1.

Introduction

The result of increasing urban population and the influx of people into cities, a substantial amount of
waste is being generated. It is very important that we investigate the causes of the worrying rise in trash
production around the world. The rates at which waste is generated is becoming higher and higher around
the entire globe. This is the most difficult obstacle that governments in nations that are still in the process
of developing must overcome. The most recent statistics indicate that between 80 and 90% of MSW is
disposed of in landfills without any kind of scientific supervision being exercised over it. When garbage
is discarded without any type of waste management system being in place, it has a significant influence
on the quality of the air we breathe, the land we farm, and the water we drink (Joshi and Ahmed 2016,
Ahluwalia and Patel 2018). The most significant risks associated with disposing of MSW in landfills are
leachate formation, which contributes to the deterioration of groundwater quality, and the creation of
harmful greenhouse gases (Ngwabie et al. 2019). For this reason, it's important to treat toxic landfill gases
and the leachates production by landfills.

solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded
because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can
create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and to
outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases spread by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid-
waste management present complex technical challenges. They also pose a wide variety of administrative,
economic, and social problems that must be managed and solved.

What Is Solid Waste Management?

Solid waste management is defined as the discipline associated with control of generation,
storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste materials in a way that
best addresses the range of public health, conservation, economic, aesthetic, engineering, and other
environmental considerations.

In its scope, solid waste management includes planning, administrative, financial, engineering,
and legal functions. Solutions might include complex inter-disciplinary relations among fields such as
public health, city and regional planning, political science, geography, sociology, economics,
communication and conservation, demography, engineering, and material sciences.

Solid waste management practices can differ for residential and industrial producers, for urban
and rural areas, and for developed and developing nations. The administration of non-hazardous waste in
metropolitan areas is the job of local government authorities. On the other hand, the management of
hazardous waste materials is typically the responsibility of those who generate it, as subject to local,
national, and even international authorities.

Objectives of Waste Management

The primary goal of solid waste management is reducing and eliminating adverse impacts of
waste materials on human health and the environment to support economic development and superior
quality of life. This is to be done in the most efficient manner possible, to keep costs low and prevent
waste buildup.
The Importance of Solid Waste Management

Waste management rules are based on the core principle of sustainable development. This will
prevent your household from undergoing severe risky results due to solid waste material. Municipalities
and concerned authorities are mandated to take care that any practices they follow do not disrupt the
sustainability factor. However, as more and more areas are being developed and urbanised, the country is
facing a massive waste management challenge. Solid waste management is a basic service that should be
provided by municipalities. As this is not just for the current generation but also for the future generations
to come. The key to efficient solid waste management is by segregating waste at the source so that it can
be treated accordingly i.e recycled, reused and recovered. The more waste management opportunities are
created, the better it will benefit the neighbourhood as well as the people living in it.
2. Literature Survey

In 2007 Sharholy and Ahmad gives a review report over Municipal solid waste management in
Indian cities. In his report they discuss about the Qualitative and quantitative analysis, characteristics and
composition, Storage and collection, Transfer and transport, disposals and treatment of Municipal Solid
Waste. The study is concluded with a few fruitful suggestions, which may be beneficial to encourage the
competent authorities/ researchers to work towards further improvement of the present systemVikash and
Shreekrishnan 2008 evaluate the present state of municipal solid waste management in Delhi. Since Delhi
is the most populated and urbanized city in India about 3,85% 3.85%, almost double the national average.
Delhi is also a commercial hub, providing employment opportunities and accelerating the puce of
urbanization, resulting in a corresponding increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. Presently
the inhabitants of Delhi generate about 7000 tonnes/day of MSW, which is projected to rise to 17,000-
25,000 tonnes/day by the year 2021. MSW management has remained one of the most neglected areas of
the mamicipal system in Delhi. About 70-80% of generated MSW is collected and the remains unattended
on streets or in small open dumps Only 9% of the collected MSW is treated through composting, the only
treatment option, and rest is disposed in uncontrolled open landfills at the outskirts of the city they also
summarizes the proposed policies and initiatives of the Government of Delhi and the

Municipal Corporation of Delhi to improve the existing MSW management systemHazra and
goel 2009gives an overview of current solid waste management (SWM) practices in Kolkata, India and
suggests solutions. to some of the major problems. More than around 2920ton/day of solid waste are
generated in Kolkata Municipal Corporation, 60- 70% are collected with the deficient terms of manpower
and vehicle availability. And conclude Lack of suitable facilities (equipment and infrastructure) und
underestimates of waste generation rates, inadequate management and technical skills, improper bin
collection, and route planning are responsible for poor collection and transportation of municipal solid
wastes.. Kumar and goel analyzed Municipal solidwaste (MSW) management practices in Kharagpur, a
small city in West Bengal and propose integrated solid waste management plan. 45mt/d solid waste is
collect by Municipal Corporation out of 95mtid Most of this waste is dumped on open land and in natural
and engineered drains, thus blocking the flow of storm water and contaminating groundwater Other major
problems include inappropriate bin locations and poorly designed community bins, collection vehicles
that are in poor condition, inadequate labor for collection and transport of waste, and lack of waste
treatment and disposal facilities. 12 samples are collect and tested and various parameters such as
moisture content, total solids, fixed solids, organic carbon, volatile solids and calorific value analyzed and
revealed that Kharagpur has high moisture content and low calorific value, making aerobic composting
the best treatment strategy, Composting can help to divert more than 80% of the total waste and will lead
to enormous savings costs of waste collection, ion, transport and disposal. The remaining waste can be
disposed off in an engineered landfill Augmentation in labor and vehicle inventory has been proposed
along with better treatment and disposal facilities.
  Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) processes in India and challenges
faced

1) Segregation and collection

In the present context, waste segregation is a rare practice. The daily collection of unsorted rubbish is
handled by government agencies, who don't have enough staff. According to CPHEEO (2016), this
manual rubbish collection occurs from congested and small streets. In accordance with SWM Rules 2016,
over 70% of the trash generated is collected (or 43 million tons), of which only 12 million tones receive
suitable treatment while the rest 31 million tones are carelessly deposited in landfills (MSW 2016).
Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection techniques include house-to- house collection and community
bin collection, both of which adhere to set timetables and are frequently accompanied by the ringing of
the vehicle's bell. But there are still a number of important problems with these MSW collection systems:
First off, a sizable portion of families do not use community trash cans, which results in rubbish being
dumped on the side of the road. Second, a lot of trash cans in the neighborhood frequently overflow,
creating unhealthy circumstances. Finally, people who hunt for recyclables close to community trash cans
unintentionally cause garbage to pour nearby. Even though there are frequent waste collection services,
much of the trash is left on the streets until the next day's collection, leading to significant littering across
the metropolitan environment. (Joseph 2014).

2) Transport and storage

Municipal waste is often collected by city-owned trucks in the traditional waste management system,
while in certain major cities, private businesses are hired to supplement the government fleet. For the
transportation of waste, major cities often use open-body, multipurpose trucks with a capacity range of 5
to 8 tones. Rural towns, on the other hand, rely on tricycles, bullock wagons, tow trucks, power tillers,
and other vehicles for garbage transportation, trash compactors, container carriers, and dumper placers are
increasingly frequently used with community bins because of recent changes in trash management
procedures. Transfer stations are used to speed up the waste collection process, where waste is moved
from smaller vehicles to larger ones. To ensure that the operations are conducted in a sanitary manner,
these transfer stations need considerable changes (Pariatamby et al. 2014).

3) Treatment and disposal

The lack of well-managed waste treatment systems is one of the key issues in the field of solid waste
management. As a result, solid waste treatment techniques such as bio-methanation, waste- to-energy
conversion, and composting confront substantial challenges, particularly in the preliminary stages of
development. The typical practice of improper rubbish disposal, often Additionally, this approach helps to
minimize air emissions, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, fires, as well as potential disturbances to
animals and wildlife (MoEFCC 2015). In India, dumps should be replaced with well-managed designed
landfills, which will significantly reduce waste's impact on the environment. Therefore, ideally, the
following steps should be adhered to for the implementation of an efficient waste management system
(Malav et al. 2020) The 2016 Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules in India have been updated by the
Union Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). After 16 years, the
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 have been superseded by this new set of
regulations.

 Waste-to-energy processes in India

Global energy consumption is expected to reach 17 billion tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) by 2035,
while CO2 emissions are expected to rise to between 29 and 43 Gt/year, according to the IEA (Chu and
Majumdar 2012). The government of India, like many other developing countries, is striving to reduce the
negative effects of global warming by enacting laws that encourage renewable energy development
(Paulraj et al. 2019). Most of the country already has infrastructure in place to harness renewable energy
sources like solar, biomass, hydropower, wind, and biogas. However, alternative energy sources and the
efficient utilization of existing natural resources are both crucial (Malav et al. 2020). To obtain renewable
energy, waste-to-energy (WtE) technology is the best option. Potentially alleviating several pressing
environmental issues connected with solid waste management, these cutting-edge technologies have the
potential to produce substantial amounts of heat and electricity from trash (Lipu et al. 2013) as well as
lowering the use of fossil fuels, which emit greenhouse gases (GHGs), which contribute to global
warming and climate change (Srivastava et al. 2020). Information provided by SPCBs/PCCs indicates
that eleven waste- to-energy facilities are currently functioning in India two in Andhra Pradesh, one each
in Goa, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh, and two in Uttarakhand, and three in
Delhi (CPCB. 2020-21). The distinct types of waste-to-energy processes are mentioned in Fig.

 Role of model development in solid waste management

 A model is a depiction of an item, system, or idea that is not identical to reality (Qureshi et al. 1999).
Risk analysis, cost-benefit analysis, environmental impact assessment, multicriteria decision analysis, and
life cycle assessment were among the decision-making methodologies and tools incorporated in the
models. The primary objectives of models in waste management encompass the optimization of garbage
collection routes for trucks and the more intricate task of evaluating the comparative advantages of
different waste management methodologies (Morrissey and Browne 2004). Considering this, waste
management services have recently emphasized on the use of innovative and modern information
technology to improve MSWM and boost the efficiency of trash sorting and recycling (Nowakowski and
Pamula 2020, Rahman et al. 2020, ASME 2020). Machine learning (ML) approaches have been
effectively used to ecologically linked domains such as wastewater, air pollution, and solid waste
treatment due to their superior capacity to simulate complicated systems (Joharestani et al. 2019. Ye et al.
2020). Modeling, prediction, and optimization of MSW-related challenges are projected to rely heavily on
ML approaches. Models are developed to solve various waste-related problems. Some examples of
different machine learning models are discussed in Table 3. 10. Future challenges, limitations, and
opportunities in solid waste management in India.

The most challenging difficulty that many countries are now experiencing is solid waste
management (Malav et al. 2020). Lack of energy recovery from waste and inadequate recycling
techniques are one of the key issues which disrupt the waste to energy processes (Mohan et al. 2020).
Many technological, political, and economic challenges have hampered the growth of the waste-to-energy
business, including a lack of financing, poor data collecting and analysis, and inconsistent rules and
regulations. In the future, it will be essential and beneficial for all sorts of organizations to discuss and
analyze such constraints (Pandey et al. 2021, Rajmohan et al. 2020).

Major limitation in Indian cities is that they do not conduct scientific and systematic trash storage
at the source. Typically, waste is dumped in uninhabited areas, abandoned government land, drains, and
roads. Despite regular cleaning by Municipal Workers, the city cannot stay clean for more than two or
three hours after garbage has been put on the street. The city's open drains grow clogged with trash
because residents dump their trash in them. Regular dumping causes. major drain diameters to shrink and
diminish. Separate storage facilities for biodegradable and non-biodegradable trash are not already in
place, which is another barrier. Most urban areas lack adequate waste management services. In most
Indian towns, unprotected landfilling is a common practice with serious environmental repercussions
(Kumar and Pandit 2013).

Awareness among the public is also equally important for proper waste management. The first
step to managing waste is source reduction which is the most preferred step and to successfully follow
this step awareness is especially important. Lack of awareness is mainly due to the reason that most
people are unaware of the toxic effects of discarded waste and due to negligence about this issue by the
people. Most people generally mix all kinds of waste like E-waste with municipal solid waste. Therefore,
there is a big need to conduct awareness programs and surveys to make people aware of recycling and
other sustainable management processes. Another issue with this respect there should be proper
segregation of waste of different kinds and then different management processes can be applied.
Segregation is a very big issue in waste management and is a global issue as well. This condition arises
because of a lack of effective societal organization and planning (Ye et al. 2021). Moreover, the
irresponsible disposal of MSW pollutes surface and groundwater, whereas the unscientific removal of
MSW has a negative environmental impact (Istrate et al. 2020.)

Due to its complicated structure and sluggish biodegradability, biogas production from diverse
feedstocks remains constrained (Kainthola et al. 2019). This issue can be solved by employing various
pre-treatment procedures (Prajapati et al. 2021). Future technologies and trends such as microbial fuel cell
technology, are environmentally benign since it turns municipal solid waste into high energy output and
hydrogen gas. Due to the increasing depletion of fossil fuels, the world requires alternative energy sources
such as Waste to Energy (WtE) to avert future energy crises. (Ye et al. 2021).
  Conclusions

Worldwide, the amount of waste produced is growing at an alarming rate. Furthermore, a large
quantity of MSW is deposited and dumped in open dumps and landfill every single day creating havoc
around the surrounding areas by creating a major impact on health and the environment Municipal solid
waste management in India Current status, management practices.... 107 which includes leaking out of
landfill leachate, which is directly involved in the contamination of groundwater, production of toxic
landfill gases which increases the concentration of GHGs in the environment and many such major effects
of improper dumping of wastes. Long-term solutions are needed for the issues associated with achieving
effective solid waste management. The use of planned landfills and other waste management strategies,
such as waste reduction, recycling. processing, on-site segregation, and correct disposal, are all viable
options for handling MSW properly. In the current context, it is imperative to enhance the waste
collection, treatment, and disposal protocols in order to optimize the proficient administration of solid
waste. Presently in India, there exists a multitude of focal points in the realm of municipal solid waste
management. One such area of emphasis revolves around the development of innovative waste
management technologies that can be readily embraced by small and medium scale enterprises. The
overarching objective of this endeavor is to enhance their overall productivity and bolster their standing in
the global arena of competitiveness. In light of the notable achievements realized through the 'Swachh
Bharat Abhiyan', India is now directing its efforts towards the establishment of a 'Waste to Wealth
Authority'. This esteemed entity will harness cutting-edge technologies on a nationwide scale to
effectively tackle the pressing issue of waste generation, while simultaneously fostering socio- economic
remedies for the nation. The primary objective of this mission is to discern, examine, authenticate, and
implement cutting-edge technologies that can effectively process waste materials to produce sustainable
energy, facilitate material recycling, and extract valuable resources. Additionally, it endeavors to establish
a comprehensive database encompassing both domestic and international technological advancements,
which will serve as a valuable resource for Urban Local Bodies in their efforts to tackle waste-related
predicaments. At present, considerable emphasis has been placed on the strategic implementation of
decentralized waste processing sites within urban areas, with the primary objective of addressing the
challenges associated with the management of both newly generated municipal solid waste (MSW) and
pre-existing legacy waste.

The Indian government has also promulgated policies and disbursed financial assistance to
bolster the Waste to Energy sector initiatives. The advancement and propagation of the Bioenergy
industry in India is effectively regulated by a multitude of policies and incentive frameworks
implemented by the esteemed Biogas technology development group of the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE). More study is needed to eliminate the drawbacks and restrictions of current
waste-to-energy methods. Local governments should educate the public on the need of minimizing waste
at its source, sorting it into dry and wet materials, and disposing of waste in an ecologically sound
manner, as well as other measures that may be taken to improve waste management nationwide.

References

https://search.app/?link=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteproxy.ruqli.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication
%2F377158899_Municipal_solid_waste_management_in_India_-
_Current_status_management_practices_models_impacts_limitations_and_challenges_in_future&utm_ca
mpaign=aga&utm_source=agsadl1%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4