CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE POLICING

“Policing is one of the most important functions undertaken by every

sovereign government” (Varghese, 2010). In all states, regardless of its
structure and nature, policing plays a pivotal role in ensuring the
maintenance of law and order which is directly linked to the criminal justice
system. Despite its vital role in protecting the civilians against crime and in
ensuring their safety, the police force is still perceived as a symbol of brute
force of authority. The policemen’s corporate identity greatly steams from
their uniform which distinguishes them from other profession. In turn, this
same identity merits them the respect afforded them.

The development of a police system Is driven by a country’s socio-cultural

background; hence differences exist between these systems from one
country to another. From the singular coordinated centralized system of
police in Saudi Arabia organized under the Ministry of Interior to the 42,000
police forces in USA, policing is mainly guided by two broad principles: 1)
policing by consent and 2) policing by law.

The act of comparing one police system with the others according to
differences and similarities is simply referred to as “comparative
policing.” Simply put, comparative policing is comparing the objectives of
the various criminal justice systems existing at present. However, comparing
police systems without understanding the underlying constructs which
influence policing will lack philosophical and theoretical substance (Roelefse,
2015). Because, as with all social sciences research and teaching, theory
should be the guiding principle.

In this sense, the objectives will serve as the basis for comparison.
Fundamental constructs dictate the nature of policing, whilst contextual
constructs influence policing strategies and operations.

This leads to the questions: Can comparative studies on policing or its

institutions be done purely at the discretion of the analyst? Is there a need
for some grounded constructs on which comparisons can be made?

Police Structure: A Comparative Study of Policing Models.

The modern police service is a varied, multi-layered, responsive institution

working to ensure the safety of Citizens.”

-UK Home Office

The first idea that comes to our mind when we hear the term “police” is a
dominant personality who symbolizes the power of the state and criminal
justice administration system. On the one hand, people view the police as a
protector of civil liberties and as a symbol of brute force of state which
oppresses the legitimate. Protests with force.

Dictionaries define “police” as the governmental department charged with

the regulation and control of the affairs of a community. Chiefly the
department established to maintain order, enforce the law, and prevent and
detect crime.

Significance of Police in Social Life

The significance of the police to ensure the safe and secured social life of the
civilians cannot be discounted. According to Lawteacher.net (2022), the
police:

1. Represents the presence of civil body politics in everyday life.

2. Conveys a sense of power or sacredness that lies at the root of political
order.
3. Represents how the political authorities maintain status quo.
4. Represents the capacity of the state to deter citizens from committing
acts that threaten the order they are believed to symbolize.
5. Gives a corporate identity to the policemen.

Basic Goals of Policing

Police are often entrusted with various functions relative to safety, peace,
and order. These functions Include:

1. Enforcing laws.

2. Preserving peace:

3. Preventing crime

4. Protecting civil rights and liberties, and

5. Providing services.

Roles of Police

The police are an entity created by law and funded by the state to ensure
social order and enforce the law. With this in mind, the primary role of police
is to address all sorts of problems relative to social order and law
enforcement, where solutions may or may not require the use of force at the
point of their occurrence.

Manning (1997) remarked that “…policing is an exercise In symbolic

demarking of what is immoral, wrong, and outside the boundaries of
acceptable conduct. It represents the state, morality, and standards of
civility and decency by which we judge ourselves.”

Looking at this lens, the police is expected to fulfill the following roles:

1. A watchman

2. A law enforcer

3. A service provider

Authority of Police

The police authority comes from the people their laws and institutions. Police
agencies are both part of the community and of the government. This
determines the police’s base of authority and the criminal justice system,
which dictate the society’s course in preventing lawbreakers and
rehabilitating offenders.

In a constitutional government, the authority originates from the Constitution

where the authority of the police authority is derived. The Constitution also
grants the elected government executive authority over its subjects. On the
other hand, there is the “ground norm” which gives the sovereign authority
over its subjects devoid of any written constitution.

Different Models of Policing

The police organization is rooted in the country’s the socio-cultural and

historic background. For example, in UK parliamentary democracy is a
tradition, policing is based on the principle of consent by the population,
whereas in other countries, policing power is vested on the state by law.As
such, the police organizations have nothing in common in many countries
except their basic goals. Criminologists tried to bring out the common
features in police structures, with command architecture as the most
prominent.

Policing can be classified based on legitimacy or legal backing of the

following police functions:
a) Policing by consent; and

b) Policing by law.

“Policing by consent” refers to the legitimacy or acceptability of policing

based upon a consensus or agreement of support that follows as a result of
transparency on powers, integrity in exercising powers, and accountability in
the exercise of power.

On the other hand, “Policing by law” means that the police are responsible
for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and preventing,
detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions are known as
policing.

Classification of Policing Based on Command Structure

Classification Centralized Decentralized

Single / Singular China / Saudi Not possible
Arabia
Multiple Coordinated France UK
Uncoordinated Spain USA/ India

In this model, policing is classified based on two dimensions:

A. Number of Forces to be Commanded

 In a singular model, the police force operates under a single
commander. However, if in a country like India, where there are several
police forces, it is called multiple model.
 In the multiple coordinated model, the police forces have well- defined
territories of functions which do not overlap with each other. In the
case which is a reverse of that in India, where many agencies have
overlapping jurisdictions, it is called multiple uncoordinated.
B. Type of Forces
 The coordinated centralized police force is highly organized and have a
centralized command. However, if the police forces in a country do not
have a clear centralized command structure, it is called decentralized
command.

An example of a police system in Saudi Arabia (Varghese, 2010):

The typical example of a centralized coordinated force emanating from a
single line of command from a king is the police system in Saudi Arabia. The
king appoints the Minister of Interior and Director of Public Safety who are
usually members of the King’s family.The Public Security Police is responsible
for the general policing of the country which derives its authority from the
Executive Orders and the Shariah. The Public Security Police is composed of
regular police, Mubahit and Mutawwiun. The regular police us under the
Ministry of Interior and is overseen by the Director of Public safety. On the
other hand, the Mubahit or the Special Investigative Police (SIP) functions
under the General Directorate of Investigation (GIP). SIP is responsible for
criminal investigations and manages domestic security and
counterintelligence functions. The Mutawwiun, which is religious police
whose main duty is the enforcement of the Islamic Shariah, is directly
overseen by the King. The Mutawwiun is not responsible for general law and
order maintenance functions, which means they are more of a religious sect
than a police force organized in a single unit Aside from the policing system
in Saudi Arabia, beyond the reach of the king, there are jurisdictional pockets
of tribal authority in Saudi Arabia, In the tribal pockets, the tribal elders are a
law unto themselves, and do not entertain the interference of any external
authorities. So, law and order or criminal investigation issues in these
pockets are undertaken by the tribal elders themselves, with the regular
police giving tactical support wherever required.

Concepts Relative to Comparative Policing:

 Comparative is an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or

by which a person or thing has a quality greater or lesser in extent
than that of another..
 Comparative Research is the act of scientific inquiry which employ
comparative analysis to have a better understanding of two or more
phenomena and provide valid reasons (Adiyia & Ashton, 2017). This
technique often utilizes multiple disciplines in one study.
 Police is the governmental department charged with the regulation
and control of the affairs of a community. The department chiefly
established to maintain order, enforce the law, and prevent and detect
crime.
 Comparative Police System is the science and art of investigating
and comparing the police systems of different states which covers the
study of police organizations, trainings, and methods of policing. It is
the process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police
system to another to discover insights in the field of international
 policing.The police are responsible for maintaining public order and
safety, enforcing the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating
criminal activities. These functions are known as policing.

Types of Police Systems

1. Common Law Systems or the “Anglo-American Justice.” It is a

body of unwritten laws based on legal precedents established by
the courts. It influences the decision-making process in unusual
cases where the outcome cannot be determined based on
existing statutes or written rules of law.In this system, there is
strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence
where public trial is a main focal point. Common Law usually
exists in English speaking countries such as former British
colonies or protectorates, including the United States.

The features of a common law system include:

 There is not always a written constitution or codified laws.

 Judicial decisions are binding. The decisions of the highest court can
only be overturned by that same court or through legislation.
 There is extensive freedom of contract because only a few provisions
are implied into the contract by law (although provisions seeking to
protect private consumers may be Implied).
 Generally, everything that is not expressively prohibited by law is
permitted.
2. Civil Law Systems, also known as Continental Justice or
Romano-Germanic Justice, is a codified sytem of law which takes
its origins from Roman Law. It is distinguished by a strong
inquisitorial system where the accused is granted minimal rights
and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little
interpretation.Countries under the civil law system are typically
former French, Dutch, German, Spanish or Portuguese colonies or
protectorates. This includes several parts of Central and South
America, Central and Eastern Europe, and East Asian countries.

The features of a civil law system include:

 A written constitution exist which is based on specific codes (e.g., civil

code, codes covering corporate law, administrative law, tax law and
constitutional law) enshrining basic rights and duties. However,
administrative law is less codified, where the administrative court
judges tend to behave more like common law judges.
  Only legislative enactments are considered binding for all. There is
little scope for judge-made law in civil, criminal, and commercial
courts, which is based on previous judicial decisions. Constitutional and
administrative courts can nullify laws and regulations.
 In some civil law systems, e.g., Germany, writings of legal scholars
have significant influence on the courts.
 There are courts specific to the underlying codes: constitutional court,
administrative court, and civil court systems. These courts interpret
the code and opine on the consistency of legislation and administrative
acts.
 There is less freedom of contract. Many provisions are implied into a
contract by law and parties cannot contract out of certain provisions.

3. Socialist System is distinguished by procedures designed to

rehabilitate the offender which exists in some places in Africa
and Asia.The Socialist Law or Soviet Law is a general type of
legal system which has been used in communist and formerly
communist states. This law is based on the civil law system, with
major modifications and additions from Marxist-Leninist ideology.
In this system, the government assumes the responsibility of
combining civil and criminal courts, which includes compensation
of property This compensation goes to the state.In the socialist
system, all production and distribution decisions are made by the
government. The individuals rely on the state for everything from
food to healthcare. The government determines the output and
pricing levels of these goods and services (Kenton, 2022).
4. Islamic System is based on the concept of natural justice or
customary law or tribal traditions. Sharia is Islam’s legal system.
It is derived from the Quran, Islam’s Holy Book, as well as the
Sunnah and Hadith – the deeds and sayings of the Prophet
Muhammad.The primary sources of Islamic law are the Holy Book
(The Quran), The Sunnah (the traditions or known practices of
the Prophet Muhammad), ljma’ (Consensus), and Qiyas
(Analogy).

Theories of Political Service

 1. Continental which maintains that police officers are servants of
higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries like
France, Italy, and Spain.
2. Home Rule which states that police officers are servants of the
community or the people. This theory prevails in England, the United
States and in countries with decentralized form of government. This is
likewise the police service theory that prevails in the Philippines based
on the existing laws, concepts, and principles

Concept of Police Service

1. Old Police Service states that the yardstick of police proficiency

relies on the number of arrests made.
2. Modern Police Service states that the yardstick of police proficiency
relies on the absence of crime.

Styles of Policing

1. Watchman- Emphasizes maintaining order, usually found in

communities with a declining industrial base, and a blue-collar, mixed
ethnic/racial population.
2. Legalistic-professionalism. Emphasizes law enforcement and
3. Service- Emphasizes the service functions usually found of police work
Pin suburban, middle-class communities where residents demand
individual treatment.

Policing Policy Models

1. Crime Control Model

 This is based on the presumption that the repression of criminal
behavior is the most important aspect of police duty over individual
freedom. Therefore, it should be prioritized.
 This approach is rationalized in the assumption that inconvenience or
harassment of innocent people is justifiable because the police are
fighting crime.
2. Due Process Model
 This is when due process is the primary object of policing. It focuses on
just and fair justice system which does not infringe on constitutional
rights.

Why do we compare systems and issues in criminal justice?

 1. According to Harry Damner (2013), there are many reasons why we
need to compare systems and issues in criminal justice. The basic
reasons are the following: To benefit from the experience of others;
2. To broaden one’s understanding of the different cultures and
approaches to problems; and
3. To help one deal with the many transnational crime problems that
plague the world today.

Comparative Criminal Justice.

Comparative criminal justice is a subfield of the study of criminal justice

which deals with the comparison of the different justice systems. Comparing
criminal justice systems can be done using descriptive, historical, or political
approach. When comparing the different systems, the similarities and
differences in structure, goals, punishment, and emphasis on rights as well
as the history and political structure are examined.

3 Basic Functions of Criminal Justice System

A criminal justice system has the following functions:

1. Policing or law enforcement which is the most visible among the three
functions.
2. Adjudication or the court system which determines whether the
suspect is guilty or innocent and delivers justice based on a ruling.
3. Corrections which handle the sentencing and the punishment for
offenders of the law.

International Criminal Justice

International criminal justice is the study and description of one country’s

law, criminal procedure, or justice process (Fairchild, Ε., 1984).

It uses evaluation and investigation to build knowledge on the criminal

justice if one country which is relative to its culture or the institution itself. Ng
the other countries’,

International Criminal Law (ICL)

International criminal law (ICL) is a relatively new and constantly developing

branch of public international law. ICL criminalizes the most serious violations
of human rights and international humanitarian law (IHL) In addition, it
exposes perpetrators of such conduct to criminal liability. ICL provides for
criminal sanctions that apply to all perpetrators.

Criminal sanctions include those who are involved in the planning and
authorization of criminal acts as well as those who directly commit the
crimes. As such, those at the highest political and military levels can be held
accountable for international crimes.

What is an international crime?

International crime is defined as crimes against the peace and security of

mankind (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 1994). Examples of international crimes
include war crimes, crime of aggression, crimes against humanity, and
genocide Enumerated below are the different examples of international
crime:

1. Aggression by one state against another using armed force

inconsistent with United Nations Chapter.
2. Threat of aggression is an act carried out against human being
which has direct effect to economics, infrastructure, peace and security
of a country or state.
3. Genocide is the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
ethnical, racial or religious group. The acts that amount to genocide if
committed in this context are:
a) Killings;
b) Causing serious bodily harm to individuals;
c) Inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical
destruction, and imposing measures intended to prevent birth; or
d) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
4. Terrorism which is the unlawful use of violence and intimidation
against civilians for political gains.
5. Drug trafficking is the crime of illegally distributing or transporting
unlawful controlled substances such as cocaine, marijuana, heroin,
among others.
6. War Crimes- when grave breaches of treaty or customary rules of IHL
are committed. It is considered to be the most serious violations of IHL.
Willful killing, wanton destruction of private property, torture or
inhumane treatment, willfully causing great suffering or serious injury
to body or health, unlawful deportation or transfer, taking of hostages,
recruitment and use of child soldiers, and willfully depriving a person of
the rights of fair and regular trial, all occurring in the context of an
armed conflict are considered as war crimes..
 7. Crimes against humanity Includes systematic and widespread
attacks against a civilian population which lead to serious human rights
violations. Crimes against humanity include torture, murder,
extermination, enslavement, deportation or forcible transfer, sexual
violence, persecution, and apartheid.

Comparative Research Methods

Comparative research is usually carried out by the following:

1. The safari method where the researcher visits another country or the
collaborative” method where (the researcher communicates with a
foreign researcher.
2. Published works tend to fall into three categories:
a) Single-culture studies where the crime problem of a single foreign
country is discussed.
b) Two-culture studies which is the most common type among the
three categories.
c) Comprehensive textbooks which covers three or more countries
deals with the examination of crime and its control in the comparative
context. This method uses a historical perspective as the phenomena
being examined is perceived to be developed under unique social,
economic, and political structures.
3. Historical-comparative is also called historiography or holism. This
method is sometimes used as an alternative to quantitative and
qualitative research methods. Making it the most employed method
among the three.

In historiography, there are at least eight ways to do history:

a) The Great Man Approach
b) The Historical Forces Approach
c) The Crisis of Civilization Approach
d) The Dialectic Approach
e) The Evolutionary Approach
f) The Geographic Factors Approach
g) The Conflict or “Who Won” Approach
h) The Serendipity or Accidental Discovery Approach

On the other hand, in holism, which is a term that describes when a whole
gives meaning to parts, there is an emphasis upon inductive inference from
description. This is like Max Weber’s notion of “ideal types” that are general
to many cases.
Historical-comparative method is tied to the origins of sociology. Patterns,
trends, and syndromes are the words most often used in comparative
criminal justice with the same meaning as ideal types.

Theories of Comparative Criminology

Comparative criminology theories with empirical supportare the following

(Scheider, 2001):

1. Alertness to Crime Theory

The people’s alertness to crime is heightened as the society develops or

progresses As a result, more crimes are reported which increases the and
demand for the police to become more effective at solving crime
problems.

It relates to “proactive policing” which refers to all policing strategies

with the goal of crime prevention or reduction that are not reactive primarily
on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes
once they have occurred.

2. Economic or Migration Theory

This theory supposes that labor markets and economies are driven by trade
and migration. Migrants move from societies where labor is abundant and
wages are low, to societies where labor is scarce, and wages are high. As a
result, crimeis everywhere, most especially in over-populated urban areas.

The economic theory of criminal behavior is an application of the

neoclassical theory of demand. Formalized by Nobel Laureate Gary Becker in
1968, it states that potential criminals are economically rational and respond
significantly to the deterring incentives by the criminal justice system. They
compare the gain from committing a crime with the expected cost, including
the risk of punishment.

3. Opportunity Theory

It seeks to explain the occurrence of crime rather than simply the

existence of criminal dispositions. Crime opportunity theory espouses that
offenders make rational choices, thus choose targets that offer high
reward with little effort and risk. Along with higher standards of living,
victims become more careless of their belongings, hence opportunities for
committing crime multiply.
4. Demographic Theory

Is based on the belief that with the increase in the childbirth rate, so does
the emergence of delinquent subcultures as a result of adolescent identity
crisis.Demographics, which are characteristics about a set of individuals,
reveal patterns in society concerning income, gender, education, or family
status. However, demographics can also provide data on crime.
Criminologists use demographics to help understand why crime occurs in
certain locations. In addition, demographics help explain who commits
crime and the reasons why. The demographics of social class, age,
gender, and race can all be studied to understand crime.

5. Deprivation Theory

Espouses that along with progress comes rising expectations. Individuals

at the bottom of the social class or hierarchy develop unrealistic
expectations, while those at the top do not see themselves rising fast
enough.In the Deprivation Theory, Individuals who are deprived money,
justice, status, or privilege, join social movements to express their
grievances.However, it is also important to look at relative deprivation
theory where an individual feels deprived by comparing what they have
with what others have. However, improved conditions fuel human desires
to aim for even better conditions.On the other hand, absolute deprivation
refers to the inability to access the basic necessities in life such as food,
shelter and clothing. People below the poverty line mat experience this.

6. Modernization Theory

Sees the problem as caused by the complexities of the society.This

theory concludes that crime patterns are predictable and why criminal
behavior in developed countries is characterized by an increase in
property crime and a relative decrease in violent crime not associated
with property crime.The general rise in the crime rate and its
concentration in the urban areas are due to the greater availability of
goods, the increased feasibility of crime commission, and the increased
feeling of relative deprivation because of a greater gap between the rich
and the poor. It may also be a result of deprivation awareness because of
the various media advertisements.

7. Theory of Anomie and Synnomie

 Anomie suggests tha progressive lifestyle and norms result in the
disintegration of older norms that once held people together. The latter
synnomie, refers to social cohesion on values.

The idea of anomie means the lack of normal ethical or social standards. This
concept first emerged in 1893, with or socia sociologist Emile Durkheim.
Durkheir la theory was based upon the idea that the lack of rules and clarity
resulted in psychological status of worthlessness, frustration, lack of
purpose, and despair.

Four (4) Types of Societies

There are four types of societies in the world that comparativists study.

1. Folk-communal societies are also called primitive societies. Folk

society is a society of primary communal relationships with little
complexity and largely insulated from contact with other societies. It is
morally, politically, and socially cohesive, because of the isolated state
of the people. In this type of society, there is relatively unmediated
personal quality of social interaction, and the world experience is
permeated with the understanding and expression shared by all
members. The folk society is generally assumed to be the model of
preliterate or so-called primitive societies.

A folk-communal society has little codification law, no specification among

police, and a system of punishment. However, when needed, they result to
barbaric punishment.

Classic examples of this form of society include the early Roman gentles,
African and Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan settlements in North America
(with the Salem).

2. Urban-commercial societies which rely on trade as the essence of

their market system. An urban-commercial society has civil law where
standards and customs are written. Specialized police forces are
intended for religious offenses, while others for enforcing the King’s
Law In these societies, punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh,
sometimes lenient. Most of Continental Europe developed along this
path.
3. Urban-industrial societies is a type of society where most of the
goods and services are produced without government interference.

An urban-industrial society not only has codified laws and statutes that
prohibit, it also has laws that prescribes good behavior. In this society, the
police become specialized in handling property crimes. The system of
punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives and
disincentives. England and the U.S. followed this positive legal path.

4. Bureaucratic societies are modern post-industrial societies where

the emphasis is upon technique or the “technologizing” of everything,
with the government

A bureaucratic society has a system of laws police who handle political crime
and terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by over
criminalization and overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only eight other
nations fit the bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon
that only occurs in a bureaucratic society.

Countries with the Highest and Lowest Crime Rates (World

Population Review, 2022):

Global Crime Rates in 2019

According to World Population Review (2022), crime rate is calculated by

dividing the number of reported crimes by the total population, and
multiplied by 100,000.There are several factors why crimes are committed.
Some of these are attributed to high crime rates. Based on the report, it can
be seen that high crime rates are apparent in countries or areas where there
are high poverty levels and low job availability. Also, there is a strong
correlation between age and crime, with most crimes, especially violent
crimes, being committed by those ages 20-30 years old. However, strict
police enforcement and tough sentences tend to reduce crime rates.

Based on the report posted by World Population Review (2022), Venezuela

has the highest crime rate with a crime index of 84.86. The high crime rate is
attributed to the poor political and economic environment in the country.
Alarmingly, murder and kidnapping, have been consistently increasing, with
the country having the second-highest murder rate in the world.

The crime rate in the United States is 46.73. The violent crime rate in the
United States has decreased sharply over the past 25 years. Crimes rates
vary greatly between the states, with states such as Alaska and Tennessee
experiencing higher crime rates than Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont.

Some of the lowest crime rates in the world can be seen in Switzerland,
Denmark, Norway, Japan, and New Zealand, which can be attributed to
stricter gun laws.
Austria on the other hand, records pettier crimes such as purse snatching or
pickpocketing.

The countries with the ten The countries with the ten
highest crime rates in the world lowest crime rates in the world
are: are:
1. Venezuela (84.86) 10.Slovenia (22.01)
2. Papua New Guinea (80.26) 9.Oman (21.55)
3. South Africa (77.02) 8.Switzerland (21.18)
4. Honduras (75.84) 7.Armenian (29.78)
5. Afghanistan (73.26) 6.Georgia (20.18)
6. Trinidad and Tobago (73.15) 5.Hong Kong (18.1)
7. Brazil (69.48) 4.Taiwan (16.22)
8. El Salvador (68.63) 3.Japan (15.91)
9. Namibia (68.14) 2.United Arab Emirates (15.52)
10. Syria (66.91) 1.Qatar(12)

*Philippines
Crime index: 41.09
Population : 108,116,615

Global Crime Rates in 2020

Venezuela remains as the country with the highest crime index of 84.36.,
Venezuela’s high crime rates have been attributed to corruption among
Venezuelan authorities, a flawed judiciary system, and poor gun control.
Because of the country’s recent economic hardship, homicides, armed
assaults, and kidnappings are increasing.As a result, the U.S. Department of
State has issued a Level 4 travel advisory for Venezuela, indicating that it is
unsafe to travel to the country.

Aside from Venezuela, the following countries with the ten highest crime
rates in the world are:

1. Venezuela (84.36)
2. Papua New Guinea (80.04)
3. South Africa (77.29)
4. Afghanistan (76.97)
5. Honduras (76.65)
6. Trinidad and Tobago (72.43)
7. Brazil (68.31)
8. Guyana (68.15)
9. El Salvador (67.84)
10. Syria (67.42)
Philippines is Number 80 with a Crime Index of 42.46.

Afghanistan has the fourth-highest crime index In the country, corruption,

assassinations or contract killings, drug trafficking, kidnapping, and money
laundering are rampant. After the Soviet’s withdrawal from Afghanistan,
opium poppy cultivation and drug trafficking increased. It is now the largest
illicit opium producer in the world. Since the downfall of the Taliban, crime
rates have increased in its capital city, Kabul. Widespread unemployment
also fuels the country’s crimes.The U.S. Department of State issued a Level 4
travel advisory for Afghanistan, advising travelers not to go to the country
due to civil unrest, armed conflict, crime, and terrorism.Similar to 2019’s
results, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Japan, and New Zealand remains the
countries with the lowest crime rates.

Lowest Crime Rates:

128 Armenian 22.79

129 Slovenia 22.28
130 Japan 22.19
131 Hong Kong 22.00
132 Switzerlan 21.62
d
133 Oman 20.34
134 Isle of Man 19.25
135 Taiwan 15.46
136 United 15.23
Arab
Emirates
137 Qatar 12.13

Where are the best police forces in the world?

The duty of every police official is to uphold the security of the nation by
combating crime and to ensure that others are complying with the rules,
regulations and governmental laws. Below is a ranking of the top 10
countries with best police forces, in relation to their performance and efforts
as well as security measures and systems in place to effectively enforce the
law. Each Police force are ranked according to their training and
performance.
 1. England (Metropolitan/ Scotland Yard Police)

Metropolitan/ Scotland Yard Police is hailed as one of the best police forces.
Their notable project is launching a campaign to raise awareness of the
police emergency number This number awareness campaign enables people
to be more knowledgeable of the emergency services built to protect the
nation as well as how to get in contact with those who need assistance.

The Scotland Yard Police of the UK is spread out in all of the main cities and
parts of the outskirts. This way, police protection is everywhere.

2. Canada (Royal Canadian Mounted Police)

Even though Canada did not experience war driven situations like other
countries,, their police training is still above general standards. The police
are prepared for unpredictable situations similar to what Paris has
experienced a few years back.

The government developed training colleges which enables officers to

undergo advanced and specialized development programs that prepares
them for the reality in the field. Having laid out to the trainee officers the
expectations in the field, it creates a realistic approach which they can adapt
and implement when doing their duties when the need arises.

3. Netherlands (Royal Mare Chaussee, The Gendarmerie)

The Dutch Police is extremely well-trained and disciplined. They are the
nicest police ever and work Incredibly together. The Dutch Police has
strategically placed and positioned units. These units consist primarily of The
Central Regional Police Services which are under the command of the Dutch
Commissioner.

Proper functioning and maintained order of the troops are taken by the
responsible duty of The Netherlands Minister of Justice ensures the proper
function and maintains order of the troops. Officers in these units are
deployed and expected to be on standby to conduct normal day-to-day
duties and tasks that most of world’s best police forces undertake.

4. France (National Police of France)

The Gendarmerie Nationale is France’s ace card or cannonball force when

faced with matters of destruction. They are the dedicated army force of
France which is under the Ministry of Defense. They are called upon handle
extreme cases, such as terrorist attacks and other major situations that
France may face at any given time.

They are responsible in providing air support, ground support with tactical
trained teams’ setup, put in position to move in on command, and conduct
land operations to smoother down the resistance.

They are always on stand-by ready to counter strike armed with a wealth of
defense mechanisms, skills, and training. They are under the command of by
the French Ministry of Defense.

5. Japan (National Police Agency)

The Japan police force is trained similar to the United States Military, Japan
has the highest training institute for leaders which trace back to the 60s’.

The structure of Japan’s police training is regarded as one of the most

intense, versatile, and flexible. It covers almost every known aspect to crime
prevention or law enforcement.

6. USA (NYPD, LAPD, CHP)

Besides being known for their brutality, American police forces are among
the best police forces. They are one of the highly trained forces in world, with
a countless amount of backup and rescue mediums as well as advanced
missionary systems based across the country which makes them unbeatable
in terms of policing style.

The US has several police departments. The NYPD (New York Police
Department), LAPD (Los Angeles Police Department), CHP (California
Highway Patrol), are the localized and standard force. They are in-charged of
everyday crimes that American citizens are committing or victims to.

7. Australia (AFP)

The AFP is responsible for the seizure of one of the biggest drugs bust in the
nation’s history, if not the only incident of this kind in Australia. An estimated
amount of more than a Billion Australian Dollars of Crystal Meth has been
seized by this police force.

In addition, the AFP is one of the first police forces to effectively enforce and
practice gender equality. They plan to have more women in their police force
where I more than half of the force will be composed of women. This is
considered as highly effective in combating crime, since women are more
prone to being mugged, molested, and victimized in various heinous crimes.
Having women in the police force helps tremendously in the implementation
of the law and the protection of the citizenry, most especially the women..

8. Germany (Federal Police Bundespolizei or BPOL)

Germany has established ‘Deutsche Hochschule der Polizei” (German Police

University) which is the official and designated university where police
newbies undergo intensive study and training before deployed in physical on-
the-field training which is quite intense as every other force.In Germany,
each newbie is educated of the justice system. The university serves as a
regulatory education provider which ensures that all newbie have the same
knowledge of the justice system and is trained in the government prescribed
standards.

9. China (The People’s Armed Police Force)

“All Chinese are Kung-Fu masters” is most common impression of this police
force.

This impression is formed due to the ability of the members of this police
force to master the art of body sequence moves in disabling an opponent or
in manipulating an opponent to completely paralyze them. This ancient
method is being incorporated in the Police Training in China.

The tactical operations of the Chinese Police force is among the world’s best
police forces. It is perceived to be unique and effective compared to other
police forces due to the use of creativity and brashness of the police officers
in this country. Having a great amount of discipline instilled among the
Chinese Police Officers, this ensures accuracy in their shooting, hand to hand
combats stance, and stature. Stealth is also developed which is an
advantage in advanced cases where silence is the key to end violence. It
give officers the fortitude of maintaining discretion to handle situations
according to the extent of its magnitude.

10. Italy (Italian National Police)

The Italian National Police is regarded as one of the best trained law
enforcements because of their exclusive establishment and effective
implementation of the “Italian Anti- Mafia” division which is responsible for
the arrests of the 2 or most dangerous and violent mafia bosses who were
hidden in the depths of barren mountains. This achievement is considered a
feat because the mafia is one of the most powerful and influential group
which conducts ruthless and inhumane acts to advance their intentions or
plans.

Members:

Rivera, Remuil

Narvas, Rickcel Jay O.

Cardenas, Ria Mae R.

Panaligan, Angeline S.

Bulgado, Crishel T.

Atadero, Riza Mae T.

Maro, Rhea D.

Madrid, Marinelle A.