ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING - I

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Environmental
Introduction
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed
Environmental
Clos and Plos
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed
Environmental
Clos and Plos
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed
Environmental
Clos and Plos
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed
Environmental
Clos and Plos
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed
Environmental
Clos and Plos
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed
Environmental
Text Book and
Engineering - I Reference books
Engr. Talha Ahmed
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

ENVIRONMENTAL CIVIL
VS
ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Civil Engineering:
Civil engineering is a professional discipline that deals with the design,
construction, and maintenance of the built environment. This includes
infrastructure such as roads, bridges, dams, buildings, airports, water supply
systems, and sewage treatment plants. Civil engineers work to ensure that these
structures are safe, sustainable, and meet the needs of society, often
integrating scientific principles with practical construction techniques.

Environmental Engineering:
A Environmental engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on
protecting and improving the natural environment by applying scientific
and engineering principles. Its goal is to minimize pollution, manage
waste, and ensure the sustainable use of natural resources.
Environmental engineers work on projects related to water and air quality,
waste management, soil remediation, and environmental impact
assessments.
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Ecology:
Ecology is the scientific study of the
interactions between living organisms
(plants, animals, microorganisms) and
their environment, which includes both
biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living)
components.

It explores how organisms interact with

each other and with physical elements
such as climate, soil, water, and
nutrients, focusing on the flow of energy
and matter within ecosystems.
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Environment Engineering:
Environmental Engineering involves design systems and processes that
protect human health and the environment
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Key areas in environmental engineering include:

1. Water and Wastewater Treatment: Design and implementation of systems to treat contaminated water and
wastewater, making it safe for reuse or discharge.

2.Air Quality Management: Development of technologies and strategies to reduce air pollution and mitigate its
effects on human health and ecosystems.

3.Solid Waste Management: Managing and minimizing waste through recycling, composting, landfilling, and
waste-to-energy solutions.

4.Environmental Impact Assessment: Evaluating the potential environmental consequences of development

projects, ensuring sustainable practices.

5.Sustainable Development: Integrating environmental sustainability into urban planning, construction, and
resource use to promote long-term ecological health.

6.Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Working on projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
develop adaptive strategies for dealing with climate change impacts.
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Environment Engineering
Environmental engineers typically do:

• Prepare, review, update, and present reports

on issues related to the environment.

• Design systems that protect the

environment, such as those to reclaim water
or to control air pollution.

• Obtain, update, and maintain plans, permits,

and standard operating procedures.
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Environmental Systems
• A regularly interacting or independent group of items forming a
unified whole as:

1. A group of interacting bodies under the influence of related

forces
2. A group of body functions that together perform one or
more vital functions
3. A group of related natural objects or forces
4. A group of devices or artificial objects or an organization
forming a network
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Environmental Systems
Characteristics of Environmental Systems
• All systems have some structure or organization

• They are all to some extent generalizations or idealizations of

the real world

• They all function in some way

• There are, therefore, functional as well as structural

relationships between the units
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Environmental Systems
Characteristics of Environmental Systems
• Function implies the flow and transfer of something

• Function requires the presence of some driving force, or source

of energy

• All systems show some degree of integration

 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Environmental Systems
Defining Environmental Systems
Systems are defined by boundaries that distinguish between the
elements of interest and the surroundings

Each element has a set of attributes, states or properties

Relationships define how the properties of two or more elements

relate to each other, the surroundings, or motivation
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Environmental Systems
Types of Environmental Systems
Isolated systems – no interaction with surroundings across the
system boundary. Only approximated under laboratory
conditions.

Closed systems – energy can be transferred across system

boundaries, but matter can not. These are rare.

Open systems – both matter and energy can be transferred

across boundary.
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Environmental Systems
System can be of any scale

• Global water cycle

• Continental watersheds
• Regional aquifer
• Lake
• Vadose zone of an irrigated plot
• Beaker in a titration experiment
• Raindrop
• Bacterial cell
• Monolayer of water on a particle surface
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Water Engineering
Water engineering is a specialized field of civil engineering that focuses on
the management, utilization, and conservation of water resources. It
encompasses various sub-disciplines such as:

• Water Supply Systems • GIS and Remote Sensing

• Flood Management and Control • Wastewater Treatment

• Irrigation Systems • Urban Drainage Systems

• Hydropower

• Integrated Water Resources Management

 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Sanitary Engineering
Sanitary engineering is a branch of civil engineering that focuses on public
health by ensuring the proper management and treatment of water,
wastewater, and solid waste.

It plays a crucial role in maintaining safe and clean environments by

reducing the spread of disease and ensuring access to clean water. Some
key aspects of sanitary engineering include:

• Water Treatment
• Wastewater Treatment
• Solid Waste Management
• Stormwater Management
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Sanitary Engineering
In sanitary engineering, various parameters are crucial for the design,
operation, and management of water, wastewater, and solid waste
systems. These parameters ensure the systems function efficiently while
protecting public health and the environment:

1. Water Quality Parameters

2. Chemical Parameters
3. Biological Parameters
4. Wastewater Parameters
5. Stormwater and Urban Drainage Parameters
6. Solid Waste Management Parameters
7. Environmental and Public Health Parameters
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Sewerage System Design

Submittal Requirements
for
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Variation in Sewage Flow

Like Water Supply the sewage flow varies from time to time
since the sewers must be able to accommodate the max.
rate of flow the variation in sewage flow need to studied

Typical hourly distribution of sewage flow

 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Variation in Sewage Flow

HERMAN FORMULA:
is used to estimate the ratio of max. to avg. flow

𝑄 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 14
M= =1+
𝑄 avg. 4 +√𝑃

Where,
P = Pop. in 1000
M = Peak Factor
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Variation in Sewage Flow

Water Supply & Sanitation Agency(WASA), Lahore consider the following
relationship for sewer design
Average Flow (m3/day) Peak Factor
< 2500 4
2500-5000 3.4
5000-10000 3.1
10000-25000 2.7
25000-50000 2.5
50000-100000 2.3
100000-250000 2.15
>500000 2
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Peak factor-Numerical
• If a sewage flow monitored from a subdivision was measured
at 8,640,000 L for a 24 hours period and the measured flow
rate at the time of peak usage was 0.22m3/s.
• Calculate the peaking factor for above mentioned subdivison.

Solution
• 8640000 L = 8640000 * 0.001 m3 (1 Litre = 10-3 m3)
• Average flow = 8640/(24*60*60)= 0.1 m3 /s
• M= Qmax/Qavg. = 0.22/0.1 = 2.2
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Sewage Numerical
The residential area of a city has a population density of 15000
persons/ Km2 and an area of 120,000 m2. If the average water
consumption in 400 lpcd.

Find the average sewage flow and the maximum sewage flow
that can be excepted in m3/day.
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Sewage Numerical
•Population density=15000persons/km2 = 0.015 Persons/m2
•Area = 120,000m2
•Average water consumption= 400 lpcd
•Average sewage flow=?
•Max. sewage flow=?

Solution:
Population=population density x area = 0.015 x 120,000 = 1800
Average water consumption= (Population x lpcd)/ 1000
= (1800 x 400)/1000
= 720 m3/day
Assume 80% sewage flow
• Average sewage flow = 0.80 x avg. water consumption = 0.80 x 720 = 576 m3/day
• Maximum sewage flow = peak factor x average sewage flow
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Sewage Numerical
•Population density=15000persons/km2 = 0.015 Persons/m2
•Area = 120,000m2
•Average water consumption= 400 lpcd
•Average sewage flow=?
•Max. sewage flow=?

Solution:
Assume 80% sewage flow
• Average sewage flow = 0.80 x avg. water consumption = 0.80 x 720 = 576 m3/day
• Maximum sewage flow = peak factor x average sewage flow
14
Peak factor by using Herman formula 1 +
4+ 𝑃
• Peak factor= 3.62
• Maximum sewage flow= 3.62 * 576 = 2085.6 m3/day
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Design Period and Use of Sewage Flow Data

1. Design of Sewer System

Period of design is indefinite as the system is designed to care for the
maximum development of area which it serves.

- Use of Qmax (maximum flow) for sewer design

- Use of Qmin (minimum flow) to check velocities during low flow
 Environmental
INTRODUCTION
Engineering - I Engr. Talha Ahmed

Design Period and Use of Sewage Flow Data

2. Design of sewage pumping station
- Design period is usually 10 years
- We consider average daily flow, peak and minimum flow
including infiltration

3. Design of sewage treatment plants

- Design period is usually 15-20 years,
- Require data of average flow , infiltration , peak flow
DETAILED DESIGN
WILL BE DISCUSSED
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING-II