: 7

UNIT 1
Introduction to Mobile computing and Wireless Networking

1. History of Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing

 Early Developments:
o Late 19th Century: Invention of wireless telegraphy by Guglielmo Marconi,
enabling communication over radio waves without wires.
o 20th Century: Advancements in radio technology leading to the development
of wireless communication.
 Mobile Computing Evolution:
o 1980s: Introduction of early laptops and portable computers, marking the
beginning of mobile computing.
o 1990s: Emergence of digital cellular networks and wireless data technologies
(e.g., GSM, CDMA, early versions of Wi-Fi).
o 2000s: Rapid adoption of smartphones, integrating mobile computing
capabilities with wireless internet access (3G, 4G technologies).
o 2010s: Expansion of mobile computing with the rise of 4G LTE, enabling faster
data speeds and widespread adoption of mobile apps and services.
o 2020s: Continuation of 5G deployment, promising even faster speeds, lower
latency, and expanded capabilities for mobile computing and IoT.

2. Difference between Wireless and Fixed Networks

 Nature of Connectivity:
o Wireless Networks: Transmit data over the air using radio waves, providing
mobility and flexibility but susceptible to signal interference and coverage
limitations.
o Fixed Networks: Utilize physical cables (fiber optics, copper wires) to transmit
data, offering more stable and often faster connections but less flexible in terms
of mobility.
 Deployment and Infrastructure:
o Wireless Networks: Easier and quicker to deploy, suitable for areas where
laying cables is impractical or costly (e.g., remote locations, temporary setups).
o Fixed Networks: Require extensive physical infrastructure (cables, routers,
switches), making initial deployment more expensive but providing robust and
reliable connections.
 Speed and Reliability:
o Wireless Networks: Speed and reliability can vary based on factors like signal
strength, interference, and distance from the access point.
o Fixed Networks: Generally offer higher and more consistent speeds with lower
latency, ideal for applications requiring real-time data transmission (e.g., video
conferencing, online gaming).

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3. Benefits of Wireless Networks

 Mobility and Flexibility:

o Enable users to access the internet and data services from anywhere within the
coverage area, supporting mobile devices and IoT applications.
 Scalability and Ease of Deployment:
o Simplify network expansion and scaling without the need for extensive physical
infrastructure, accommodating increasing numbers of users and devices.
 Cost-Effectiveness:
o Reduce costs associated with infrastructure installation and maintenance,
especially in dynamic or remote environments where wired connections are
impractical.
 Enhanced Connectivity:
o Facilitate seamless connectivity across various devices (e.g., smartphones,
tablets, wearables) and support emerging technologies like smart homes and
connected vehicles.

4. Applications of Wireless Networking and Mobile Computing

 Consumer Electronics:
o Enable mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and wearable tech to access
data and services on-the-go.
 Business and Enterprise Solutions:
o Support mobile workforce with remote access to corporate networks, enhancing
productivity and flexibility.
 Healthcare:
o Facilitate telemedicine services, remote patient monitoring, and healthcare IoT
devices for improved patient care and efficiency.
 Transportation and Logistics:
o Track vehicles and shipments in real-time, optimize routes, and manage fleet
operations using wireless networks.
 Education:
o Provide mobile learning opportunities, virtual classrooms, and educational apps
accessible via wireless devices.
 Entertainment and Media:
o Enable streaming services, online gaming, and social media interactions on
mobile devices connected through wireless networks.

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SEMESTER: 7

UNIT 2
Mobile communication system

1. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

 Architecture:
o Components: GSM network consists of Mobile Stations (MS), Base
Transceiver Stations (BTS), Base Station Controllers (BSC), Mobile Switching
Center (MSC), and Home Location Register (HLR).
o Frequency Bands: Operates in various frequency bands allocated globally
(e.g., 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz).
o Multiple Access: Uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) for dividing a
radio channel into time slots, allowing multiple users to share the same
frequency channel.
 Applications:
o Voice Communication: Provides basic voice services over digital cellular
networks.
o Short Message Service (SMS): Enables text messaging between GSM users.
o Roaming: Supports seamless international roaming through interoperability
agreements between network operators.

2. GPS (Global Positioning System)

 Architecture:
o Satellite Constellation: GPS consists of a constellation of 24 satellites orbiting
Earth.
o Ground Control Segment: Monitors and manages the satellites.
o User Segment: Receives signals from satellites via GPS receivers to determine
precise location, velocity, and time.
 Applications:
o Navigation: Provides accurate positioning information for navigation in various
applications (e.g., automotive navigation systems, smartphones).
o Timing: Synchronizes timekeeping in telecommunications networks, financial
transactions, and scientific research.
o Tracking: Enables tracking of vehicles, assets, and individuals for security and
logistics purposes.

3. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

 Architecture:
o Enhancement to GSM: Adds packet-switched data transmission capability to
GSM networks.
o Packet Core Network: Includes Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN).

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o Radio Access Network: Utilizes existing GSM infrastructure with added

support for packet data services.
 Applications:
o Internet Access: Provides mobile internet access with higher data transfer rates
compared to GSM.
o Email and Messaging: Supports email synchronization, instant messaging, and
multimedia messaging (MMS).
o Remote Monitoring: Enables remote monitoring and control of devices and
systems (e.g., IoT applications).

4. EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)

 Architecture:
o Enhancement to GSM: Upgrades GSM networks to achieve higher data
transmission rates.
o Modulation Technique: Utilizes Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) modulation
schemes (e.g., 8-PSK) for increased efficiency.
o Backward Compatibility: Coexists with existing GSM networks, providing
seamless transition for users.
 Applications:
o Faster Internet Access: Offers faster data speeds than GPRS, suitable for
browsing, downloading, and multimedia streaming.
o Business Applications: Supports enterprise applications such as VPN access,
remote data access, and online collaboration.
o Multimedia Services: Enables richer multimedia content delivery, including
video streaming and online gaming.

5. 2G (Second Generation)

 Architecture:
o Digital Technology: Replaces analog cellular networks with digital
transmission (e.g., GSM).
o Voice and Data: Supports digital voice calls and basic data services (e.g.,
SMS).
o Frequency Bands: Operates in various frequency bands, typically in the 800
MHz and 1900 MHz ranges.
 Applications:
o Voice Communication: Provides digital voice calls with improved sound
quality and security compared to analog systems.
o SMS Messaging: Introduces SMS as a popular form of text communication.
o Basic Data Services: Enables basic internet access and data transmission
capabilities.

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6. 3G (Third Generation)

 Architecture:
o High-Speed Data: Introduces high-speed data transmission for mobile
networks.
o WCDMA and CDMA2000: Two main technologies (Wideband Code Division
Multiple Access and Code Division Multiple Access 2000) used for 3G
networks.
o Increased Capacity: Supports higher data rates, multimedia services, and
enhanced mobile broadband.
 Applications:
o Mobile Internet: Enables faster internet access, web browsing, and email
services.
o Video Calling: Introduces video calling and conferencing capabilities over
mobile networks.
o Streaming: Facilitates streaming of audio and video content, including mobile
TV services.

7. 4G (Fourth Generation)

 Architecture:
o LTE (Long Term Evolution): Dominant technology for 4G networks, offering
significant improvements over 3G.
o IP-Based Network: Fully IP-based architecture for seamless integration with
the internet and other IP-based services.
o Advanced Antenna Technologies: MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
and OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) for improved
efficiency and performance.
 Applications:
o High-Speed Data: Provides ultra-fast mobile broadband speeds suitable for HD
video streaming, online gaming, and cloud services.
o VoIP (Voice over IP): Supports high-quality voice calls over IP networks,
replacing traditional circuit-switched voice services.
o Internet of Things (IoT): Facilitates connectivity for a wide range of IoT
devices and applications.

8. 5G (Fifth Generation)

 Architecture:
o Next-Gen Network: Designed to support massive connectivity, ultra-low
latency, and high data rates.
o New Radio (NR): Key technology for 5G, utilizing higher frequency bands
(mmWave) and advanced antenna technologies.
o Network Slicing: Allows the creation of multiple virtual networks to cater to
diverse applications and services.

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 Applications:
o Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB): Provides even faster speeds and
higher capacity for data-intensive applications.
o Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC): Supports mission-
critical applications requiring real-time responsiveness (e.g., autonomous
vehicles, industrial automation).
o Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC): Enables connectivity for a
vast number of IoT devices and sensors, paving the way for smart cities and
infrastructure.

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Course Name: Mobile Computing
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SEMESTER: 7

UNIT 3
The reference model for network communication

1. TCP/IP Model

 Layers of TCP/IP Model:

1. Application Layer: Provides high-level services for applications (e.g., HTTP,
FTP, DNS).
2. Transport Layer: Ensures end-to-end communication between hosts (e.g.,
TCP, UDP).
3. Internet Layer: Facilitates packet forwarding and routing (e.g., IP).
4. Link Layer: Handles data link protocols within the local network (e.g.,
Ethernet, Wi-Fi).
 Key Features:
o Connectionless Communication: IP provides connectionless communication,
where each packet is treated independently.
o Best Effort Delivery: TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented data delivery,
while UDP offers unreliable, connectionless data transmission.
o Scalability: Designed to support a wide range of network sizes and
configurations.

2. OSI Model

 Layers of OSI Model:

1. Physical Layer: Deals with physical connections and transmission of raw data
bits over a physical medium (e.g., cables, fibers).
2. Data Link Layer: Manages data frames between adjacent network nodes (e.g.,
Ethernet, PPP).
3. Network Layer: Handles routing and forwarding of data packets (e.g., IP,
ICMP).
4. Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end communication services (e.g., TCP,
UDP).
5. Session Layer: Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between
applications (e.g., NetBIOS, RPC).
6. Presentation Layer: Translates, encrypts, or compresses data for presentation
to the application layer (e.g., SSL/TLS).
7. Application Layer: Provides network services directly to end-user applications
(e.g., HTTP, FTP, DNS).
 Function of Each Layer:
o Each layer provides specific services and interacts with adjacent layers for data
exchange and communication across networks.

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3. Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP Model

 OSI Model:
o Advantages: Provides a clear separation of functions, making it easier to
understand and troubleshoot networks.
o Disadvantages: Complex and not directly implemented in practical network
architectures.
 TCP/IP Model:
o Advantages: Widely used and directly implemented in internet protocols and
applications.
o Disadvantages: Less structured compared to OSI, lacks clear separation of
services.
 Key Differences:
o OSI has 7 layers, while TCP/IP has 4 layers.
o OSI is a conceptual model, whereas TCP/IP is a practical implementation used
in the internet.

4. IP Protocols and Network Applications

 IP Protocols:
o IPv4: Uses 32-bit addresses (e.g., 192.168.1.1) and is widely deployed but
facing address exhaustion issues.
o IPv6: Introduces 128-bit addresses (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334) to solve IPv4 address depletion
and offer scalability.
 Network Applications:
o DNS (Domain Name System): Translates domain names (e.g.,
www.example.com) into IP addresses.
o Email (SMTP, POP3, IMAP): SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) sends
emails, while POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) and IMAP (Internet
Message Access Protocol) retrieve emails from servers.
o FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Transfers files between hosts on a TCP/IP
network.
o HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for accessing and retrieving
resources on the World Wide Web.

5. IPv4 and IPv6 Architecture, Addressing Scheme, Subnetting and Masking

 IPv4:
o Architecture: Uses 32-bit addresses divided into network and host portions.
o Addressing Scheme: Written in dot-decimal notation (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
o Subnetting and Masking: Divides a large network into smaller subnetworks
(subnets) using subnet masks (e.g., 255.255.255.0).
 IPv6:

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o Architecture: Uses 128-bit addresses represented in hexadecimal format (e.g.,

2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
o Addressing Scheme: Simplifies address allocation and supports a larger
number of devices and addresses.
o Subnetting and Masking: Similar subnetting concepts as IPv4 but with
different notation and capabilities.

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Course Name: Mobile Computing
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SEMESTER: 7

UNIT 4
Medium Access Control

1. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

 Concept:
o Divides the frequency spectrum into multiple channels.
o Each user or communication stream is assigned a unique frequency channel.
o Used in analog systems like AM and FM radio, and also in early digital cellular
systems.
 Key Points:
o Bandwidth Allocation: Each user/channel has exclusive use of a specific
frequency band.
o Efficiency: Suitable for environments where users require continuous access to
the allocated frequency band.
o Implementation: Found in systems like traditional analog voice
communication and some early digital cellular networks.

2. TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

 Concept:
o Divides a radio frequency into time slots.
o Different users share the same frequency but transmit in different time slots.
o Each user gets a unique time slot within a predefined time frame.
 Key Points:
o Time Slot Allocation: Users share the same frequency band by taking turns
transmitting in their designated time slots.
o Efficiency: Enhances spectrum efficiency by allowing multiple users to use the
same frequency channel.
o Implementation: Commonly used in 2G GSM cellular networks for voice and
data transmission.

3. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

 Concept:
o Allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously over the same frequency band.
o Each user is assigned a unique code (spreading code) to encode their signal.
o Signals are decoded at the receiver using the same spreading code.
 Key Points:
o Code Assignment: Users share the same frequency spectrum but with different
codes.
o Interference Management: CDMA systems can handle interference better than
FDMA or TDMA systems.

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o Implementation: Widely used in 3G and 4G cellular networks (e.g.,

CDMA2000, WCDMA) for both voice and data transmission.

4. CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)

 Concept:
o A protocol used in shared media networks (like Ethernet).
o Before transmitting, nodes check if the medium is idle (carrier sense).
o If idle, they can transmit; if not, they wait for a random period before retrying.
 Key Points:
o Collision Avoidance: Helps to avoid collisions in shared media environments.
o Efficiency: Ensures fair access to the network among multiple users.
o Implementation: Found in Ethernet LANs (e.g., Ethernet networks using
CSMA/CD).

5. CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)

 Concept:
o Used in wireless networks (like Wi-Fi).
o Before transmitting, nodes sense the channel to check if it's idle.
o Unlike CSMA/CD, there's no collision detection; instead, nodes wait for an
ACK (Acknowledgment) from the receiver after transmission.
 Key Points:
o Collision Avoidance: Helps to avoid collisions in wireless environments where
collision detection is impractical.
o Acknowledgment: Uses ACKs to confirm successful transmissions.
o Implementation: Standard for Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) networks.

6. CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)

 Concept:
o Used in Ethernet LANs (like older versions of Ethernet).
o Before transmitting, nodes sense the channel to check if it's idle.
o If two nodes transmit simultaneously and detect a collision, they stop
transmission, wait for a random backoff period, and then retry.
 Key Points:
o Collision Detection: Nodes can detect collisions and take appropriate actions to
retry transmissions.
o Efficiency: Ensures fair access to the network by managing collisions
effectively.
o Implementation: Historically used in Ethernet LANs, though modern Ethernet
typically uses full-duplex operation without CSMA/CD.

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UNIT 5
Mobile Transport and Application Layer

1. Mobile TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

 Purpose:
o Adaptation of TCP for mobile networks to handle issues like high latency,
packet loss, and intermittent connectivity.
 Key Features:
o Optimized Retransmission: Adjusts retransmission timers to accommodate
varying network conditions.
o Header Compression: Reduces overhead to improve efficiency over
bandwidth-constrained mobile networks.
 Applications:
o Used in mobile devices and networks to ensure reliable data transmission,
particularly in environments with fluctuating network conditions.

2. WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) Architecture

 Purpose:
o Enables access to internet-based services and applications on mobile devices.
 Components:
o WAP Gateway: Translates WAP content to standard internet protocols (HTTP,
HTTPS).
o WAP Stack: Includes layers such as WDP, WTLS, WTP, and WSP for
communication between mobile devices and servers.
 Protocols in WAP Stack:
o WDP (Wireless Datagram Protocol): Transports data between mobile devices
and WAP gateway.
o WTLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security): Provides security for data
transmitted over wireless networks.
o WTP (Wireless Transaction Protocol): Manages transactions and ensures
reliable data transfer.
o WSP (Wireless Session Protocol): Supports session management and content
negotiation.

3. WAE (Wireless Application Environment)

 Purpose:
o Defines the environment in which WAP applications operate.
 Components:
o Browser: Executes WAP applications and interprets content received from
servers.

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o Microbrowser: Optimized browser for mobile devices with limited processing

power and display capabilities.
o APIs: Provide access to device-specific features like SMS, phone book, and
location services.
 Applications:
o Supports a wide range of mobile applications such as mobile banking, email,
and information retrieval.

4. WTA (Wireless Telephony Application) Architecture

 Purpose:
o Provides enhanced telephony features and services on mobile devices.
 Components:
o WTA Browser: Executes WTA applications for enhanced telephony services.
o Telephony API: Allows access to telephony functions such as call management
and messaging.
o Service Management: Coordinates between applications and telephony
services.
 Applications:
o Enables features like call waiting, call forwarding, and enhanced caller ID on
mobile devices.

5. WMA (Wireless Messaging API)

 Purpose:
o Facilitates messaging services on mobile devices.
 Components:
o API Functions: Provide interfaces for sending and receiving messages.
o Integration: Works with SMS, MMS, and email services.
o Notification: Supports message notifications and handling.
 Applications:
o Used for implementing messaging applications, notifications, and alerts on
mobile devices.

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Course Name: Mobile Computing
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SEMESTER: 7

UNIT 6
Recent trends

1. Bluetooth

 Purpose:
o Wireless technology for short-range communication between devices (typically
up to 10 meters).
 Key Features:
o Frequency Band: Operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
o Ad Hoc Networking: Supports spontaneous connections between devices
without requiring a centralized infrastructure.
o Profiles: Defines specific functionalities for different types of applications (e.g.,
HFP for hands-free calling, A2DP for stereo audio streaming).
 Security Issues:
o Pairing Security: Vulnerabilities during pairing process if not properly
authenticated.
o Encryption: Weak encryption in older Bluetooth versions (Bluetooth 4.2 and
earlier).
o BlueBorne Vulnerability: Potential for remote code execution due to
Bluetooth implementation flaws.

2. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

 Purpose:
o Provides wireless internet access over a local area network (LAN) using radio
waves.
 Key Features:
o Frequency Bands: Operates in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
o Standards: IEEE 802.11 standards (e.g., 802.11b/g/n/ac/ax).
o Modes: Infrastructure mode (connecting to a wireless access point) and ad hoc
mode (peer-to-peer connections).
 Security Issues:
o WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy): Weak encryption susceptible to key
cracking.
o WPA/WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access): Vulnerabilities like KRACK (Key
Reinstallation Attack).
o SSID Broadcasting: Potential for network discovery and unauthorized access.

3. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

 Purpose:
o Provides wireless broadband access over longer distances (up to 50 km).
 Key Features:

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o Frequency Bands: Operates in licensed and unlicensed spectra (2-11 GHz

range).
o Standard: Based on IEEE 802.16 standards.
o Point-to-Multipoint Architecture: Supports multiple users from a single base
station.
 Security Issues:
o Privacy Concerns: Potential for eavesdropping on wireless transmissions.
o Encryption: Vulnerabilities in encryption protocols (e.g., AES).
o Authentication: Risks of unauthorized access to WiMAX networks.

4. Zigbee

 Purpose:
o Low-power, low-data-rate wireless communication protocol for IoT devices.
 Key Features:
o Frequency Bands: Operates in 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, and 868 MHz bands.
o Mesh Networking: Supports mesh topology for extended coverage and
reliability.
o Applications: Home automation, industrial control, smart meters.
 Security Issues:
o Encryption: Limited security features in early Zigbee specifications.
o Authentication: Risks of unauthorized device access.
o Interference: Vulnerable to interference from other devices operating in the
same frequency bands.

5. Aloha Protocol

 Purpose:
o Simple, decentralized protocol for media access control in wireless networks.
 Key Features:
o Random Access: Nodes transmit data whenever they have data to send.
o Collision Detection: Detects collisions and retransmits data after random
backoff periods.
o Variants: Pure Aloha and Slotted Aloha (slotted time for transmission).
 Security Issues:
o Vulnerability to Collisions: Increased collisions with higher network traffic.
o Efficiency: Low efficiency due to high collision rates in pure Aloha.

6. Security Issues in Wireless Networks

 Common Threats:
o Eavesdropping: Unauthorized interception of wireless transmissions.
o Man-in-the-Middle Attacks: Interception and modification of data between
communicating parties.

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o Denial of Service (DoS): Disrupting network services by overwhelming the

network with traffic.
o Rogue Access Points: Unauthorized access points posing as legitimate
networks.
 Security Measures:
o Encryption: Implement strong encryption protocols (e.g., WPA3 for Wi-Fi) to
protect data confidentiality.
o Authentication: Use strong authentication mechanisms (e.g., WPA3-SAE) to
verify identities.
o Access Control: Limit access to networks through secure configuration and
monitoring of access points.
o Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS): Monitor and respond to
suspicious activities in real-time.

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UNIT 7
Introduction to android

1. History of Android and iOS

Android:

 2003: Founded by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White.
 2005: Acquired by Google.
 2008: First Android OS commercially released with HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1).
 Subsequent Years: Regular updates and expansion, integration with Google services,
development of Android Market (now Google Play).

iOS:

 2007: Introduced by Apple Inc. with the launch of the original iPhone.
 Key Features: Touch-based interface, App Store for third-party applications, iTunes
integration.
 Subsequent Years: Regular updates, introduction of iPad (2010) and iPod Touch,
iCloud services, and expansion of the iOS ecosystem.

2. Difference between iOS and Android

iOS:

 Closed Ecosystem: Developed and maintained exclusively by Apple.

 Hardware Integration: Optimized for Apple devices (iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch).
 User Interface: Uniform design across devices, with strict guidelines for app
development.
 App Store: Only available through the Apple App Store.
 Updates: Centralized updates pushed by Apple.

Android:

 Open Source: Developed by Google and open to customization by manufacturers

(Samsung, LG, etc.) and developers.
 Hardware Diversity: Runs on a wide range of devices from different manufacturers.
 User Interface: Allows for more customization and variety among manufacturers.
 App Distribution: Apps can be distributed through Google Play Store and other
platforms.
 Updates: Fragmented update process due to different manufacturers and carriers.

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3. Android Architecture

 Linux Kernel: Provides core system services such as memory management, process
management, network stack, and driver model.
 Libraries: Includes libraries written in C/C++ used for various system functionalities
(e.g., SQLite, OpenGL, WebKit).
 Android Runtime (ART/Dalvik): Executes and manages Android applications. ART
is the current runtime used, providing improved performance and memory efficiency
compared to Dalvik.
 Application Framework: Provides high-level services such as Activity Manager,
Content Providers, View System, and Package Manager.
 Applications: Built-in applications (e.g., Browser, Contacts) and third-party
applications developed using Java and Android SDK.

4. iOS Architecture

 Core OS Layer: Includes low-level functionalities such as security, file system

management, and hardware abstraction.
 Core Services Layer: Provides essential services like networking, SQLite database
access, and iCloud integration.
 Media Layer: Manages graphics, audio, and video functionalities.
 Cocoa Touch Layer: Implements UIKit framework for building iOS applications with
pre-built UI components (e.g., buttons, tables).
 Applications: Includes built-in apps like Safari, Messages, and Mail, as well as third-
party apps from the App Store.

5. Activity Lifecycle (Android)

 States:
o Created: Activity object created but not yet visible.
o Started: Activity visible but not in focus (partially obscured).
o Resumed: Activity active and in the foreground (user interaction possible).
o Paused: Another activity partially covers the activity (still visible but not
active).
o Stopped: Activity no longer visible (either covered by another activity or
stopped by the system).
o Destroyed: Activity instance is terminated or destroyed.
 Methods:
o onCreate(): Initializes the activity.
o onStart(): Called when the activity becomes visible to the user.
o onResume(): Called when the activity starts interacting with the user.
o onPause(): Called when the activity is partially obscured.
o onStop(): Called when the activity is no longer visible.
o onDestroy(): Called before the activity is destroyed.

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6. Definitions:

HTML (HyperText Markup Language):

 Purpose: Markup language used for creating web pages and web applications.
 Syntax: Uses tags to structure content, such as headings, paragraphs, links, and images.

XML (eXtensible Markup Language):

 Purpose: Used for storing and transporting data.

 Syntax: Similar to HTML but allows users to define their own tags, making it more
flexible and suitable for structured data representation.

WML (Wireless Markup Language):

 Purpose: Markup language used for displaying web content on mobile devices with
limited resources.
 Usage: Predominantly used in earlier mobile internet browsers.

XHTML (eXtensible HyperText Markup Language):

 Purpose: A reformulation of HTML in XML syntax, combining the strengths of both

HTML and XML.
 Features: Strictly follows XML rules, making it more compatible with XML tools and
ensuring well-formedness.

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