COURSE STRUCTURE

CLASS X (2025-26)
(Annual Examination)
Time: 03 Hours Marks: 80

Unit No. Unit Marks

I Chemical Substances-Nature and Behaviour 25
II World of Living 25
III Natural Phenomena 12
IV Effects of Current 13
V Natural Resources 05
Total 80
Internal assessment 20
Grand Total 100

Theme: Materials
Unit I: Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour
Chemical Reactions and Equations: Chemical reactions, Chemical equation, Balanced
chemical equation, types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition,
displacement, double displacement, precipitation, endothermic exothermic reactions,
oxidation and reduction.

Acids, Bases and Salts: Acids and Bases – definitions in terms of furnishing of H+ and
OH– ions, identification using indicators, chemical properties, examples and uses,
neutralization, concept of pH scale (Definition relating to logarithm not required),
importance of pH in everyday life; preparation and uses of Sodium Hydroxide, Bleaching
powder, Baking soda, Washing soda and Plaster of Paris.

Metals and Non-metals: Properties of metals and non-metals; Reactivity series;

Formation and properties of ionic compounds; Basic metallurgical processes; Corrosion
and its prevention.

Carbon and its Compounds: Covalent bonds – formation and properties of covalent
compounds, Versatile nature of carbon, Hydrocarbons – saturated and unsaturated
Homologous series. Nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, alkyne and carbon compounds
containing functional groups (halogens, alcohol, ketones, aldehydes). Chemical
properties of carbon compounds (combustion, oxidation, addition and substitution
reaction). Ethanol and Ethanoic acid (only properties and uses), soaps and detergents.

8
 Theme: The World of the Living
Unit II: World of Living
Life processes: ‘Living Being’. Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and
excretion in plants and animals.

Control and co-ordination in animals and plants: Tropic movements in plants;

Introduction of plant hormones; Control and co-ordination in animals: Nervous system;
Voluntary, involuntary and reflex action; Chemical co-ordination: animal hormones.

Reproduction: Reproduction in animals and plants (asexual and sexual) reproductive

health - need and methods of family planning. Safe sex vs HIV/AIDS. Child bearing and
women’s health.
Heredity and Evolution: Heredity; Mendel’s contribution- Laws for inheritance of traits:
Sex determination; brief introduction.

Theme: Natural Phenomena

Unit III: Natural Phenomena
Reflection of light by curved surfaces; Images formed by spherical mirrors, centre of
curvature, principal axis, principal focus, focal length, mirror formula (Derivation not
required), magnification.
Refraction; Laws of refraction, refractive index.
Refraction of light by spherical lens; Image formed by spherical lenses; Lens formula
(Derivation not required); Magnification. Power of a lens.
Functioning of a lens in human eye, defects of vision and their corrections, applications
of spherical mirrors and lenses.
Refraction of light through a prism, dispersion of light, scattering of light, applications in
daily life (excluding colour of the sun at sunrise and sunset).

Theme: How Things Work

Unit IV: Effects of Current
Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohm’s law; Resistance,
Resistivity, Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. Series combination
of resistors, parallel combination of resistors and its applications in daily life. Heating
effect of electric current and its applications in daily life. Electric power, Interrelation
between P, V, I and R.

Magnetic effects of current: Magnetic field, field lines, field due to a current carrying
conductor, field due to current carrying coil or solenoid; Force on current carrying
9
conductor, Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, Direct current. Alternating current: frequency of AC.
Advantage of AC over DC. Domestic electric circuits.

Theme: Natural Resources

Unit V: Natural Resources
Our environment: Eco-system, Environmental problems, Ozone depletion, waste
production and their solutions. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances.

Note for the Teachers:

The NCERT text books present information in boxes across the book. These help
students to get conceptual clarity. However, the information in these boxes would not
be assessed in the year-end examination.

PRACTICALS

Practical should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. A. Finding the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator: Unit-I

a) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
b) Dilute NaOH solution
c) Dilute Ethanoic Acid solution
d) Lemon juice
e) Water
f) Dilute Hydrogen Carbonate solution

B. Studying the properties of acids and bases (HCl & NaOH) on the basis of their
reaction with: Unit-I
a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red)
b) Zinc metal
c) Solid sodium carbonate

2. Performing and observing the following reactions and classifying them into: Unit-I
a) Combination reaction
b) Decomposition reaction
c) Displacement reaction
d) Double displacement reaction
 Action of water on quicklime
 Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals
 Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution
 Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions
10
3. Observing the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:
Unit-I
a) ZnSO4 (aq)
b) FeSO4 (aq)
c) CuSO4 (aq)
d) Al2 (SO4)3 (aq)
Arranging Zn, Fe, Cu and Al (metals) in the decreasing order of reactivity
based on the above result.

4. Studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current
(I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plotting a graph between V
and I. Unit-IV

5. Determination of the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in

series and parallel. Unit-IV
6. Preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata. Unit- II

7. Experimentally show that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration. Unit-II

8. Study of the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid): Unit- I

a) Odour
b) solubility in water
c) effect on litmus
d) reaction with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate

9. Study of the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard
water. Unit- I

10. Determination of the focal length of: Unit-III

a) Concave mirror
b) Convex lens by obtaining the image of a distant object.
11. Tracing the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for
different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction,
angle of emergence and interpret the result. Unit - III

12. Studying (a) binary fission in Amoeba, and (b) budding in yeast and Hydra with the
help of prepared slides. Unit-II

13. Tracing the path of the rays of light through a glass prism. Unit-III

14. Identification of the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (pea, gram or red
kidney bean). Unit-II

11