MED Easy

10 Biomolecules

CARBOHYDRATES
Hydrates of carbon are called carbohydrate
General formula # Cx (H2O)y
Exp ÷ C6(H2O)6 C6H12O6
Exception ÷ C2(H2O)2 = C2H4O2 CH3COOH (acetic acid)
Not a carbohydrate

Classification
(a) Monosaccharides (b) Oligosaccharides (c) Polysaccharides
Does not hydrolyse further. Produces 2 to 10 monosca units on Produces large no. of monosac
Exp ÷ Glucose hydrolysis units on hydrolysis

Fructose Disac → 2 unit Exp ÷ Starch, cellulose etc.

Galactose etc. Exp ÷ Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose etc.

Trisac → 3 unit
Exp ÷ Raffinose

Classification
Reducing Nonreducing
Reduces Tollen’s reagent Do not reduce T.R
F.R
Fehling’s reagent
B.R
Benedict’s reagent Exp ÷ Sucrose
Exp ÷ (i) Monosac like Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
(ii) Disac like maltose, lactose etc.

Classification of Monosaccharides
No. of ‘C’ atoms Ald Ket

3 Aldotriose Ketotriose

4 Aldotetrose Ketotetrose

5 Aldopentose Ketopentose

6 Aldohexose Ketohexose
MOP of Glucose
(1) From sucrose (2) From starch
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
+
H3O
H3O+ (C6H10O5)n nC6H12O6
C12H22O11 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Glucose
Cane sugar (+) (–)
(+) (d) dextro (l) laevo
(d) dextro

d l

Inversion of cane sugar

n
Chemical R×
+ –
(1) R×n with H C N (2)
n
R× with HI/Red P
OH H H
+ H CH == O
H C = O– C – CN
* H H
H OH H OH
H OH
H H
HO H HO H
+ – HO H H
HC N
H
H OH H OH n-hexane
H H OH
H
H OH H OH H H OH
CH2OH CH2OH H
CH2 – OH
H H

n n
(3) R× with NH2OH (4) R× with acetic anhydride

H C = O H2 NOH CH = NOH O O
–
H OH H OH CHO CH3–C–O–C–CH3
+
– +
H OH
HO H HO H
+ –
+ –
AC – O – AC CHO
HO H
H OH H OH Excess
– + (CHOAc)4
H OH
H OH H OH
– +
CH2OAc
CH2OH CH2OH H OH
– + Glucose
Glucose oxime CH2OH
penta acetate

(5) R×n with Br2 + H2O (6) R×n with Conc � HNO3

CHO COOH CHO COOH

H OH H OH H OH H OH

HO H HO H HO H HO H
Conc.

H OH H OH H OH HNO3 H OH

H OH H OH H OH H OH
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH COOH
Gluconic acid Glucharic acid
Conc � HNO3
or
Saccharic acid

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Biomolecules
(7) Osazone formation
Reagent→Phenyl hydrazine Ph–NH–NH2

CH=O H2 N–NHPh CH=N–NHPh CH=N–NHPh CH=N–NHPh

H OH HO OH O H2 NNHPh N–NHPh
HO H HO H HO H HO H
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol
H OH PhNHNH2 H OH PhNH–NH2 H OH PhNHNH2 H OH
H H

H OH H OH H OH H OH

CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

+ Osazone
.
P.S.S Total no. of moles of PhNH2 (Glucosazone)
PhNHNH2 used = 3 +
NH3

Important points in the fav. of cyclic structure

1. Glucose does not give NaHSO3 test
2. Glucose does not give Schiff’s test
3. Glucose penta acetate does not react with NH2OH

Cyclic Structure of Glucose

6
CH2OH
1 5
H–C–OH O
H H
2 H
H OH
3 4 1
+ *CH–OH HO H OH H
CH=O – 4
H OH HO OH
3 2
H OH H OH H 5 O
HO H HO H 6 H OH
H OH H OH CH2OH
– + α-D-(+)-Glucopyranose
H OH H O 1
OH–C– H 6
CH2OH CH2OH 2 CH2OH
H OH
5
HO 3 H O
4 H OH
H OH H
Pyran 5
H O 4 1
O OH H
6 HO
CH2OH 3 2 H

H OH
β-D-(+)-Glucopyranose
Important Points
1. Muta rotation
α β
Equi of α & β-isomer

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Organic Chemistry
 2. α and β isomers are C1 anomers (anomers are diastereomers)
3. Total no. of chiral carbons in cyclic structure of glucose = 5

Cyclic Structure of Fructose

1
6 CH2OH
1
CH2OH O
2
HOCH2–C–OH
5 2
HO 3 H
CH2OH CH2OH H H OH OH
H 4 OH
– 4
+ O * OH H 5 O (α–) 3
HO H HO H 6CH OH
2 OH H
H OH H OH
– + α-D-(-)- fructofuranose
H OH H O 2 1
6 OH
CH2OH
HO–C–CH2OH CH2OH O
CH2OH
HO 3 H 5 2
H 4 OH
H H HO CH2OH
H 5 O (β–)
1
furan 4
6CH OH 3
2
O OH H
β-D-(-)-fructofuranose
Important points
1. Muta rotation
α β
Equi of α & β-isomer
2. α and β isomers are C1 anomers (anomers are diastereomers)
3. Total no of chiral carbons in cyclic structure of fructose = 4

Cyclic Structure of Sucrose:

–H2O
α-D-Glucose & β–D-fructose sucrose

OH OH mono –O– mono

sac sac
OH
O Glycosidic
O OH O
linkage at
C1 and C2
CH2OH CH2OH

Cyclic Structure of Maltose

α-D-glucose + α–D–glucose
H H H H
O O O O
1 4
OH HO O
Glycosidic linkage at C1 and C4

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Biomolecules
Cyclic Structure of Lactose
β-D-galactose + β–D–glucose
HO O OH H O OH HO O H O OH
O
H H HO H H H H
Glycosidic linkage at
C1 and C4
Cyclic Structure of Starch
1. Amylose
Linear polymer of a-D–glucose
All glycosidic linkages are present at C1 and C4
H O H H O H H O H

HO OH OH OH HO OH

H O H H O H H O H

O O O O

2. Amylopectin
Branched polymer
Glycosidic linkages are present at C1 and C4 and Branching at C6
O H

OH
CH2–OH CH2OH CH2OH
H O H H O H H O H
H H H
HO OH OH OH HO OH

CH2O– CH2O– CH2O–

H O H H O H H O H
H H H
O O O O

Difference Between Amylose and Amylopectin

Amylose Amylopectin
1. Linear polymer 1. Branched polymer

2. 15–20% starch 2. 80-85% starch

3. Water soluble 3. Water insoluble

4. Glycosidic linkage at C1 and C4 4. Glycosidic linkage at C1 and C4 and branch at C6

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Organic Chemistry
Cyclic Structure of Cellulose
Linear polymer of β-D-Glucose All glycosidic linkages are present at C1 and C4

H O OH OH
H O OH H O

HO H HO H HO
H

O H
O H
O O
O
O O
H

Super Trick to Remember All Monosaccharides

CHO
D-Glyceraldehyde
ALDOTRIOSE OH

CH2OH
ALDOTETROSE
CHO H OH CHO
H OH HO H HO H
Erythro
H OH Threo H OH

CH2OH CH2OH
Erythro Threo
ALDOPENTOSE

H OH HO H H OH HO H
Ribose Arabinose Xylose Lyxose

CHO CHO
CHO CHO
H OH HO H H OH
H OH HO H
H OH HO H
H OH HO H
H OH
H OH
CH 2 OH H OH
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
ALDOHEXOSE

H OH HO H H OH HO H H OH HO H H OH HO H
CHO CHO CHO CHO CHO CHO CHO CHO
OH HO H H OH HO H H OH H H OH HO H
H HO
OH H OH HO H HO H H OH H OH HO H HO H
H
OH H OH H OH HO H HO HO H HO H
H OH H H
OH H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH
H
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
Allose Altrose Glucose Mannose Gulose Iodose Galactose Talose

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Biomolecules
 G 4. Benedict’s Test (for reducing sugar)
GET
E T aq CuSO4 + Sodium citrate
COONa
R A X L
Rekha Amitabh Ka Lafda HO C CH2COONa

A A G m G I G T CH2COONa

aag main Bill Gates and O Bama

Girgit
Blue Green Orange Brick
Red
TEST
No sugar Small Moderate Large
1. Molisch Test (For carbohydrates) sugar sugar sugar
5. Tollen’s Test (for reducing sugar)
α–naphthol + EtOH
T�R AgNO3 + NH4OH
OH
Carbohydrates –CHO –COO–
Ag+ Ag
H2SO4 ppt
6. Fehling’s Test (for reducing sugar)
Purple ring at the junction of two liq
aq CuSO4 + NaKT
COONa
Monosacch fast purple
di & polysac slow CHOH

2. Seliwanoff's Test (for ketose) CHOH

Resorcinol + HCl COOK

OH Sodium potassium
tartarate
Ketose like fructose
OH –CHO COO–
Cu2+ Cu2O
Cherry Red ppt
Red ppt
for difference of Aldose and ketose
7. Iodine Test (for starch)
3. Barfoed Test (for monosaccharides) I2
Starch Blue-Black colouration
CuSO4 + CH3COOH due to adsorption of iodine

monosac PROTEINS
Red/Brown ppt
α-amino acids
+1
— COOH
2+
Cu Cu2O Based on R R—CH—
Red Brown NH2
1. if R contains COOH Acidic amino acid

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Organic Chemistry
2. If R contains NH2 basic amino acids
3. If R neither contain COOH nor NH2 Neutral amino acids

Importance of α-amino acids

Three letter symbol Name Structure
NH
Tyr Tyrosine – 2
HO CH2–CH
COOH
NH2
Ser Serine –
HO–CH2–CH
COOH
NH
Gly Glycine – 2
H–CH
COOH
NH
Ala Alanine – 2
Me–CH
COOH
NH
Phe Phenyl alanine – 2
Ph–CH2–CH
COOH
NH2
Val Valine –
Me2CH–CH
COOH
NH
Leu Leucine – 2
Me2CH–CH2–CH
COOH
NH
– 2
Ile Isoleucine Et–CH–CH
COOH
–

Me
NH
Lys Lysine – 2
H2N–(CH2)4–CH
COOH
NH
Asp Aspartic acid – 2
HOOC–CH2–CH
COOH
NH
Glu Glutamic acid – 2
HOOC–CH2–CH2–CH
COOH
NH
NH
– 2
–
–

Arg Arginine H2N–C–NH–(CH2)3–CH

COOH
Guanidine

Zwitter ion +
NH2 (Basic)
NH3
— —
(Dipolar ion)
R–CH— R–CH—
NH2 NH2 (Basic) COOH+(Acidic) COO–
Sulphonation (Zwitter ion)

Depending upon the pH of solution zwitter ion

SO3H+(Acidic) exist in 3 different forms
+
NH3 NH2 NH3
+
NH3
+

R–CH – –
R–CH – –
R–CH –
COO COO COOH
(Zwitter ion)
SO–
3

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Biomolecules
 Prop
+ +
H H
Anionic form Zwitter Cationic
OH ionic form OH form
COOH
pH ↓ es
High pH Intermediate pH Low pH 1. Belongs to L family H2N H

. r Aaj katreena R
pe
P.S.S Su ick
tr
Anionic Zwitter Cation 2. Glycine is only optically inactive α-amino acids.

High Inter Low pH

* # α-amino acid is
Hill station par hai α-amino acid R—CH—COOH
the monomer of

—
NH2 protein
Calculation of pH of Zwitter ion
# There are
Case I: Neutral amino acid 23-natural
NH3
+
pKa1
occuring
R–CH – –
given α-amino acids
COO pKa2

pKa1 + pKa2 3. High M.P. and B.P.

pH =
2

+ Ala–Gly
NH pKa1 = 4.8
– 3
Q. R–CH
COO– pKa2 = 1.2 OH H

pH =
4.8 + 1.2
=
6
= 3 H2N–CH–COOH–HNH–CH2–COOH
2 2
Me
Case II: For acidic amino acid
+ H2N–CH–C–NH–CH2–COOH
NH3 pKa1
R–CH – – Me O Peptide
– COO pKa2
COO linkage
pKa3

pKa2 + pKa3 Ala–Gly–Val

pH =
2
OH H OH H
Case III: For basic amino acid
+
NH3 pKa1 O
R–CH – CHMe2
+
–
COO pKa2 H2N–CH–C–OH+HNH–CH2–C–OH
NH3
pKa3 + HNH–CH
Me O
pKa1 + pKa2 COOH
pH = –2H2O
2
O O
M.O.P H2N–CH–C–NH–CH2–C–NH–CH–CHMe2
Strecker's synthesis
Me COOH
+ –
+ NH4CN – +
PROTEINS
–
C=O C–O NH4
CN –H2O Globular and Fibrous are 2 main types of proteins
+
α H3O with a 3D structure
C–NH2 C–NH2
COOH CN

202
Organic Chemistry
 Fibrous Globular
Molecules Long, thin Lies side by side to form fibres Fold into spherical 3-D shape
Examples  Keratin (in hair)  Haemoglobin
 Collagen (in skin and bone)  Insulin
 Enzymes
Solubility in Insoluble Soluble
water
Roles Structual Metabolic
 Collagen in bone and cartilage  Enzymes in all organisms
 Keratin in fingernails and hair  Plasma proteins, antibodies in
mammals

STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11

(a) Primary structure Chain of amino acids

Hydrogen A1 A2 A3 A4
Bonds
A2 A6 A10 A7 A6 A5
=O–HN–
A1 A5 A9
A3 A7 A11 A8 A9 A10 A11
Alpha helix
A4 A8
β-pleated sheet
α-helix (b) Secondary structure (pleated sheet)

4 Heme

Heme units

Heme

Denaturation of Proteins

heat

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Biomolecules
NUCLEIC ACID
DNA
cell Nucleus chromosome

Ribose
Pentose Deoxyribose
sugar HOCH2 O OH HOCH2 O OH
Nucleic
H H 1′ H H 1′
acid 2′ H H 2′ H
nitrogenous H OH H
OH OH
base β-D-Ribose
Derivative of Derivative
purine pyrimidine
phosphate
N
ester N N
Tri
mono N NH N
O
O
di
RO—P—OR O HO—P—OR

OR HO—P—OR OH

OR

NUCLEIC ACID d)
aci
ic cleic
ni ne n ucle ) onu Uracil
Ade ribo acid (Ri
b
D e oxy
(
DNA RNA
Cytosine
Thymine Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine Guanine
AGC T DNA
U RNA
Nucleotides join together through 3′ and 5′ phosphate linkage to give polynucleotides, which further
forms nucleic acid.
Purine Pyrimidine

A G C T U
NH2 NH2 O
O O
Me
N
N N NH
N NH NH

O N O N
NH N NH O N
N NH2
H H
H

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Organic Chemistry
 5'
Base
Phosphate CH2 O
1'
4'
Nucleotide
H
H 3' 2'

OH OH

Sugar

VITAMINS Enzymes
Fat soluble vitamins KEDA Catalyst
Fat
Vitamin A (Retinol)
1. Catalyse the R×n in body.
Vitamin K
2. Small quantity can do millions of the R×n.
Vitamin E
3. Also known as biochemical catalyst
Vitamin D
4.
B key
Water Water Soluble Vitamins
soluble Vitamin: Name: R+E E
C product + E
B1 Thiamine lock R
B2 Riboflaviin Complex
B3 Niacin Exp maltase
Maltose Glucose
B5 Pantothenic Acid
B6 Pyridoxine
B7 Biotin
B9 Folate
B12 Cobalamin
C Ascorbic Acid

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hai...
Samajdar log to sirf unke bare mai padte
hai .

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Biomolecules