LAN Technologies

Basic Concepts
Types of networks
 LAN: Local Area Network- Small
network limited up to 100mts.
 MAN: Metropolitan Area Network-
Medium range. Can cover whole city or
to other cities.
 WAN: Wide Area Network- Global
network.
 What is LAN?
 In general terms, LAN (Local Area Network) refers to a
group of computers interconnected into a network so
that they are able to communicate, exchange
information and share resources (e.g. printers,
application programs, database etc).
 Each computer in a LAN can effectively send and
receive any information addressed to it. This
information is in the form of data 'packets'. The
standards followed to regularize the transmission of
packets, are called LAN standards.
The Three Entities
 Servers: They provide services.
 Clients: They request for the services.
 Peers: They can do both.
SERVER CLIENT

CLIENT1 CLIENT2 CLIENT3 CLIENT

Client-Server Model Peer-Peer Model

The Server
 This is the Computer with higher grade
configuration having (NOS) Network
Operating System. E.g Windows 2000,
Windows XP Prof., Linux. Etc.
 The system is designed to take multiple
requests from the Clients and to
coordinate the sharing of various
related services to them.
Server
Services in the Network
 File services
 File transfer
 File storage & data migration
 File update
 File archiving
 Print Services
 Queue print request
 Share printers
 Handle simultaneous requests
 Fax services
 Message Services
 Pass digital messages to the computers in the network.
 Handle e-mail & voice-mail effectively
 Application Services
 Allow clients to share or use different related softwares & resources.
 Allow users to use hardware features.
 Database Services
 Share & use data
 Store & manage data
 Replicate or migrate data
 Computer Network Models
 Centralized network
 Server Centric. SERVER

 Main Frame architecture.

 Dumb Clients
 Slow service
 High security
DUMB DUMB DUMB
CLIENT1 CLIENT2 CLIENT3
 Computer Network Models
 Distributed network
 Intelligent Clients SERVER
 Can use any resources
 Can communicate with each
others
 Fast services
 Medium security

CLIENT1 CLIENT2 CLIENT3

 Computer Network Models
 Collaborated network
SERVER1 SERVER2
 More than one server PUNE
MUMBAI
 More than one networks
can communicate
 Used for MAN or WAN
 Fastest services
 Low security

CLIENT A CLIENT B CLIENT C

MAN
Centralized Network
Topologies
 Bus Topology : LANs use a bus topology, in which devices
connect directly to the backbone at both the physical and
logical levels . This type of LAN is very easy to use and cheap
to implement, but the problem is to troubleshoot and maintain.
 Star Topology : In this topology , a individual twisted pair or
fiber optic cable is coming from each node and terminating at
central network concentrator as hub/switch.The star wiring
simplifies LAN administration and maintenance.
 Token Ring Topology : Stations on a Token Ring network
attach to the network using a multi-station access unit (MAU )
through UTP/STP cable. Although the Token Ring is logically a
ring, physically it is a star, with devices radiating from each
MAU .
Topologies
Topologies
Topologies
Physical networks examples

Bus Topology Mix Topology

Physical networks examples
Physical networks examples
 Essentials for LAN

 Network Devices such as Workstations, Printers, File Servers

which are normally accessed by all other computers.
 Network Communication Devices i.e. devices such as hubs,
routers, switches etc., used for network operations
 Network Interface Cards (NIC’s) for each network device
required to access the network .
 Cable as a physical transmission medium.
 Network Operating System - software applications required to
control the use of the network LAN standards.
NIC
 Network Communication devices
 Repeater : A Device that amplifies and regenerates signals , so
that they can travel for longer distance on the cable.
 Router or Bridge: The basic function of the router is to route the
traffic from one network to another network efficiently. It provides
intelligent redundancy and security required to select the optimum
path. Usually routers are used for connecting remote networks.
 Hub : A typical hub is a multi-port repeater. The signals received
at the backbone is regenerated and transmitted to all other ports.
 Switch : This is a device with multiple ports which forwards
packets from one port to another. In case of 10Mbps Ethernet
switch, each port supports dedicated 10Mbps bandwidth.
 Modems: Converts Digital signals to Analog and vice versa i.e
Modulation and Demodulation.
HUB
Router
Routers
Transmission media
 The physical medium by which data is transmitted
from one computer to other.
 Types of media:
 Wired media
 Wireless media
 Factors depending:
 Cost of medium
 Installation method
 Capacity
 Distance
 Attenuation (disturbance)
 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Physical Transmission Media-
(Wired media)
 Cables:
 Coaxial cable : Consists of a stiff copper conductor wire as core
surrounded by an insulating material and wire mesh & cover.
There are two type of coaxial cables used in Ethernet LAN - Thick
coaxial cable used for distances upto 500m and thin coaxial
cables upto 185m.
 E.g RG6, RG8, RG58, RG59
 Twisted pair cable: They are four pairs of insulated copper
conductors twisted and bounded by single plastic sheath with or
without conductor shield termed as STP and UTP respectively.
 E.g CAT3, CAT5 (Category 5)
 Fiber Optic Cables : The medium used is optical fiber instead
of any conductors .The information is transmitted in form of
optical signal. Due to the high speed of optical signals the cable
can support high bandwidth for longer distance. Depending upon
the type of fiber, there are two types of Fiber Optic cables, single
mode and multi-mode.
TP Cable
I/O Plates
Physical Transmission Media-
(Wireless media)

 Radio wave
 Microwave
 Infrared
Wireless network
Network Diagrams
Network Diagrams
Network Diagrams
Network Diagrams
Network Diagrams
Network Diagrams
Network Diagrams
Methods of Laying the cables for LAN
 Horizontal laying:  Vertical Laying:
 Under floor raceways  Service ducts
 Under floor  PVC Pipes
conduiting  Plywood boxing
 Partition gaskets or  Snake conduits
cable housings  Casing & Capping
 False floors  False shafts
 Casing & capping
 Ceiling ducting
Laying the cables (Under floor Conduiting)
Laying the cables (Under floor Raceways)
Laying the cables (False Floor)
Installing False Floor
Laying the cables (Through partitions)
Laying the cables (Through partitions)
Laying the cables (Through partitions)
Laying the cables
(Through partitions)
Transferring the cables
(on Worktops)
Transferring the cables (on worktops)
Transferring the cables (under worktops)
Transferring the cables
(under worktops)
 Points to be noted before designing a layout
 General requirements:  Technical requirements:
 Type of network to be decided  Selection of topology
(depends on the company stds.)  Types & no. of servers.
 Furniture layout & its relation  Server room location.
with the network.  Accessories needed (Printers, fax,
 Working environment (Depts., scanners, RAID).
Domains, Workgroups, Clusters, Type of network transmission
etc.) 
media.
 Hierarchy of the employees using No. of terminals to be incorporated
the network. 
into network.
 No. of floors, expanse of the Security of network.
area, distance to be covered, 

availability of space for service  Laying method to be adopted.

ducts.  Provisions to be planned for
 Type of flooring, ceilings, maintenance and future expansion.
partitions, workstations etc.  Planning a logical & physical
network.
 Preparing the layout with proper
schedule, legend and specification.
Typical software office floor layout