The Electromagnetic Spectrum,

Wavelength, and Frequency

1. Identify and order different regions of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
2. Identify the wavelength range and order of colors for the
visible light range.
3. Define the terms wavelength and frequency.
4. Convert between wavelength and frequency.
 Wavelength and Frequency of Waves
Chp. 3.2

Wavelength (l) – distance between identical points on

successive waves.
Units – nm (10-9 m), Å (10-10 m), pm (10-12 m)
Frequency (u) – number of wavelengths that pass through a
particular point in one second.
Units – Hz (s-1)
 Waves
Chp. 3.2

1. Which wave has the higher frequency?

2. Which wave has the longer wavelength?

A)

B)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Chp. 3.2

red violet
 Visible Spectrum
Chp. 3.2

V I B G Y O R
 Waves
Chp. 3.2

In a vacuum, electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light

(c = 2.9979 x 108 m/s)
ln = c

How are wavelength and frequency related?

A) Wavelength and frequency are directly proportional.
B) Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional.
 Visible Spectrum
Chp. 3.2

Which light has the higher frequency: the bright red brake
light of an automobile or the faint green light of a distant
signal?

A) bright red

B) faint green
 Waves
Chp. 3.2

A laser produces red light of wavelength 632.8 nm. Calculate

the frequency, in Hertz, of this light. (c = 2.99 x 108 m/s)

a) 2.11 x 10-6

b) 4.72 x 105

c) 2.11 x 10-15

d) 4.72 x 1014

e) 2.99 x 108
 The Photoelectric Effect,
Energy, and Photons
1. Describe the relationship between energy, frequency, and
wavelength of electromagnetic radiation.
2. Calculate the energy of a photon from either wavelength or
frequency.
3. Describe the photoelectric effect experiment performed by
Einstein.
4. Describe evidence for the quantized nature of energy
associated with electrons.
 The Energy Associated with Radiation
Chp. 3.3
Energy, frequency and wavelength are related.
h = 6.63 x 10-34 J•s

E = hn = hc/l

Max Planck observed that the energy associated with

electromagnetic radiation emitted from hot objects is quantized
(only certain energies are observed). This observation
represented a challenge to classical theories of physics.
 The Photoelectric Effect
Chp. 3.3

E = hn = Ebinding + Ekinetic

Einstein describes light as behaving like both a particle, or photon, and

wave whilst observing the photoelectric effect. The energy required to eject
electrons from the surface of a metal, or binding energy, is dependent on
the identity of the metal.
 Energy and the Particulate Nature of Light
Chp. 3.3

Light can behave as a particle (photon) or a wave. Energy,

frequency and wavelength are related. h = 6.63 x 10-34 J•s

Ephoton = hn = hc/l

Waves

Photons
 Energy, Frequency and Wavelength
Chp. 3.3

Ephoton = hn = hc/l

Draw the energy trend for the electromagnetic spectrum. How are
wavelength and energy related?
A) Wavelength and energy are directly proportional.
B) Wavelength and energy are inversely proportional.
 Energy, Frequency and Wavelength
Chp. 3.3

Ephoton = hn = hc/l

Draw the energy trend for the electromagnetic spectrum. How are
wavelength and energy related?
A) Wavelength and energy are directly proportional.
B) Wavelength and energy are inversely proportional.
 Binding Energy
Chp. 3.3

Molybdenum metal must absorb radiation with a minimum

frequency of 1.09 x 1015 s-1 before it can emit an electron from its
surface via the photoelectric effect. What is the minimum energy
required to produce this effect? (h = 6.63 x 10-34 J×s)

A) 6.08 x 10-49 J

B) 1.98 x 10-25 J

C) 1.81 x 10-40 J

D) 7.23 x 10-19 J
 Binding Energy
Chp. 3.3
Electrons are ejected when either blue or green light is shone on the
surface of a metal. No electrons are emitted in the presence of
yellow light. Which of the following statements is true?

a. The electrons ejected by the blue light have a higher kinetic energy.

b. It is expected that electrons will be emitted in the presence of red

light.

c. The electrons ejected by the green light have a higher kinetic

energy.

d. The electrons ejected by green and blue light have equal kinetic
energies.

e. It is expected that electrons will not be emitted in the presence of

violet light.
 Atomic Emission and
Absorption Spectra
1. Describe emission and absorption spectra.
2. Describe the Bohr model of the atom.
3. Explain emission and absorption spectra in the context of the
Bohr model of the atom.
 Emission and Absorption Spectra
Chp. 3.4

prism
 Line Spectra
Chp. 3.4

Light is emitted from samples of excited gas. The emitted light is

quantized. Each element has its own characteristic line spectrum.
Classical physics can’t explain line spectra (quantization) or the
photoelectric effect (dual nature of light).
 Flame Analysis
Chp. 3.4

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Na K Li
 The Bohr Model of the Atom
Chp. 3.4

lowest energy level

is closest to the nucleus

3
2
1 2 3
1

nucleus

quantized orbits (energy levels)

that electrons can occupy
The Bohr Model of the Atom
Chp. 3.4

absorption emission
 The Bohr Model of the Atom
Chp. 3.4

hydrogen absorption spectrum hydrogen emission spectrum

 Electronic Structure
Chp. 3.4

Ground State - lowest possible energy configuration.

Excited State - electron occupies a higher energy level.

excited
state

ground
state

Absorption = ground state ® excited state

Emission = excited state ® ground state
 Electronic Structure
Chp. 3.4

Emission and absorption wavelengths can be calculated using

E = hn = hc/l

E656nm
(N=3 to N=2)
The Bohr Model of the Atom (1913)
Chp. 3.4

En = -Rhcn-2
The potential energy of an electron is
negative
As n increases energy of electron
becomes more positive.
As n increases the gap between n and
n+1 decreases.
 The Bohr Model of the Atom (1913)
Chp. 3.4
Of the following transitions in the Bohr hydrogen atom, the __________
transition results in the absorption of the highest-energy photon.

A. n = 1 → n = 6

B. n = 6 → n = 1

C. n = 6 → n = 3

D. n = 3 → n = 6

E. n = 1 → n = 4
 The Bohr Model of the Atom (1913)
Chp. 3.4

A mercury atom emits light at many wavelengths, two of which are 435.8
nm and 546.1 nm. Both of these transitions are to the n = 1 level. One of
the wavelengths is green and the other is indigo. Identify the color of
each emission line.

Which wavelength must correspond to the indigo colored line?

A. 435.8 nm

B. 546.1 nm
 The Bohr Model of the Atom (1913)
Chp. 3.4
Transitions from excited states to the n=2 energy level of the hydrogen atom
result in the emission of red, green, indigo and violet photons. Which of the
following statements about the electronic transitions in the hydrogen atom is
true?

a. Another series of transitions from excited states to the n=1 level of the
hydrogen atom are just outside of the visible range. These transitions are
therefore in the infrared region.

b. When the electron in an excited state of the hydrogen atom emits a red
photon, it has returned to the ground state.

c. The visible transitions in the hydrogen atom include n=3 to n=2, n=4 to
n=2, n=5 to n=2 and n=6 to n=2. The indigo photon represents the n=5 to
n=2 transition.

d. Of the colored photons described above, the violet photon has the lowest
frequency.
 The Wavelike Behavior of
Matter
1. Describe the wave-like behavior of matter.
2. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength for a moving object.
 The Wave-Like Behavior of Matter
Chp. 3.5

Can matter exhibit the properties of a wave?

Standing Waves
 The Wave-Like Behavior of Matter
Chp. 3.5

Can electrons exhibit the properties of a wave?

mismatch

allowed electron ‘orbit’ forbidden electron ‘orbit’

 The Wave-Like Behavior of Matter
Chp. 3.5
h
de Broglie Wavelength l = mv

allowed

not allowed
Louis de Broglie

The de Broglie wavelength and the mass of an object are

___________ proportional.
A) directly B) inversely
 Electron Microscopy

CO on Platinum Fe on Cu
CO man symbol for atom

h
de Broglie Wavelength l = mv pollen
 Electron Microscopy
The electron microscope has been widely used to obtain highly
magnified images of biological and other types of materials. When
an electron is accelerated through a particular potential field, it
attains a speed of 9.38 x 106 m/s. What is the characteristic
wavelength of this electron? Is the wavelength comparable to
the size of atoms (10-10 m)? The mass of an electron is
9.1094 x 10-31 kg. (h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js = 6.63 x 10-34 kgm2/s)
 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Chp. 3.6

If an electron is wavelike, how does one describe its position?

h
(Dx) (Dmv) ³
4p
The momentum and the position of an electron cannot be
simultaneously determined.

The relative uncertainty in position for light objects is very large

whereas the uncertainty in position for heavy objects is small.
Quantum Mechanics, Quantum
Numbers, and Orbitals
1. Describe the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
2. Define the terms electron density and orbital.
3. Explain what each of the four quantum numbers, n, l, ml, ms
represents.
4. Draw representations of s, p, and d orbitals.
5. Assign 4 quantum numbers to any electron in an atom.
 Quantum Mechanics
Chp. 3.6

Erwin Schrödinger developed a mathematical

treatment into which both the wave and particle
nature of matter could be incorporated.

The wave equation, y, includes radial and angular parts.

The square of the wave equation, y2, gives a probability

density map of where an electron has a certain statistical
likelihood of being at any given instant in time.
 Quantum Numbers
Chp. 3.7
The solution to the Schrödinger equation is a series of wave functions
and their corresponding energies. Wave functions, or orbitals,
describe the specific distribution of electron density in space.
Orbitals can be described by three quantum numbers n, l, ml

Principal Quantum Number n - Defines the energy level of the

orbital.
rule: n = 1,2,3,…

n
 Quantum Numbers
Chp. 3.7
The solution to the Schrödinger equation is a series of wave functions
and their corresponding energies. Wave functions, or orbitals,
describe the specific distribution of electron density in space.
Orbitals can be described by three quantum numbers n, l, ml

Azimuthal Quantum Number l- Defines the shape of the orbital.

rule: l= 0,1,2,3,…n-1; l=0 s, l=1 p l=2 d)

s orbital p orbital d orbital

 Quantum Numbers
Chp. 3.7
The solution to the Schrödinger equation is a series of
wave functions and their corresponding energies. Wave
functions, or orbitals, describe the specific distribution of
electron density in space.
Orbitals can be described by three quantum numbers n, l, ml

Magnetic Quantum Number ml - Defines the orientation of the

orbital.
rule: ml = -l,…,-2,-1,0,1,2,…,l
 Quantum Numbers
Chp. 3.7
The solution to the Schrödinger equation is a series of
wave functions and their corresponding energies. Wave
functions, or orbitals, describe the specific distribution of
electron density in space.
Orbitals can be described by three quantum numbers n, l, ml

Magnetic Quantum Number ml - Defines the orientation of the

orbital.
rule: ml = -l,…,-2,-1,0,1,2,…,l

px py pz
 Quantum Numbers
Chp. 3.7
The solution to the Schrödinger equation is a series of
wave functions and their corresponding energies. Wave
functions, or orbitals, describe the specific distribution of
electron density in space.
Orbitals can be described by three quantum numbers n, l, ml

Magnetic Quantum Number ml - Defines the orientation of the

orbital.
rule: ml = -l,…,-2,-1,0,1,2,…,l

dxy dyz dxz dx2-y2 dz2

 Quantum Numbers
Chp. 3.7
The solution to the Schrödinger equation is a series of
wave functions and their corresponding energies. Wave
functions, or orbitals, describe the specific distribution of
electron density in space.
Orbitals can be described by three quantum numbers n, l, ml
Principal Quantum Number n - Defines the energy level of the
orbital. (n = 1,2,3,…)

Azimuthal Quantum Number l- Defines the shape of the orbital.

(l= 0,1,2,3,…n-1; l=0 s, l=1 p l=2 d)

Magnetic Quantum Number ml - Defines the orientation of the

orbital.
(ml = -l,…,-2,-1,0,1,2,…,l)
 Quantum Numbers
Chp. 3.8

n l ml orbitals

3
Orbitals
Chp. 3.7
 Quantum Numbers
Chp. 3.8

1. The n = 1 shell contains __________ p orbitals. All the other shells

contain __________ p orbitals.

A. 3, 6
B. 0, 3
C. 3, 3
D. 0, 6

2. How many orbitals in the n=3 energy level have ml = 1?

A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
Orbitals
Chp. 3.8

nodes
 Many Electron Atoms
Chp. 3.8, 4.2

Many of these lines are actually doublets, therefore orbitals

can be doubly populated.
 Electron Spin
Chp. 3.8, 4.2

Electrons behave as tiny spheres rotating on an axis.

as a spinning charge they produce a magnetic field. Electron
spin is quantized.

Spin magnetic quantum number ms - Describes the electron

spin.
rule: ms = +1/2, -1/2
 Quantum Numbers
Chp. 3.8, 4.2
Four quantum numbers n, l, ml, and ms are required to describe an
electron.Up to two electrons can occupy one atomic orbital. When an
orbital is doubly occupied the electrons have opposite spins.

n l ml ms
electron 1

electron 2
1s orbital
allowed config.
n l ml ms
electron 1

electron 2
1s orbital
forbidden config.

Pauli Exclusion Principle – no two electrons in the same atom

can have the same 4 quantum numbers.
 Quantum Numbers
Chp. 3.8, 4.2
1. Which one of the following represents an acceptable set of quantum
numbers (n, l, ml, and ms) for an electron in an atom?

A. 2, 2, -1, -1/2
B. 1, 0, 0, 1/2
C. 3, 3, 3, 1/2
D. 5, 4,- 5, 1/2
E. 3, 3, 3, -1/2
2. How many electrons in an atom can have the following quantum numbers:
n = 3, ml = -1?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
 Orbital Diagrams
1. Identify the types of orbitals found in each energy
level of an atom.
2. Arrange orbitals in a given energy level of an atom
from lowest energy to highest energy.
3. Identify the s, p, d, and f orbital blocks in the
periodic table.
Orbital Energies
Chp. 3.8, 4.2

n=1 < n=2 < n=3

 Orbital Energies
Chp. 3.8, 4.2

In multielectron atoms the electrons in p orbitals are shielded from the

nucleus by electrons in s orbitals and the electrons in d orbitals are
shielded from the nucleus by electrons in s and p orbitals.

p
s d

ns< np < nd < nf

Orbital Energies
Chp. 3.8, 4.2

Degenerate orbitals are

orbitals with the same energy.
4s and 3d orbitals are
essentially degenerate.
 Electron Configuration
Chp. 3.8, 4.2

Number denoting the

energy level.

4p 5 Letter denoting the type of

orbital.

Superscript denoting the

number of electrons in
those orbitals.
 Orbital Diagrams
Chp. 3.8, 4.2

Each box represents one

orbital.

Half-arrows represent the

electrons.

The direction of the arrow

represents the spin of the
electron.
 Orbital Diagrams
Chp. 3.8, 4.2

Hund’s Rule - For degenerate orbitals, the lowest energy is

attained when the number of electrons with the same spin is
maximized.

2p orbitals 2p orbitals
 Electronic Configurations
1. Define the terms ground state electronic configuration and
excited state electronic configuration.
2. Write the electronic configuration for any main group element
in the periodic table.
3. Explain why the electronic configurations chromium and
copper are unusual.
4. Write the electronic configurations of ions.
5. Define the terms paramagnetic and diamagnetic.
6. Determine if an atom or ion is expected to be either
paramagnetic or diamagnetic.
Orbital Diagrams and Electronic Configurations
Chp. 4.3
1s 2s 2p
H __ __ __ __ __
He __ __ __ __ __
Li __ __ __ __ __
Be __ __ __ __ __
B __ __ __ __ __
C __ __ __ __ __
N __ __ __ __ __
O __ __ __ __ __
F __ __ __ __ __
Ne __ __ __ __ __
 Electron Configurations
Chp. 4.3
1. What is the correct ground state
electronic configuration for oxygen (O),
#8 in the periodic table?
A. 1s22s22p1
B. 1s22s22p23s2
C. 1s22s23s23p4
D. 1s22s22p4
2. What could be an excited state
electronic configuration for carbon (C),
#6 in the periodic table?

A. 1s22s22p2
B. 1s22s23s2
C. 1s42s2
D. 1s22s4
Condensed Electron Configurations
Chp. 4.3

[He]2s1

[He]2s2

[He]2s22p1
 Electron Configurations
Chp. 4.3
What is the correct condensed ground state electronic configuration for
silicon (Si), element #14?

A. [He]3s23p2
B. [Ne]3s23p2
C. [Ar]3p2
D. [Mg]3p2

E. [Ne]3p2
 Valence Electrons
Chp. 4.3

Group I Group VII

1 valence electron 7 valence electrons

H 1s1

Li [He] 2s1 F [He] 2s22p5

Na [Ne] 3s1 Cl [Ne] 3s23p5

K [Ar] 4s1 Br [Ar] 4s23d104p5

Rb [Kr] 5s1 I [Kr] 5s24d105p5

Valence Electrons - electrons in the outermost (n) orbitals.

 Electron Configurations
Chp. 4.3
How many valence electrons does selenium (Se), element #34, have?

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 6
E. 8
The Periodic Table
Chp. 4.3
 The Periodic Table
Chp. 4.3

Ne
P

Write the condensed shell electron configuration for phosphorus (P).

 The Periodic Table
Chp. 4.3

Kr
I

Write the condensed shell electron configuration for iodine (I).

 The Periodic Table
Chp. 4.3

Xe
Tl

Write the condensed shell electron configuration for thallium (Tl).

Transition Metals: Electron Configuration
Chp. 4.3
Cr 4s23d4 __ __ __ __ __ __ Cr 4s13d5
4s 3d
Cu 4s23d9 __ __ __ __ __ __ Cu 4s13d10
4s 3d
 Electron Configuration for Ions
Chp. 4.6

S __ __ __ __
Most ions have a more stable electron
configuration than the parent atom. In
many cases, that configuration is the
S2- __ __ __ __ same as that of the nearest noble gas.

Ca __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

Ca2+ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

Mn __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

Mn2+__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
 The Electron Configuration of Ions
Chp. 4.6
The electron configuration of the phosphide ion P3- is _______.
A) [Ne]3s2
B) [Ne]3s23p1
C) [Ne]3s23p3

D) [Ne]3s23p6
 The Electron Configuration of Ions
Chp. 4.6

The electron configuration Ni1+ is _______.

A) [Ar]4s23d7
B) [Ar]4s13d8

C) [Ar]3d7

D) [Ar]4s23d8
 Magnetism

Paramagnetic Materials – substances that are attracted to a

magnetic field. Paramagnetic molecules, ions, or elements always
have at least one unpaired electron.

Diamagnetic Materials – substances that are repelled by a magnetic

field. Diamagnetic molecules, ions, or elements have no unpaired
electrons.
 Magnetism
Chp. 4

Which of the following ions atoms is paramagnetic?

A) Na+

B) Cu2+

C)Zn2+

D) Cl-

E) S2-
 Periodic Trends
1. Define the terms atomic and ionic radii and describe trends in
relative radii size.
2. Define the term ionization energy and describe trends in
relative ionization potentials.
3. Define the term electron affinity and describe trends in
relative electron affinities.
 Atomic Radii
Chp. 4.4, 4.5

X2 molecule
Atomic Radii
Chp. 4.4, 4.5
 Atomic Radii
Chp. 4.4, 4.5

H
n=

Li Be B C N O F Ne
n= n= n= n= n= n= n= n=
p+ = p+ = p+ = p+ = p+ = p+ = p+ = p+ =

Na
n=
 Atomic Radii
Chp. 4.4, 4.5
Identify the larger of each of the two atoms in the following pairs.
I. Si or P II. Cs or Ca III. Pb or Sb
A) Si, Ca, Sb
B) P, Cs, Pb
C) Si, Cs, Pb
D) P, Ca, Sb
 Atomic Radii
Chp. 4.4, 4.5

Which two atoms are more similar in size?

K and Rb or N and O
A) K and Rb
B) N and O
 Ionic Radii
Chp. 4.7

Ionic radii follow the same general trends as atomic radii.

Cations are smaller than their parent atom.
Anions are larger than their parent atom.
 Ionic and Atomic Radii
Chp. 4.7

Which of the following atoms/ions has the smallest radius?

a. Mg2+

b. Na+

c. Ne

d. F-

e. O2-
 Ionization Energy
Chp. 4.5

• Amount of energy required to remove an electron

from the ground state of a gaseous atom or ion.

– First ionization energy is that energy required to

remove first electron.
– Second ionization energy is that energy required
to remove second electron.

IE1 Mg(g) ® Mg+(g) + e-

IE2 Mg+(g) ® Mg2+(g) + e-

 Ionization Energy
Chp. 4.5

Do you expect that atoms are more or less likely to loose electrons as you move
down a group of the periodic table?

A) More Likely (lower ionization energy) B) Less likely (higher ionization energy)
 Ionization Energy
Chp. 4.5

Do you expect that atoms are more or less likely to loose electrons as you move from
left to right across the periodic table?

A) More Likely (lower ionization energy) B) Less likely (higher ionization energy)
Ionization Energy
Chp. 4.5
Ionization Energy
Chp. 4.5

Li

Be

O
 Ionization Energy
Chp. 4.5

Which of the following elements would you expect to have the

highest ionization energy?

a. Mg

b. Li

c. K

d. Be

e. Ca
 Electron Affinity
Chp. 4.5

Electron Affinity - Energy change accompanying addition of

an electron to gaseous atom.

Cl(g) + e− ® Cl−(g)
 Electron Affinity
Chp. 4.5

Cl(g) + e− ® Cl−(g)

Do you expect that atoms are more or less likely to gain electrons as you move
across a period from left to right in the periodic table?

A) More Likely (higher affinity for e-) B) Less likely (lower affinity for e-)
 Ionization Energy
Chp. 4.5

Cl(g) + e− ® Cl−(g)

Do you expect that atoms are more or less likely to gain electrons as you move down
a group of the periodic table?

A) More Likely (higher affinity for e-) B) Less likely (lower affinity for e-)
 Electron Affinity
Chp. 4.5

Electron Affinity - Energy change accompanying addition of

an electron to gaseous atom.

Cl(g) + e− ® Cl−(g) Li

Be

Ne
 Electron Affinity
Chp. 4.5

Potassium (K), a ________ (metal/non-metal) , has a ________

(greater/lesser) affinity for electrons than bromine (Br), a
________ (metal/non-metal).
A) metal, greater, non-metal
B) non-metal, greater, metal
C) metal, lesser, non-metal
D) non-metal, lesser, metal
 Periodic Trends
Chp. 4.5
In general, as you go across a period in the periodic table from left to right:

(1) the atomic radius __________;

(2) the electron affinity becomes __________ negative; and
(3) the first ionization energy __________.

A) decreases, decreasingly, increases

B) increases, increasingly, decreases
C) increases, increasingly, increases
D) decreases, increasingly, increases
E) decreases, increasingly, decreases