PHY 032: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

Module #9 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Rotation of Rigid Bodies Materials:

Lesson Objectives Calculator, Paper, and pen
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
References:
1. Discover relationship between rectilinear and rotational College Physics by Giambatista,
motion. Richardson, Richardson.
2. Compute the moment of inertia of some solid. Physics for Scientist and
3. Apply the second law of Newton on rotation. Engineers with Modern Physics
by Serwey, Jewett.
College Physics by Weber,
Manning, White, Weygand
https://www.britannica.com/science/mecha
nics/Rigid-bodies

Did you ever wonder how the gear of your

mountain bike works? Understanding the
fundamentals of how gear work, and what effect
varying the size of the front chainrings and rear
cassette sprockets will have on your pedaling will
help you choose the most suitable gearing for your
ability. Gears are there to enable us to maintain a
comfortable pedaling speed. Explore the rotation
of rigid bodies!

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
Thus far we have considered linear motion: bodies in
equilibrium where there is no change in the motion and
bodies that undergo linear acceleration when acted
upon by resultant linear forces. We have noted that a Windmill
resultant torque may cause rotation. At any time, the Hard disk
motion of a body may consist of translation, or a
combination of translation and rotation. Let us
examine first the ways in which rotary or angular
motion can be described by the illustrations that
follows. We shall then see how the action of a Fan
torque in changing angular motion can be
expressed by relationship like Newton’s laws for
translational motion.
Lathe machine Jet Propeller

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2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1 What are some examples of rigid

bodies?

2 What are the units of measures

encountered in pure rotation?

3 How is the moment of inertia of

a solid body computed?

B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
Rotation of Rigid Bodies

Rotational Kinematics
A rigid body is one whose particles all have a fixed relationship to each other, and it is non-
deformable.

In pure translation, a rigid body moves in line, all particles remain parallel to itself. Each particle
in the body undergoes the same displacement as any other particles in a given time.

In pure rotation, every particle in the body moves in a circle and centers of these circles lie in a
straight line which is the axis of rotation.

Angular Position, Velocity and Acceleration

The figure illustrates a solid disc. The disc rotates at fixed axis perpendicular to the plane of the
figure and passing through the center of the disc at O. A small element P is at a fixed distance r from the
origin and rotates about it in a circle of radius r. An angle 𝜃 is measured counterclockwise from the
reference line indicated. The angle is in radians, it is the ration of the arc (s) subtended by 𝜃 to the radius
of the circle.

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𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜔

ഥ)
P
r
CB ∆𝜃
C𝑠 𝜔
ഥ=
∆𝑡
𝜃 A
𝑂 Reference 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜔)
C
r line ∆𝜃
𝜔 = lim ൬ ൰
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝛼ത)

∆𝜔
𝛼ത =
𝑠 ∆𝑡
𝜃= (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑)
𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝛼)
1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 360° = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∆𝜔
𝛼 = lim ൬ ൰
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Linear Motion Rotational Motion
𝑣1 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 𝜔1 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2
2 2
𝑣1 2 = 𝑣0 2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝜔1 2 = 𝜔0 2 + 2𝛼𝜃

Relation between Linear and Angular Motion

𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
𝑎 = 𝑟𝛼

Tangential and Centripetal Translational Acceleration

Tangential Acceleration
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟𝛼
Centripetal Acceleration
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟𝜔2
Actual Acceleration
𝑎 = √𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑎𝑐 2
Rotational Kinetic Energy
In translation, the kinetic energy depends only on the mass and velocity.
1
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

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In rotation, the kinetic energy depends on the angular velocity, the mass, and the distribution of the
mass. Since 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔,

1
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚(𝑟𝜔)2
2

1
𝐾. 𝐸. = (𝑚𝑟 2 )𝜔2 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2 → (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎)
2

1
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝐼𝜔2
2

Moments of Inertia of Some Solids

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑑

𝐼 = 𝑚𝑅 2 𝑅 1
𝐼= 𝑚𝐿2
𝐿 12

y y

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑑
1
𝐼 = 𝑚𝐿2
3
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑅
1 𝑅
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑅 2 𝐿 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
2
2
y 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑅 2
y y 5

y y
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑅1 1
1 𝑅2 𝐼= 𝑚(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )
𝐼 = 𝑚൫𝑅1 2 + 𝑅2 2 ൯ 12
2 𝑎 𝑏

Newton’s Second Law for Rotational Motion

For translational motion, the linear acceleration is proportional to the net force; for rotary motion,
the angular acceleration is proportional to the net torque.
The net torque (𝝉)about any axis is equal to the product of the rotational inertia (I) about that axis
multiplied by the angular acceleration (α) about the same axis.
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼

Units

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Symbol MKS CGS English

𝜏 𝑁∙𝑚 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 ∙ 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
𝐼 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚2 𝑔 ∙ 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
𝛼 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2

Angular Momentum
In linear motion, linear momentum is 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣.
In rotating body, angular momentum is 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔.
Angular momentum is a vector quantity having the direction of 𝜔. Its dimension is the product of the
𝑘𝑔∙𝑚2 𝑔∙𝑐𝑚2 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔∙𝑓𝑡 2
dimensions of 𝐼 and the angular velocity 𝜔, hence, the units ( , , ).
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

Angular Impulse
The angular impulse (𝐽) is equal to the change in angular momentum of the body.
𝜏 ∆𝑡 = 𝐽 = ∆𝐿
If the net torque is zero, it follows that ∆𝐿 = 0, or the angular momentum is constant. This statement is
known as the law of conservation of angular momentum.

Equations for Rectilinear and Rotational Motions

Rectilinear Motion Rotational Motion
Displacement 𝑠 Angular Displacement 𝜃
Velocity 𝑑𝑠 Angular Velocity 𝑑𝜃
𝑣= 𝜔=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Acceleration 𝑑𝑣 Angular Acceleration 𝑑𝜔
𝑎= 𝛼=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Mass 𝑚 Rotational Inertia 𝐼
Force 𝐹 Torque 𝜏
Newton’s Second Law 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 Newton’s Second Law 𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
Work ΣF ∆𝑠 Work Στ ∆𝜃
Kinetic Energy 1 Kinetic Energy 1 2
𝑚𝑣 2 𝐼𝜔
2 2
Impulse 𝐽 = 𝐹𝑡 Impulse 𝐽 = 𝜏𝑡
Power 𝒫 = 𝐹𝑣 Power 𝒫 = 𝜏𝜔
Momentum 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 Momentum 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔
Work-Energy Theorem 𝒲 = ∆𝐾. 𝐸. Work-Energy Theorem 𝒲 = ∆𝐾. 𝐸.
Newton’s Second Law (𝑚𝑣) Newton’s Second Law (𝐼𝜔)
𝐹=𝑑 𝜏=𝑑
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Example Problems

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1. The angular velocity of a motor is increased from 2400 revolutions per minute to 3600
revolutions per minute in 12 seconds. Determine the angular acceleration and the total
displacement in radians and revolutions made by the motor during this time if the angular
acceleration is constant.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
ሾ𝜔1 − 𝜔0 = 𝛼𝑡ሿ
376.99 − 251.33 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝛼= = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟕 𝟐
12 𝒔
ሾ2𝛼𝜃 = 𝜔1 2 − 𝜔0 2 ሿ
(376.99)2 − (251.33)2
𝜃= = 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅
2(10.47)
𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝜔0 = 2400 𝑥 𝑥 = 251.33 𝜃 = 3770.52 ൬ ൰ = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒆𝒗
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60 𝑠 𝑠 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔1 = 2400 𝑥 = 376.99
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝛼, 𝜃 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑣

2. A one-piece cylinder as shown in the figure, with a core section protruding from the larger
drum. The cylinder is free to rotate about the central axis as shown. A cord wrapped around
the drum, which has a radius R1, exert a force T1 to the right on the cylinder. A rope wrapped
around the core, which has radius R2, exerts a force T2 downward the cylinder. What is the
net torque acting on the cylinder about the axis of rotation? If T 1 = 5 N, R1 = 1 m, T2 = 15 N,
and R2 = 0.5 m, what is the net torque about the axis of rotation and which way does the
cylinder rotate from rest?

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑇1 Σ𝜏 = 𝜏1 + 𝜏2 = 𝑹𝟐 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑹𝟏 𝑻𝟏
𝑅1
𝑅2

Σ𝜏 = (0.5)(15) − (1)(5) = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑵
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 − 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
𝑇2

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: Net torque

3. A wheel of radius(𝑅), mass (𝑀), and moment inertia (𝐼) is mounted on a frictionless,

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horizontal axle as shown in the figure. A light cord wrapped around the wheel supports an
object of mass (𝑚). When the wheel is released, the object accelerates downward, the cord
unwraps off the wheel, and the wheel rotates with an angular acceleration (𝛼), Find
expressions for the angular acceleration of the wheel, the translational acceleration of the
object, and the tension in the cord.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑀 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙, 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡. ③ 𝑖𝑛 ②,
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
𝒈
𝜏 = 𝑇𝑅 𝑎=
𝑅 𝟏 + (𝑰ൗ )
𝜏 𝑇𝑅 𝒎𝑹𝟐
𝛼= = →①
𝐼 𝐼 ሾ𝑎 = 𝑅𝛼ሿ
𝑇
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑔
ൣΣ𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎൧ 𝐼
𝑇 𝑎 1 + ( ൗ𝑚𝑅 2 )
𝛼= =
𝑚𝑔 − 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑅 𝑅
𝑚𝑔 − 𝑇
𝑎= →② 𝒈
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑚 𝛼=
𝑹 + ൫𝑰ൗ𝒎𝑹൯
ሾ𝑎 = 𝑅𝛼 ሿ

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝛼, 𝑎, 𝑇 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑇 𝑇𝑅
= 𝑅൬ ൰
𝑚 𝐼
2
𝑚𝑔 − 𝑇 𝑅 𝑇
=
𝑚 𝐼
𝐼(𝑚𝑔 − 𝑇) = 𝑚𝑅 2 𝑇
𝒎𝒈
𝑇= 𝟐 →③
𝟏 + (𝒎𝑹 ൗ𝑰)

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
Exercise Problems

Solve the following problems.

1. An automobile accelerates uniformly from rest and reaches a velocity of 22 m/s in 9 s. The
tire diameter is 58 cm. Determine the number of revolutions the tire makes during this motion
and the final angular velocity of the tire in revolutions per second.
2. A 2-kg disk has a radius of 18 cm and rotates with an angular acceleration of 12 rad/s2 about
an axis through its center and perpendicular to the plane of the disk. Determine the tangential
force at the rim of the disk.
3. A force of 16 N acts tangent to the edge of a solid cylinder weighing 18 N and which has a
diameter of 76 cm. Determine the kinetic energy of the cylinder after 15 s.

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4. A 600-g solid sphere has a diameter of 10 cm rotates at 600 revolutions per minute about an
axis through its center. Determine the kinetic energy of the system.

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Complete column 3: (What I Learned) of the table in activity 1 based on the content notes from activity
2. Use your own words. Never copy any terms used in the content notes. Preferably, complete the table
without looking at the concept notes.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Student Engagement (SE) Effective Questioning

Describe how you can use a simple

experiment involving moment of inertia to
determine whether an egg is raw or hard-
boiled.

5) Activity 6: Assessment for Student Learning

Classroom Assessment Technique (CAT) Muddiest Point

The Muddiest Point

In today’s session, what was least clear to you?

_________________________________________
____________

_________________________________________
____________

_________________________________________

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

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FAQs
1. What are the important characteristics of rotational motion?
Objects that move in a rotational motion have an angular velocity. Unless altered externally, both
velocities remain constant. The acceleration is inversely proportional to mass and directly proportional
to force in translational motion. Torque takes the place of force in rotational motion.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Solutions to Activity 3.

1.
Given:
𝑡 =9𝑠 𝑣1 2 − 𝑣0 2 = 2𝑎𝑠
𝑣0 = 0
Solve for 𝑠,
(22)2
𝑠= = 98.82 𝑚
𝑟 = 0.29 𝑚 2(2.44)
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
𝑣1 = 22 𝑚/𝑠
Solve for 𝜃,
98.82
Find: 𝜃, 𝜔 𝜃= = 342 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟑 𝒓𝒆𝒗
0.29
Solution: 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
𝑣1 − 𝑣0 = 𝑎𝑡 Solve for 𝜔,
22 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Solve for 𝑎, 𝜔= = 75.86 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝒓𝒆𝒗/𝒔
0.29 𝑠
22
𝑎= = 2.44 𝑚/𝑠 2
9

2.

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Given:
𝐹 ∙ 𝑟 = 𝐼𝛼 1
𝛼 = 12 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 𝑚 = 2 𝑘𝑔 𝐹(0.18) = (2)(0.18)2 (12)
2
𝐹 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔 𝑵
𝑟 = 0.18 𝑚

𝐹
Find: 𝐹,
Solution:
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
1
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2
2
𝜏 =𝐹∙𝑟

3.
Given:
𝑊 = 18 𝑁 𝐹 ∙ 𝑟 = 𝐼𝛼
Solve for 𝛼,
𝑡 = 15 𝑠 16(0.38)
𝛼= = 46.02 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2
1 2
(1.83)(0.38)
2
𝑟 = 0.38 𝑚 Solve for 𝜔,
𝜔 − 𝜔0 = 𝛼𝑡
𝜔 = 46.02(15) = 690.3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝐹 = 16 𝑁 Solve for 𝐾𝐸,
Find: 𝐾𝐸, 1 1 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔2 = ൤ (1.83)(0.38)2 (690.3)2 ൨
2 2 2
Solution:
1 𝐾𝐸 = 31,479.95 𝐽
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔2
2
1
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2
2
𝜏 =𝐹∙𝑟

4.

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 PHY 032: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
Module #9 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Given:

𝑚 = 0.6 𝑘𝑔 1 1 2
𝑟 = 0.05 𝑚 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔2 = ൤ (0.6)(0.05)2 (62.83)2 ൨
2 2 5
𝐾𝐸 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖 𝑱

𝜔 = 600 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛
Find: 𝐾𝐸, 𝜔 = 62.83 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
Solution:
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔2
2
2
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2
5

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 11