Name: ……………………………………………………………… Admission number: ………………………..

Class: …………………. Date: …………………………….. Teacher: …………………………………………….

INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION & THE CELL

1. Two crustaceans, Porcellana platycheles and Porcellana longicornis were found in the same
rock pool. They are closely related to each other.
a) How do their scientific names show that they are closely related (1 mark)
b) Although they are closely related, they cannot successfully interbreed. Describe how their
scientific names show that they cannot successfully interbreed (1 mark)
2. Highlight the vital scientific skills that are learnt through the study of biology (4 marks)
3. Highlight:
a) Three main branches of biology (3 marks)
b) Three branches of microbiology (3 marks)
4. The diagram below represents the structure of a light microscope. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.

a) Name and state the functions of the parts of the microscope labeled A to G. (7 marks)
Part Name Function
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
b) Which part of the microscope (use letter symbols):
i. Contributes to the magnification of the specimen. (1 mark)
ii. Is used to move the body tube over very small distances when observing under high
power magnification. (1 mark)
c) While trying to observe a specimen under a microscope, a student failed to see the field
of view. Suggest two possible causes of this. (2 marks)
5. Below is an illustration of a nucleus.

1
 a) Name the parts labelled A to D stating their functions (8 marks)
Part Name Function
A
B
C
D
b) What would happen if a cell has its nucleus removed? (1 mark)
c) What name is given to an organism with the kind of nucleus as represented above? (1
mark)
6. The diagram below shows a cell as seen under a microscope.

a) i). Is this observation under a light or an electron microscope? (1 mark)

ii). Give a reason for your answer. (1 mark)
b) i). Is this an animal or a plant cell? (1 mark)
ii). Give a reason for your answer in (b) (i) (1 mark)
c) Name the parts labeled A to H. (5 marks)
d) State the functions of each of the parts marked A, B, C, D, E, F, H. (6 marks)
e) Distinguish between magnification and resolution (2 marks)
7. Barbra observed animal cells in a field of view of a light microscope as shown below. If she
used a total magnification of X1000 determine the actual diameter of one cell

2
8. Below is a diagram of a group of cells of a specific tissue.

a) Name the tissue (1mk)

b) Highlight any two organs in the human female that has the kind of tissue represented (2
marks)
c) State two roles of the tissue in the structures you have named above (2 marks)
9. Below is a representation of a cell obtained from an organism.

a) Calculate the magnification (2 marks)

b) Explain the effect a solution of very high osmotic potential would have on the shape and
number of red blood cells (3 marks)
c) Would you expect to have oil or fat molecules in the cell shown above? Explain your
answer (2 marks)
d) On the diagram, correctly label the site of ribosome synthesis (1 mark)
10. The diagram below represents a cell organelle.
B

A D
a) Identify the organelle. (1 mark)
b) Name the part labelled B (1 mark)
c) State the functions of the part labelled A (1 mark)
d) How is the organelle adapted to its functions? (2 marks)
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 e) Name two plant cells that would have proportionately higher amounts of the organelle
above (2 marks)
11. A form one student trying to estimate the size of onion cells observed the following on the
microscope’s field of view.

a) Define the term resolving power. (1 mark)

b) If the student counted 20 cells across the field of view calculate the size of one cell in
micrometers (2 marks)
c) During preparation of temporary slides to estimate cell sizes, explain the significance of:
i. Adding drops of iodine solution
ii. Cutting thin sections?
iii. Adding drops of distilled water to the epidermis
iv. Using a sharp razor
d) Name three most commonly used stains in light microscopy (3 marks)
e) Fill the table below
Tissue Plant Function
Epidermis
Protecting the body against infections
Animal Protecting internal surfaces of organs
Phloem
Plant Support
Nerve
Animal Movement
f) How are the following cells adapted to their functions:
i. Root hair cell
ii. Phloem cell
iii. Xylem cell
iv. Collenchyma cell
v. Sperm cell
vi. Ova
vii. Nerve cell
viii. Skeletal muscle cell
CELL PHYSIOLOGY & NUTRITION
12. The cell structure below was observed under the light microscope

a) Identify the cell structure (1 mark)

b) Name the labeled parts A and B. (2 marks)
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 c) State one function of the above structure. (1 mark)
d) Highlight three properties of the structure shown (3 marks)
13. The graph below shows the comparative concentrations of different salts in pond water and in
the plant cell saps. Use it to answer the questions that follow.

a) i). Name the process through which the plants take up sodium ions (1 mark)
ii). Explain your answer in (a) (i) above (1 mark)
b) Explain the effect of temperature on the uptake of potassium ions (3 marks)
c) Plants tend to exhibit stunted growth in waterlogged soils. Explain (3 marks)
14. In an experiment equal amounts of three different sugar solutions were placed in the visking
tubing’s X, Y and Z. the tubings were placed in a beaker of water containing 5% sugar
solution. The set up was left for two hours. The results were as shown in the diagram below.

a) Name the process being investigated in the experiment (1 mark)

b) Account for the observations made at the end of the experiment. (6 marks)
c) State three importance of the process named in (a) above in living organisms (3
marks)
15. A student made a set up shown below to study a physiological process

A B

a) In which beaker did the dialysis tubing reduce in size? (1 mark)

b) Account for your answer in a) above. (2 marks)
16. The photograph below shows red blood cells that have been put in different solutions.
Examine them and answer the questions that follow.

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 a) Identify the type of solution in which F was placed. (1 mark)
b) State the process which the red blood cells underwent in illustration G. (1 mark)
c) Account for the appearance the red blood cells underwent in illustration E. (3 marks)
d) Explain what would happen if plant cells are placed in the solution in which the cells in G
were immersed. (3 marks)
17. A student added equal amounts of blood to equal volumes of salt of different concentrations.
She observed and counted the red blood cells at the beginning of the experiment and at end of
the experiment. The results were as shown:-
Set up Concentration of salt Beginning After 30 mins
A 0.1mo 500 500
B 0.01mol 500 250
a) Account for the results in:
Set up A (2 marks)
Set up B (2 marks)
18. A group of students set up an experiment to investigate a certain physiological process. The
set up was as shown in the diagram below.

After some time, the students observed that the level of sugar solution had risen.
a) What physiological process was being investigated? (1 mark)
b) Account for the rise in the level of sugar solution in this experiment. (4 marks)
c) i). State the results the students would obtain if they repeated the experiment using a
piece of boiled pawpaw. (1 mark)
ii). Give a reason for your answer in (c) (i) above. (2 marks)
19. In an experiment to investigate certain physiological process, a student had his experiment set
up as shown below.

To ascertain the occurrence of the physiological process investigated he carried out food test
on the water in the beaker. Both starch test and reducing sugar test at the beginning of the
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 experiment were negative. After the set up was left undisturbed for 20 minutes, starch test
was still negative but that of reducing sugar was positive.
a) State the physiological process which takes place in the human body illustrated by the set
up above. (1 mark)
b) Name the part of the human body where the processes stated in (a) above takes place. (1
mark).
20. The diagram below represents a plant cell that was subjected to a certain treatment.

At the start At the end of the experiment

a) Using one word, describe the status of the cell at the end of the experiment (1 mark)
b) Account for the shape of the cell at the end of the experiment. (3 marks)
c) Draw a diagram to illustrate how a red blood cell would appear if subjected to the same
treatment. (1mk)
21. An investigation was carried out to study the effects of the concentration of sucrose solutions
on pieces of tulip stem 44mm in length. The pieces were placed in different concentrations of
sucrose solutions and measured after two hours of immersion. The results are shown in the
table below.
Sucrose concentration 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
(moles per litre)
Length after 2 hours 50 48 46 44 42 42 42
(mm)
a) Explain the effect of the 0.2 moles per litre sucrose solution on the length of the pieces of
the tulip stem. (3 marks).
b) Use information from the table to predict the concentration of a sucrose solution isotonic
to the cells in the tulip stem. (1 mark).
c) Give the term which would be used to describe the cells in the tulip stem after immersion
in a solution with a sucrose concentration of 0.7 moles per litre. (1 mark)
d) Draw the appearance of a cell from the tulip stem after immersion in a solution with a
sucrose concentration of 0.7 moles per litre. (2 marks).
e) State one role of the process being investigated in plants. (1 mark)
22. The table below shows the concentration of some ions in pond water and in the cell sap of an
aquatic plant growing in the pond.
Ions Concentration in pond water Concentration in cell sap
(parts per million) (parts per million)
Sodium 50 30
Potassium 2 150
Calcium 1.5 1
Chloride 180 200
a) Fill the table below in reference to the table
Ion Process Reason Conditions required
for it to occur
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Chloride
b) How would temperature increase affect absorption of sodium ions? (1 mark)
23. Below are representations of plants cells subjected to various treatments
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 a) What is the significance of the state at which cell A is in to plants? (1 mark)
b) i). How can cell B be made to appear as cell A? (2 marks)
ii). What is the name given to the process you have described above? (1 mark)
24. An investigation was performed by a group of students as shown in the set up below.

a) Name the physiological process that was being investigated in the experiment. (1 mark)
b) Fill the table below stating the observations and explaining them (6 marks)
Section Observation Explanation
In the boiling tube
Inside the visking tubing
c) Define cell physiology. (1 mark)
25. The phenomenon below is commonly observed in plants.

a) Name the phenomenon shown by the plants (1 mark)

b) The phenomenon can be advantageous or disadvantageous. Highlight them? (1 mark)
Advantage (1 mark)
Disadvantage (1 mark)
c) Make a labelled drawing of how an epidermal cell from the plant above would appear
when observed in a light microscope (3 marks)
d) Which physiological process is responsible for the phenomenon above? (1 mark)
26. A student wanted to observe human red blood cells under a light microscope. He put 10 ml of
solution X,Y and Z in three boiling test tubes. The solutions were of different concentration.
In each of the test tubes he put three drops of blood sample. The experiment was left to stand
for 30 minutes. He placed one drop of solution X on glass slide and observed under the
microscope. The same procedure was repeated for solutions Y and Z. He made the following
observation.
Solution Observation
X Normal Cells
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 Y Wrinkled Cells
Z No cells observed
a. What was the physiological process observed. (1 mark)
b. Explain why red blood cells observed in solution Y were wrinkled. (3 marks)
c. A 3cm long piece of kale (sukuma wiki) stem was cut halfway along its length as
shown below.

27.
i. If the piece was placed in solution Z for 30 minutes, its shape changed . Using
a pencil draw a diagram in the space provided to show the expected change.
(1 mark)
ii. Explain the results obtained in C(i) above. (3 marks)
28. In a physiological experiment, starch, protein, diastase and sodium chloride were added to
water and put inside a visking tubing. The visking tubing was then placed in a water bath
maintained at a temperature between 35 --- 40°C. The set up was as shown in the diagram
below.

The following observations were made after the procedures indicated.

Contents in At the start of experiment After 1 hour
Visking tubing Solution tastes salty Solution tastes salty
Visking tubing is not firm Visking tubing is firm
After boiling with Benedict’s After boiling with Benedicts
solution, solution remains blue solution the solution turns brown
On addition of solution hydroxide On addition of sodium hydroxide
followed by copper sulphate followed by coppers sulphate to the
solution to the solution, the colour solution, the colour changes to
changes to purple purple
Beaker Water is tasteless Solution tastes sweet/salty
After boiling solution with After boiling solution with
Benedicts solution, Blue colour Benedicts solution, colour turns to
remains brown
On addition to sodium hydroxide On addition of sodium hydroxide
followed by copper sulphate followed by copper sulphate
solution, colour remains blue solution, colour remains blue
a) Name the process by which salt moved into the water in the beaker from the visking
tubing. (1 mark)

9
 b) i). Name the food substance responsible for the brown colour observed after 1 hour both
in the beaker and visking tubing when solutions are boiled with benedicts solution. (1
mark)
ii). Account for the observation in (b i) above. (3 marks)
c) i). Name the food substance tested with sodium hydroxide followed by copper sulphate
solution(s) (1 mark)
ii). Account for the absence of the food substance named in (c i) above in the beaker after
1 hour. (1 mark)
d) After one hour the visking tubing was firm. State the term used to describe this state. (1
mark)
e) i). Define active transport (1 mark)
ii). Describe the role of physiological processes in living things (14 marks)
29. The sketch below shows the concentration of oxygen in the soil and the rate of uptake of
mineral salts by the plants.

a) Name the process by which plants in the field absorb mineral salts. (1 mark)
b) State the relationship between rate of uptake of mineral salts and oxygen concentration in
the soil. (1 mark)
c) Give an explanation for the relationship stated in (b) above. (2 marks)
30. A 5 cm length of Tradescantia stem was cut and divided into two halves. One half was placed
in solution A while the other half was placed in solution B. The illustrations below shows
their appearance after 30 minutes.

a) State the observations made in:

i. Solution A
ii. Solution B
b) Account for the observations made in:
i. Solution A (3 marks)
ii. Solution B (3 marks)
NUTRITION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
31. In an investigation, equal amounts of water was placed in three test tubes A, B and C. Water
plant of equal length were dropped in each test tube. The test tubes were then placed in
identical conditions of light and carbon iv oxide at different temperatures for five minutes.
10
 After five minutes, the bubbles produced in each test tube were counted for two minutes .The
results were recorded in the table below.
Test tube Temperature (℃) Number of bubbles
A 25 30
B 36 42
C 57 12
a) Name one requirement for this process that is not mentioned in the investigation. (1mark)
b) Name the gas produced in the investigation. (1 mark)
c) Account for the results in the test tube B and C (2 marks).
32. The diagram below represents a plant cell organelle

a) Name the organelle. (1 mark)

b) What is the function of the organelle? (1 mark)
c) In which of the labelled parts does carbon (IV) Oxide fixation occur? (1 mark)
d) Name the parts labelled A and B and state how each is adapted to its functions. (4 marks)
e) Explain what would have happened to the structures labelled X had the plant been kept in
darkness for 48 hours. (2 marks)
f) Describe the reactions taking place in:
I. Part A (4 marks)
II. Part B (2 marks)
33. The diagram below shows a vertical section through the part of a leaf of a mesophyte.

a) Label cell A and organelle B. (2 marks)

b) How are the following adapted to their functions?
i. A (2 marks)
ii. F (4 marks)
iii. E (2 marks)
iv. D (2 marks)
c) State two functions of the part labelled C. (2 marks)
d) State two roles of D (2 marks)
e) What are the differences between palisade cells and spongy mesophyll cells (2 marks)
f) List three cells in the leaf that can carry out photosynthesis (3 marks)
g) Give two differences between the structure shown above and that of a floating
hydrophyte. (2 marks)
h) Explain the significance of the following in a leaf:
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 i. Broad lamina
ii. Thin lamina
iii. Rich network of vascular tissues.
34. The following reaction may proceed in forward or backward direction
Glucose + fructose sucrose + water.
a) What term is used to refer to the backward reaction. (1 mark)
b) Name the enzyme that catalyzes the backward reaction. (1 mark)
c) In which part of alimentary canal does the backward reaction occur? (1 mark)
d) State three properties of the following:
i) Monosaccharides e.g. glucose (3 marks)
ii) Disaccharides
iii) Polysaccharides
iv) Proteins
v) Lipids
35. The concentration of carbon (IV) oxide in a tropical forest was measured during the course of
24 hours period from mid-night to mid-night.

Account for the shape of the graph (6 marks)

36. Two potted plants A and B that had been kept in dark for 48 hours were placed in polythene
bags.

Into set up A, a dish of sodium hydroxide was placed inside the polythene bag. In the set up
of plant B, a dish of sodium hydrogen carbonate was similarly placed. The plants were then
placed in sunlight for six hours. After six hours a leaf from each plant was tested for starch.
a) What is the expected results for set up A (1 mark)
b) What was the purpose of:
i. Sodium hydroxide (1 mark)
ii. Sodium hydrogen carbonate. 1 mark)
c) What would have been the case if neither sodium hydroxide nor sodium hydrogen
carbonate were placed in the set up? (1 mark)
12
 d) State the purpose of this experiment. (1 mark)
37. Explain how the teeth of a lion are adapted to carnivorous mode of feeding. (2 marks)
38. The experiment below was used to investigate an aspect of photosynthesis. The plant was
first kept in darkness for 72 hours before exposure to sunlight for 6 hours.

a) State two aims of the experiment (2 marks)

b) Why was it important to keep the plant in darkness for 72 hours? (1 mark)
c) Before exposing the plant to sunlight, it was important to test one leaf for starch. Explain
(1 mark)
d) Account for the observations made when leaves A and B were tested for starch (4 marks)
39. Study the leaf below and use it to answer the questions that follow.

a) What term best describes the leaf in terms of coloring (1 mark)

b) State any other three characteristics of the leaf (3 marks)
c) The leaf was exposed to sunlight for 6 hours before detaching. It was then tested for
starch.
i. Make an illustration to show the results (3 marks)
ii. Explain the drawing above (2 marks)
40. In an experiment to investigate a product of photosynthesis, the set up was as shown in the
diagram below. The apparatus was placed in the sun.

i. State the confirmatory test for gas Y. (1 mark)

ii. Explain why Elodea is the most suitable plant for this experiment. (2 marks)
iii. State the function of the sodium hydrogen carbonate in the experiment. (1 mark)
iv. Explain the significance of the following in the experiment.
a) The wooden blocks
b) The funnel.
13
41. The set up below was used to investigate the effect of varying light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis.

a) Explain the effect of the following on the amount of gas that would be collected:
I. Adding a third bulb (1 mark)
II. Increasing the distance between the bulbs and the plant set up (1 mark)
b) What is the role of thermometer in this experimental set up (1 mark)?
42. Cuban pond weed (Elodea cubiensis) is a common water plant that produces tiny air bubbles
of oxygen during photosynthesis. The number of bubbles produced per minute indicates the
rate of photosynthesis. The graph shows how the rate of photosynthesis in the pond weed
relates to light intensity.

a) Write the equation to account for the air bubbles. (1 mark)

b) Name the factor that affects photosynthesis at point A. Explain. (2 marks)
c) Explain why the rate of photosynthesis does not increase any further at high light
intensity.(point B) (2mks)
d) Explain the role of the following in photosynthesis.
i) Chlorophyll. (1 mark)
ii) Water. (1 mark)
43. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis rate
at 20˚C and at different carbon (IV) oxide concentrations; 0.04% and 1% carbon (IV) oxide
concentrations.

14
 a) Which graph represents the experiment that was carried out at:
i. 0.04% carbon (IV) oxide concentration (1 mark)
ii. 1% carbon (IV) oxide concentration (1 mark)
b) State two limiting factors of photosynthesis rate at point X (2 marks)
c) Account for the shape of graph T (3 marks)
44. The diagram below illustrates a physiological process that occurs in the alimentary canal of
man.

a) Name the process R above. (1 mark)

b) Explain the biological importance of the above process. (1 mark)
c) Name three substances that facilitates the process named in (a) above (1 mark)
d) State the:
I. Site of production of the substances named in (c) above (1 mark)
II. Site of storage of the substances named above (1 mark)
e) In which part of the digestive system does the process above take place? (1 mark)
f) What is the significance of lipids in animal nutrition? (3 marks)
45. The graph shown below represents effect of substrate concentration on rate of enzymatic
reaction

a) Account for the rate of enzymatic reaction when the substrate concentration was between:
i. 0.0 to 0.2 %
ii. 0.3 to 0.5%. (2 marks)
b) How can the rate of reaction be increased further at 0.4% substrate concentration? (1
mark)
c) Name the substrates for the following enzymes
i. Carbonic anhydrase (1 mark)
ii. Thrombin (1 mark)
46. The illustration below shows part of a starch molecule undergoing a process leading to
formation of molecule D
15
 C + Y

Starch Molecule D
a) Name:
i. The process shown above
ii. Substance C
iii. Substance D
iv. Bond Y
b) State three differences between starch and molecule D (3 marks)
47. In an experiment to investigate the action of pepsin on egg albumen, equal amounts of pepsin
were added to equal amounts of egg albumen in different test tubes. The test tubes were
placed in water baths at different temperatures. The graph below shows the time taken for
the enzyme to digest protein at each temperature.

a) Why are proteins said to be amphoteric? (1 mark)

b) What is the optimum temperature for the enzyme? (1 mark)
c) Account for the time taken to digest egg albumen at 60°C. (2 marks)
d) By giving a reason, name the form in which pepsin enzyme is secreted. (2 marks)
e) State three other factors that affect enzyme-controlled reactions. (2 marks)
f) State two ways in which the human intestinal villus is adapted to its function. (4 marks)
48. A student was given four test tubes, A, B, C and D, each containing a different mixture
among the following:
• Starch + amylase + maltase + water
• Starch + pepsin + water
• Starch + glucose + water
• Cellulose + amylase + trypsin + water
She placed the test tubes in an incubator at 30°C until all possible reactions had taken place.
She then took samples from each test tube and tested them separately for starch, reducing
sugar and protein. The results obtained are given in the following table.
Tube Starch Reducing sugar Proteins
A Present Present Absent
B Absent Absent Present
C Present Absent Present
D Absent Present Present
a) Name a reagent used to test for reducing sugar and state the appearance of a positive
result. (2 marks)
b) Identify the contents of each of the test tubes A, B, C and D according to the results
obtained. (4 marks)
16
 c) State the role of enzymes in respiration. (2 marks)
49. The graph below shows the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme activity.

a) Account for the slow rate of enxyme activity between 0-10°C (1 mark)
b) Account for the shape of the curve between:
i. 10- 40°C
ii. 40 -50 °C
c) State three properties of enzymes (3 marks)
d) Other than temperature, highlight three other factors that affect enzyme activity (3 marks)
50. Study the diagram of the mammalian tooth below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Identify the tooth. (1 mark)

b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above. (1 mark)
c) State one adaptation of the tooth to its function. (1 mark)
d) Name two dental diseases affecting the teeth (2 marks)
51. The diagram below represents the lower jaw of a mammal.

a) Name the mode of nutrition of the animal whose jaw is shown above. (1 mark)
b) i). Mode of feeding. (1 mark)
ii). Give a reason for your answer in (b) (i) above. (1 mark)
c) what is the diet of the animal. (1 mark)
d) Name the toothless gap labeled K. State its role. (2 marks)
e) Name the substance that is responsible for hardening of teeth. (1 mark)
f) State the:
17
 i. Functional difference between J and L (2 marks)
ii. Structural difference between J and L (2 marks)
52. The set up below illustrates a procedure that was carried out in the laboratory with a leaf
plucked from a green plant that had been growing in sunlight.

a) What was the purpose of the above procedure. (1 mark)

b) Give reasons for carrying out steps A,B and C in this procedure. (3 marks)
c) Name the reagent that was used at the step labeled D. (1 mark)
d) State the expected result on the leaf after adding the reagent named in (c) above. (1 mark)
e) During this procedure, explain why:
i. It is important to kill the protoplasm (1 mark)
ii. It is important to decolorize the leaf (1 mark)
53. You are provided with photographs of specimens labeled P,Q,R and S which were obtained
from the same animal. Examine them.

a) With a reason identify P and Q (4 marks)

b) Using observable features only state.
i. One similarity between specimen Q and R. (1 mark)
ii. One difference between specimen R and S. (1 mark)
c) Explain how specimen S is adapted for its functions. (2 marks)
d) In specimen P name the four parts labeled A, B, C & D. (4 marks)
54. The graph below shows the effect of substance concentration of the rate of enzyme reaction.

18
 a) Account for the shape of the graph between:
i) A and B (2 marks)
ii) B and C (2 marks)
b) How can the rate of reaction be increased after point B? (1 mark)
c) State two other factors that affect the rate of reaction of enzyme reaction. (1 mark)
55. The figure below is a diagram of a vertical section of a mammalian tooth

a) Name the parts labeled A – D (2 marks)

b) How are the structures labeled A and D adapted to their functions (2 marks)
56. In an experiment, three test tubes were set up as described below.
Test tube Substrate (ml) Enzyme (ml) Distilled water (ml)
A 0.5 0.5 0.5
B 0.5 0.3 0.7
C 0.5 0.1 0.9
a) What was the aim of the experiment? (1 mark)
b) In which set up was the reaction fastest? (1 mark)
c) Explain your answer above (2 marks)
57. The set up below was used to investigate an aspect of enzymes. Use it to answer the
questions that follow. After 15 minutes the contents of set ups P and Q were then tested for
starch.

a. What was the aim of the experiment? (1 mark)

b. Account for the observations made in test tubes P and Q (4 marks)
c. Identify any two variables that needed to be kept constant in this investigation (2
marks)

19
 d. 2 ml of Benedict’s solution was then added in each test tube and strongly heated. Fill
the table below on the expected observations.
Set up Expected observation Explanation
P
Q
e. Other than the factor under investigation, state any other three factors that can affect
the activity of enzymes (3 marks)
58. During a practical investigation, students of Mama Ngina High School carried out the
following steps.
• To 2 ml of solution X, three drops of iodine solution were added. No colour change was
observed.
• To 2 ml of solution X, 2 ml of Benedict’s solution was added and heated to boiling. No
colour change was observed.
• To 2 ml of solution X, 2 ml of solution Y was added and allowed to stand for 20 minutes.
Thereafter, 2 ml of Benedict’s solution was added and heated. Colour changed to yellow.
a) Identify:
i. Solution X (1 mark)
ii. Solution Y (1 mark)
b) Highlight three properties of X (3 marks)
59. The efficacy of an enzyme based detergent was determined in three different water samples
having varying concentrations of ions. The time it took the fabrics to clean in different water
samples was recorded as shown below.
Water sample Ionic concentration Time taken to clean fabric
(minutes)
A Water with high concentration 43
of arsenic ions
B De-ionised water 9
C Water with large amounts of 4
iron (III) ions
a) Explain the observations in:
A
C
b) Suggest how cleaning can be hastened when using water sample A (1 mark)
60. In an experiment to determine the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of enzyme
activity at 35˚C, the following graph was plotted. Use it to answer the questions that follow.

a) Account for the shape of the curve at B (2 marks)

b) Name the limiting factor at point A (1 mark).
c) State three properties of enzymes (3 marks)
61. In an experiment to determine an aspect of catalase enzyme activity, the following set ups
and results were obtained.

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 Set up Treatment Height of foam (cm)
3
I 1 cm macerated potato + 5 ml hydrogen 4.4
peroxide + 1 ml pH 4 buffer.
II 1 cm3 macerated potato + 5 ml hydrogen 10.5
peroxide + 1 ml pH 9 buffer.
III 1 cm3 macerated potato + 5 ml hydrogen 7.2
peroxide + 1 ml water.
a) What was the aim of the experiment? (1 mark)
b) Explain the formation of the foam in this experiment (2 marks)
c) Identify any two variables kept constant in this investigation (2 marks)
d) Explain the difference in observations made in set ups II and I (2 marks)
e) What makes enzymes specific? (1 mark)
62. The experimental set up below was used to investigate an aspect of photosynthesis

a) Before the set up was made, it was kept in the dark for 72 hours after which it was
transferred to sunlight for 6 hours. Explain the significance of this process (1 mark).
b) The leaf that was inserted into the wide mouth bottle was then tested for starch. Make an
illustration to show the findings of the starch test (3 marks)
63. Study the illustration below and use it to answer the questions that follow.

a) and state the adaptations of teeth M, N and O (6 marks)

Teeth Name Function
M
N
O
b) i). State the mode of feeding of the organism whose jaw is represented above (1 mark)
ii). Give two reasons for your answer (2 marks)
c) Other than the dentition, state any other two ways in which the diet of an organism can be
ascertained (2 marks)
d) An organism is found to have 4 incisors, no canines, 6 premolars and 6 molars on the
upper jaw. On the lower jaw it has 8 molars and 6 premolars.
i) Write its dental formula (1 mark)
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 ii) Identify the type of organism based on diet (1 mark)
iii) Give two reasons for your answer in d (ii) above (2 marks)
e) Make a well labelled diagram of a canine tooth (3 marks)
64. The table below shows results of an experiment that was carried out using soaked maize
seeds. Use them to answer the questions that follow.
Set up Treatment Results
Starch test Reducing sugars
A 2 ml of solution P + 3 drops of Blueblack Blue
iodine solution
B 2 ml of solution P + 2 crushed Brown Orange
maize seeds for 10 minutes
C 2 ml of solution P + 3 crushed Brown Red
maize seeds for 10 minutes
D 2 ml of solution P +2 crushed boiled Blueblack Blue
maize seeds for 10 minutes
E 2 ml solution P +2 crushed maize
seeds + 1 ml hydrochloric acid for
10 minutes.
i) State two conclusions that can be made on solution P (2 marks)
ii) Explain the results of set up B (3 marks)
iii) Explain the difference in observations between set ups B and C (3 marks)
iv) Identify three factors affecting enzyme activity investigated in these experiments (3
marks)
v) i). Complete the table for set up E (2 marks)
ii). Explain the results for E (2 marks)
65. Study the illustration below showing part of an organ system in man and use it to answer the
questions that follow.

a. Name the parts labelled 1 to 10 (10 marks)

b. State the adaptations of 4 to its functions (10 marks)
c. Briefly describe the role of the appendix in cow nutrition (2 marks)
d. Briefly describe mechanical digestion in:
i. Part 1 (2 marks)

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 ii. Part 3 (2 marks)
iii. Part 4 (2 marks)
e. Complete the table below
Part Digestive juice Enzymes Substrates Products
1
3
4
f. Name the cells that secrete mucus in the human alimentary canal (1 mark)
g. Explain the role of hydrochloric acid in protein digestion in the stomach of mammals
(2 marks)
66. The set ups below represent an experiment that was carried out to investigate some aspects of
enzyme activity.

a. What two aspects of enzymes were being investigated by these experiments? (2

marks)
b. Explain the results
Set up Observation Explanation
A
B
C
D
c. Explain the roles of the set ups A and D in the experiment.
i. Set up A (1 mark)
ii. Set up D (1 mark)
67. Study the illustration below and use it to answer the questions that follow.

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 a) Name the parts labelled P, Q and R (3 marks)
b) Name the structure
c) How is it adapted to its functions (4 marks)
d) Distinguish between:
i. Symbiosis and saprophytism (2 marks)
ii. Egestion and ingestion (2 marks)
iii. Assimilation and absorption (2 marks)
68. Fill the table below
Food substance Enzyme Digestive juice Product(s) Site of digestion
Starch
Maltose
Caseinogen
Proteins
Lipids
Sucrose
Lactose
Peptides
Polypeptide
69. The photograph below shows the structure of a tooth extracted from an adult man. Study it
and use it to answer the questions that follow.

a) i). Identify the tooth (1 mark)

ii). Give a reason for your answer above (1 mark)
b) Name K,L, M and N (4 marks)
c) Which of the above parts labelled K, L, M and N would be most affected with carbonated
drinks? (1 mark)
d) Explain the effect of the carbonated drinks on the structure you have identified above (2
marks)
70. Define holozoic nutrition (1 mark)

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