CHAPTER ONE

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GENERAL CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION

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Introduction

Electrical installation refers to the practice of electrical wiring and

associated system used to convey electric power to electrical
loads/appliances in a consumer’s premises in a safe, reliable and efficient

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(economic) manner.

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The installation would serve for over an acceptably longer period of time
(perhaps equaling or slightly less the life time of the building).

The consumer can be:

a residential
a public
a commercial or
an industrial entity.
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Residential premises may be of:
 villa,
 G+1 or more buildings as well as
 apartment storey.

Public buildings include:

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•religion establishments such as churches, mosques and
synagogues;

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•Educational establishments such as schools, colleges,
universities as well as R&D centers with laboratory
instruments and equipment;
•Health care establishments such as clinics, health
centers, hospitals;
•Transportation rest areas and platforms;
•Entertainment establishments such as theatre houses,
cinema houses, museums and art galleries;
•Sports fields and gymnastic buildings; etc. 3
Commercial buildings include:
 hotels
 restaurants and cafes
 office apartments
 shopping centers and displays

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 department stores and supermarkets.
Industrial establishments include small to large scale manufacturing,
production etc facilities.

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NB: Electrical loads in these consumers include:
 lighting/illumination
 appliances such as cookers, oven and stoves
 refrigerators
 electric motors
 boilers,
 furnaces, etc
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The practice may involve:
 a completely new installation
 expansion to an existing system, as well as maintenance and
 Modification

Classifications of installations

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Installations may be classified according to:
 power type

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 voltage level
 Position or
 mounting type

i. Based on the type of power

Power supplies may be of DC type or AC type.
AC power is commonly supplied from the power utilities such as
EEU.
Alternative sources may include diesel generator, wind turbine or 5
PV systems.
ii. Based on the type of voltage

The most common type of ac supplies are of single phase and the three
phases.

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The single phase may be a two wire system (live and neutral) or
a three wire system (live, neutral and earth).
The three phases may be a four wire system (three lives and one

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neutral) or a five wire system (three lives, one neutral and one
earth).

DC power supply may be obtained from ac converted to dc with a converter,

from a dc generator, or from a PV panel.

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In dc supplies, two wire system and three wire systems are available.
In the two wire system a positive and a negative wires are
involved
In the three wire system there is an additional common wire in
between the positive and negative polarities.

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iii. Based on the type of position
Exterior and interior installations

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i. Exterior installations are those which are implemented in the
outdoor of a premise in the open air or on mountings.

They may be done with bare conductors (in the open air) or
insulated overhead transmission lines or with cables buried under
ground and ducts.

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 ii. In interior installations, the electrical materials and
accessories are mounted on or within building structures.

iv. Based on the type of mounting type

The two types of interior installations known in practice are:

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 surface installation
recessed installation.

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Surface mounted installation:
in this type of installation the wires or cables and accessories
such as switches, junction boxes, socket outlets, conduits and
distribution boards are all externally fixed/mounted to walls and
ceilings.
Surface installation is advantageous from maintenance point of
view.
Factories, garages, workshops, and some times laboratories are
best designed with surface installation 8
Recessed mounted installation(also called flush mounted)

here the installation is recessed, meaning the wires, cables, conduits,

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etc are buried in the ceilings, walls, and even in the floor.
In general, residential areas, offices, hotels, and the like are installed
with recessed installation mainly for good appearance/aesthetics.

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Note: It should be clear that accessories suitable for recessed
installation are different from that of surface installations.

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Successful performance of an electrical work requires:
 the ability to read and interpret many different types of
drawings and diagrams.
 Understanding circuit symbols and components

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Types Of Different Drawings and Diagrams

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Site Plans or Layout Drawings
 These are scale drawings based upon the architect’s site plan of the
building and show the position of the electrical equipment which is
to be installed.
 The electrical equipment is identified by a graphical symbol
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Fig: The Layout drawing or site plan of a small electrical installation
Block Diagrams
 It is a very simple diagram in which the various items or pieces of
equipment are represented by a square or rectangular box.
 The purpose of the block diagram is to show how the components of

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the circuit relate to each other
 The individual circuit connections are not shown.

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Figure : shows the block diagram of a space heating control system. 12
Wiring Diagrams/connection diagram

 A wiring diagram shows the detailed connections between

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components or items of equipment.
 They do not indicate how a piece of equipment or circuit works.

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 The purpose of a wiring diagram is to help someone with the
actual wiring of the circuit.

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Figure : the wiring diagram for a space heating control system
Circuit Diagrams

 A circuit diagram shows most clearly how a circuit works.

 All the essential parts and connections are represented by their

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graphical symbols.
 The purpose of a circuit diagram is to help our understanding

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of the circuit.
 It will be laid out as clearly as possible, without regard to the
physical layout of the actual components
 It may not indicate the most convenient way to wire the circuit.

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Figure : circuit diagram of space heating control system.

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Schematic Diagrams

 It uses graphical symbols to indicate the inter-relationship of the

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electrical elements in a circuit.
 These help us to understand the working operation of the circuit but

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are not helpful in showing us how to wire the components.
 An electrical schematic diagram looks very like a circuit diagram.

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Figure: schematic diagram of DOL motor starter

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Freehand Working Diagrams
 Freehand working drawings or sketches are another important way
in which we communicate our ideas.
 A freehand sketch may be done as an initial draft of an idea before

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a full working drawing is made.
 It is often much easier to produce a sketch of your ideas or

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intentions than to describe them or produce a list of instructions.

NB: To convey the message or information clearly it is better to make your

sketch large rather than too small. It should also contain all the
dimensions necessary to indicate clearly the size of the finished object
depicted by the sketch. 19
In electrical installation designs and construction work, two types of
electrical drawings are used to represent the design concepts, viz
i. The schematic diagram
ii. The layout diagram (also known as shop drawing or
construction drawing)

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Note: Specifications of electrical materials and equipments to be used

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in the construction are also included as part of the drawings or on
separate sheet/s.
For example:
 MDB/SDB enclosure
 cable conductor cross-sectional area
 number of cores
 circuit breaker rating and type
 lighting luminary type and quantity, etc are included in the 20
drawing.
The schematic diagrams

It indicates the single line diagram of the electrical circuit

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mains.
 For this purpose standard electrical symbols are used for
socket outlets, luminaries, lines, appliances etc.

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Fig below shows example of electrical schematic diagram

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 The electrical layout diagram (also known as shop drawing or
construction drawing)

It indicates on each floor plan of the building:

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 the actual route, number, length, and diameter of conduits in each
floor slab and in wall (and/or in raceways on walls/ceilings) of the

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building determined on the basis of the number and size of cables they
carry.

 the position, number and sizes of the junction boxes, concrete ducts,
outlets and appliance positions in each floor slab and walls (and/or
on walls/ceilings) of the building

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Fig below shows example of electrical layout diagram

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Different types of electrical symbol used in electrical installation work

 Graphical symbols that are to be used in all drawings, wiring plans,

etc for electrical installations of buildings shall be as indicated in
Section 26 of this CES 162 -2015 ES -10 Electric Work Code.

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 Symbols for electrical installations is indicated in Tables below

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Note: Darkened symbols indicate flush [recessed] installations.

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Methods of Electrical Wiring Systems w.r.t Taking Connection

Definition:
 a process of connecting cables and wires to the related devices such as fuse,

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switches, sockets, lights, fans etc for continues power supply.

 a process of connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical

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energy from supplier’s meter board to home appliances such as lamps, fans
and other domestic appliances is known as Electrical Wiring.

 Wiring can be done using two methods. These are

•Joint box system or Tee system

•Loop – in system
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 i. Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System
In this method of wiring, connections to appliances are
made through joints.
These joints are made in joint boxes by means of suitable
connectors or joints cutouts.
This method of wiring doesn’t consume too much cables

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size.

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Note: this method of wiring doesn’t
require too much cable it is
therefore cheaper. It is of course but
the money you saved from buying
cables will be used in buying joint
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boxes
ii. Loop-in or Looping System

This method of wiring is universally used in wiring.

 Lamps and other appliances are connected in parallel so that

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each of the appliances can be controlled individually.
When a connection is required at a light or switch, the feed
conductor is looped in by bringing it directly to the terminal and

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then carrying it forward again to the next point to be fed.
The switch and light feeds are carried round the circuit in a
series of loops from one point to another until the last on the circuit
is reached.
The phase or line conductors are looped either in switchboard or
box and neutrals are looped either in switchboard or from light or
fan.
Line or phase should never be looped from light or fan.
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Advantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring

•It doesn’t require joint boxes and so money is saved

•In loop - in systems, no joint is concealed beneath floors or in
roof spaces.

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•Fault location is made easy as the points are made only at outlets
so that they are accessible.

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Disadvantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring

•Length of wire or cables required is more and voltage drop and

copper losses are therefore more
•Looping -in switches and lamp holders is usually difficult.

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Factors to be considered while selecting any system of wiring

 Type of wire and used material

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 Nature of load
 Safety of the system

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 Dampness
 Corrosive fumes
 Fire hazards or other special conditions
 Construction of building

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Different Types of Electrical Wiring Systems

The types of internal wiring usually used are

i. Cleat wiring
ii. Wooden casing and capping wiring
iii. CTS or TRS or PVC sheath wiring

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iv. Lead sheathed or metal sheathed wiring
v. Conduit wiring

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There are additional types of conduit wiring according to Pipes installation
(Where steel and PVC pipes are used for wiring connection and
installation).

•Surface or open Conduit type

•Recessed or concealed or underground type Conduit

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1. Cleat Wiring: a component of a support system, which consists of
elements spaced at intervals along the length of the cable or conduit.

 This system of wiring comprise of ordinary VIR (Vulcanized India

Rubber) or PVC(Polyvinyl chloride) insulated wires (occasionally,
sheathed and weather proof cable) braided and compounded held on
walls or ceilings by means of porcelain cleats, Plastic or wood.

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 Cleat wiring system is a temporary wiring system therefore it is not
suitable for domestic premises.

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 The use of cleat wiring system is over nowadays.

Note; The use of cleat

wiring system is over
nowadays

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Advantages of Cleat Wiring:

 It is simple and cheap wiring system

 Most suitable for temporary use i.e. under construction building or

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army camping
 As the cables and wires of cleat wiring system is in open air,

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Therefore fault in cables can be seen and repair easily.
 Cleat wiring system installation is easy and simple.
 Customization can be easily done in this wiring system e.g.
alteration and addition.
 Inspection is easy and simple.

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Disadvantages of Cleat Wiring:
 Appearance is not so good.
 Cleat wiring can’t be use for permanent use because, sag may be
occur after sometime of the usage.

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 In this wiring system, the cables and wiring is in open air, therefore,
oil, steam, humidity, smoke, rain, chemical and acidic effect may

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damage the cables and wires.
 It is not lasting wire system because of the weather effect , risk of
fire and wear & tear.
 It can be only used on 220/380 volts on low temperature.
 There is always a risk of fire and electric shock.
 It can’t be used in important and sensitive location and places. 44
 It is not lasting, reliable and sustainable wiring system.
2. Casing and Capping wiring

Casing and Capping wiring system was famous wiring system in the
past but, it is considered obsolete this days because of Conduit and
sheathed wiring system.

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The cables used in this kind of wiring were either VIR or PVC or any
other approved insulated cables.

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The cables were carried through the wooden casing enclosures. The
casing is made up of a strip of wood with parallel grooves cut length
wise so as to accommodate VIR cables.
The grooves were made to separate opposite polarity.
The capping (also made of wood) used to cover the wires and cables
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Advantages of Casing Capping Wiring:

 It is cheap wiring system as compared to sheathed and conduit

wiring systems.
 It is strong and long-lasting wiring system.

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 Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
 If Phase and Neutral wire is installed in separate slots, then

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repairing is easy.
 Stay for long time in the field due to strong insulation of
capping and casing..
 It stays safe from oil, Steam, smoke and rain.
 No risk of electric shock due to covered wires and cables in
casing & capping. 47
Disadvantages Casing Capping Wiring:

 There is a high risk of fire in casing & capping wiring system.

 Not suitable in the acidic, alkalies and humidity conditions

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 Costly repairing and need more material.
 Material can’t be found easily in the contemporary

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 White ants may damage the casing & capping of wood.

3. Batten Wiring (CTS( (cable tier sheathed)) or TRS(Tough rubber

sheathed))
Single core or double core or three core TRS cables with a circular
oval shape cables are used in this kind of wiring.
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Mostly, single core cables are preferred.
TRS cables are chemical proof, water proof, steam proof, but are
slightly affected by lubricating oil.
The TRS cables are run on well seasoned and straight teak wood

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batten with at least a thickness of 10mm.
The cables are held on the wooden batten by means of tinned brass

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link clips (buckle clip) already fixed on the batten with brass pins and
spaced at an interval of 10mm for horizontal runs and 15mm for
vertical runs.

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Advantages of Batten Wiring
 Wiring installation is simple and easy
 cheap as compared to other electrical wiring systems

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 Paraphrase is good and beautiful
 Repairing is easy

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 strong and long-lasting
 Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
 less chance of leakage current in batten wiring system
Disadvantages of Batten Wiring
 Can’t be install in the humidity, Chemical effects, open and outdoor
areas. 51
 High risk of fires
  Not safe from external wear & tear and weather effects (because
the wires are openly visible to heat, dust, steam and smoke)
 Heavy wires can’t be used in batten wiring system.
 Only suitable below then 250V.

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 Need more cables and wires.

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4. Lead Sheathed Wiring
 The type of wiring employs conductors that are insulated with VIR
and covered with an outer sheath of lead aluminum alloy containing
about 95% of lead.
 The metal sheath given protection to cables from mechanical

damage, moisture and atmospheric corrosion.

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 The whole lead covering is made electrically continuous and is
connected to earth at the point of entry to protect against electrolytic
action due to leaking current and to provide safety in case the sheath
becomes alive.

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 The cables are run on wooden batten and fixed by means of link clips
just as in TRS wiring.

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5. Conduit Wiring: it is a part of a closed wiring systems for cables in
electrical installations, allowing then to be drawn in and/or replaced, but
inserted laterally.
There are two additional types of conduit wiring according to pipe
installation
•Surface Conduit Wiring
•Concealed Conduit Wiring 53
5.1 Surface Conduit Wiring

If conduits installed on roof or wall, it is known as surface conduit

wiring.

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In this wiring method, they make holes on the surface of wall on
equal distances and conduit is installed then with the help of rawal

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plugs.

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5.2 Concealed Conduit wiring
If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help
of plastering, it is called concealed conduit wiring.
 In other words, the electrical wiring system inside wall, roof or floor

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with the help of plastic or metallic piping is called concealed conduit
wiring.

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obliviously, it is the most popular, beautiful, stronger and common
electrical wiring system nowadays.

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In conduit wiring, steel tubes known as conduits are installed on the
surface of walls by means of pipe hooks (surface conduit wiring) or
buried in walls under plaster and VIR or PVC cables
In Conduit wiring system, The conduits should be electrically

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continuous and connected to earth at some suitable points in case of
steel conduit.

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Conduit wiring is a professional way of wiring a building.
Mostly PVC conduits are used in domestic wiring.
The conduit protects the cables from being damaged by rodents
(when rodents bites the cables it will cause short circuit) that is why
circuit breakers are in place though
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Lead conduits are used in factories or when the building is prone to
fire accident.
Trunking is more of like surface conduit wiring. It’s gaining

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popularity too.
It is done by screwing a PVC trunking pipe to a wall then passing

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the cables through the pipe.
The cables in conduit should not be too tight.
Space factor have to be put into consideration.

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Types of Conduit
Following conduits are used in the conduit wiring systems (both
concealed and surface conduit wiring) which are shown in the
above image.

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•Metallic Conduit
•Non-metallic conduit

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Metallic Conduit:
Metallic conduits are made of steel which are very strong but costly as
well.
There are two types of metallic conduits.
•Class A Conduit: Low gauge conduit (Thin layer steel sheet
conduit)
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•Class B Conduit: High gauge conduit (Thick sheet of steel
conduit)
Non-metallic Conduit:
A solid PVC conduit is used as non-metallic conduit now a days, which
is flexible and easy to bend.

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Size of Conduit:
The common conduit pipes are available in different sizes genially,
13, 16.2, 18.75, 20, 25, 37, 50, and 63 mm (diameter) or 1/2, 5/8,

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3/4, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 2 inch in diameter.

Advantage of Conduit Wiring Systems

•It is the safest wiring system (Concealed conduit wring)

•Appearance is very beautiful (in case of concealed conduit wiring)

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 No risk of mechanical wear & tear and fire in case of metallic
pipes.
 Customization can be easily done according to the future needs.
 Repairing and maintenance is easy.

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 There is no risk of damage the cables insulation.
 it is safe from corrosion (in case of PVC conduit) and risk of fire.

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 It can be used even in humidity , chemical effect and smoky areas.
 No risk of electric shock (In case of proper earthling and
grounding of metallic pipes).
 It is reliable and popular wiring system.
 sustainable and long-lasting wiring system.
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Disadvantages of Conduit Wiring Systems

 It is expensive wiring system (Due to PVC and Metallic pipes,

Additional earthing for metallic pipes Tee(s) and elbows etc.

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 Very hard to find the defects in the wiring.
 installation is not easy and simple.

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 Risk of Electric shock (In case of metallic pipes without proper
earthing system)
 Very complicated to manage additional connection in the future.

Exercise: Make a comparison between different wiring systems which is

discussed in the above concept.
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