ENGINEERS ESPLANA, REALUYO, AND CO.

LEARNING CENTER
HPGE NOV 2024

Fluid Mechanics: 16. The vertical trapezoidal gate in the face of the
1. A woman with a glass of water having a height of dike is subjected to water pressure on one side.
300 mm is inside the elevator moving upward The upper edge is in the water surface 1.5 m long.
with a constant velocity of 3 m/s. Determine the Two edges are vertical and measure 2.4 m and 3
pressure at the bottom of the glass. (2.943 kPa) m. Determine the normal force acting on the gate.
2. An open cylindrical tank 0.30 in diameter and (53.8569 kN)
0.80 m high in partially filled water to a certain 17. Manometers are used to measure ____. (pressure
depth. It is then rotated about its vertical axis at in water channel, pipes, etc.)
240 rpm but no water spilled out. Estimate how 18. The rise of the liquid along the walls of a
deep is the water in the tank, in meters. (0.4378) revolving cylinder above the initial level is ____.
3. A sphere of radius 400 mm is immersed in (The same as the depression of the liquid at the
seawater (s.g. = 1.026) by anchoring it to the axis of rotation)
bottom of the seabed. The mooring line was 19. What is most efficient channel section? (semi-
observed to have a tension of 800 N. Evaluate the circular section)
specific weight of the sphere, in kN/m3. (7.081) 20. Ideal fluids in fluid mechanics is ____.
4. A mercury barometer at the Gulf of Albay reads (Incompresssible and no friction)
760 mm. At the same time, another barometer at Soil Mechanics:
the top of Mt. Mayon reads 538 mm. Assuming Situation 1: A layer of clay 7.6 m thick is overlain by a
the unit weight of air to be constant at 12 N/m3, deposit of sand 15.2 m thick to ground surface. When the
evaluate the approximate height of Mt. Mayon in water table is at ground surface level, the saturated unit
meters from these barometric readings. weight of the sand was determined to be 21.2 kN/m3 for
(2,468.196) which its dry unit weight of 18.2 kN/m3. The saturated unit
5. If with steady flow in any length or reach of a weight of the clay is 18.8 kN/m3. When the ground water
stream, the average velocity at every cross- table lowered by 10 m, the degree of saturation of the sand
section is the same in that reach, the flow is said above the water table was lowered to 20%. At the mid-height
of the clay layer,
to be ____. (Uniform)
1. Determine the effective pressure, in kPa, before
Situation 1: A vertical rectangular gate 1.2 m wide and
lowering of the water table. (207.29)
1.8 m high is hinged at the top and has water on one side.
2. Determine the effective pressure, in kPa, after
What force applied at the bottom of the gate at an angle
lowering of the water table. (281.39)
of 45˚ with the vertical is required to open the gate when 3. Determine the effective pressure, in kPa, when there
the water surface is: is no water in the sand layer but remain in moist
6. At the top of the gate. (17.98 kN) condition at the same degree of saturation.
7. At 0.90 m above the top of the gate. (31.46 kN) (319.922)
8. At 0.90 m below the top of the gate. (5.62 kN) Situation 2: The results of a consolidated drained tri-axial
Situation 2: Water flows through a rectangular channel soil test conducted on a consolidated clay are as follows:
0.60 m depth and 0.90 m wide. The discharge through the Chamber confining pressure = 240 kPa
channel is 0.03 m3/sec. Deviator stress at failure = 450 kPa
9. What is the hydraulic radius (m) of the channel? 4. Determine the angle of friction of the soil sample.
(0.257) (28.9385˚)
10. What is the velocity of flow (m/s) in the channel? 5. Determine the shear stress on the failure plane.
(0.0556) (196.9064 kPa)
11. What is the slope of the channel assuming n = 6. Evaluate the normal stress on the plane of maximum
0.012. Use Manning’s Formula. (0.00000272) shear in kPa. (465 kPa)
12. A piece of metal weighs 300 N in air and when 7. Evaluate the plastic settlement, in meters, on a layer
submerged completely in water weighs 240 N. of plastic clay due to an increase of pressure caused
Evaluate the volume of the metal. (0.006116 m3) by loads above it under following conditions.
Initial intergranular pressure = 180 kPa
Situation 3: A triangular gate having a horizontal base of
Increase in intergranular pressure = 120 kPa
1.2 m long and an altitude of 0.9 m is inclined at angle of
Thickness of clay layer = 8 m
60˚ from the horizontal, the vertex point upward. The
Coefficient of consolidation = 0.315
vertex of the gate is 2 m vertically below the water
Void ratio of the clay = 1.132 (0.2622)
surface. If the gate is hinged at the base, 8. A permeable soil layer that is underlain by an
13. What is the normal force acting on the gate? impervious layer slope at 5 degrees to the horizontal
(13.347 kN) and is 4 m thick measured vertically. If the
14. Where is the location of the center of pressure coefficient of permeability of the permeable layer k
measured from the centroid of the gate? (0.015 = 0.005 cm/sec, determine the rate of seepage per
m) meter width of permeable layer in liters per hour.
15. What is the force normal at the vertex to open the (62.5133)
gate? (4.227 kN) 9. For an increase of 12 kPa in the normal stress of a
soil, the shear strength increased by 8 kPa. Estimate
1 Engr. Cedrixe M. Madrid and Engr. Gabriel A. Pineda
 ENGINEERS ESPLANA, REALUYO, AND CO.
LEARNING CENTER
HPGE NOV 2024

the probable angle of friction in degrees of the soil solid is 2.65, what is the degree of saturation?
in accordance with this criterion. (33.6901˚) (72.2957%)
10. A cohesionless specimen of soil under triaxial shear 25. If the water content of the saturated soil is 100%,
test was consolidated under a chamber pressure of what is the relationship of the specific gravity and
60 kPa. The axial stress on the specimen was then void ratio? (e = Gs)
increased and failure stress occurred when the axial Situation 5: A rectangular footing, 3 m by 4 m in plan, is
stress reached 120 kPa. Estimate the angle of founded 1.2 m below the ground surface for which the bulk
internal friction of the soil in degrees. (19.4712˚) unit weight of the soil is 20 kN/m3, the cohesion strength is
11. A sample of soil has a porosity of 40% evaluate its 10 kPa, and the angle of internal friction is 20 deg. Under the
void ratio. (0.6667) condition of general shear failure, evaluate the contribution
12. If the volume of voids is equal to the volume of of the following to the ultimate bearing capacity, in kPa. The
solids, what is the porosity and void ratio equal to ground water is at a level that does not affect the unit weight
respectively? (n = 0.5, v = 1.0) of the soil. Use Terzaghi’s bearing capacity factors.
13. Ratio of weight of water to the weight of soil 26. Due to cohesion Strength (229.97 kPa)
particles. (Moisture Content) 27. Due to soil overburden. (178.56 kPa)
14. Tri-axial shear test acts on what axis? (all plane axis 28. Due to footing dimension. (87.36 kPa)
except x and y axis)
Situation 3: An embankment for a highway 10 m wide and
1.5 m in compacted thickness is to be constructed from a
sandy soil trucked from a borrow pit. The water content of
the sandy soil in the borrow pit is 25% and its void ratio is
0.80. Specific gravity of soil = 2.7. The specification requires
the embankment to be compacted to a dry unit weight of 18
kN/m3. For a 1-km length of embankment, determine the
following:
15. Dry unit weight of soil in the embankment. (14.715
kN/m3)
16. Degree of saturation. (84.375%)
17. Volume of borrow pit soil required. (18,349 m3)
18. In a UC Test, an axial load is rapidly applied to the
specimen to cause failure. The unconfined
compression strength qu = 100 kPa with an angle of
failure equal to 45˚. Determine the value of
cohesion in N/mm2 and the angle of internal
friction.
19. In a tri-axial test of a cohesionless soil, the soil is
subjected to a liquid pressure of 10 kPa inside the
chamber observed that failure of the sample in shear
occurred when the compressive stress reached 30
kPa. Determine the angle of internal friction. (30˚)
Situation 4: A confined aquifer is shown in the figure. The
aquifer has a hydraulic conductivity of 40 m/day and a
porosity of 0.25. The piezometric heads in the two
observation wells 1,350 m apart are 65 m and 60 m from a
common datum. The aquifer has an average width of 4 km.
From the given data obtain,
20. The rate of flow through the aquifer in cu.m. per
day. (20,000)
21. Evaluate the seepage velocity in meters per day.
(0.8)
22. Evaluate the time of travel, in days, from the head
of the aquifer to point 4 km downstream. (3,750)
23. A sample of soil 50 mm in diameter was tested in
direct shear. A normal force P was first applied to
the sample and a direct shear force V was applied.
The following combinations of P and V caused the
specimen to exhibit failure. P = 268 N, V = 137 N
and P = 412 N, V = 21 N. Estimate the nearest value
of angle of internal friction of the soil in degrees.
(26.8825˚)
24. A soil sample has a water content of 20% and a
moist unit weight of 18 kN/m3. If the sp.gr. of the
2 Engr. Cedrixe M. Madrid and Engr. Gabriel A. Pineda