Class – 10

Chapter – 1 Real numbers

Types of Number

1 Natural Numbers N = {1,2,3,4,5..........} It is the counting numbers

2 Whole number W= {0,1,2,3,4,5........}

It is the counting numbers + zero

3 Integers Z={...-7,-6,-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6...}

4 Positive integers Z+= {1,2,3,4,5........}

5 Negative integers Z-= {...-7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1}

6 Rational Number: Any number is called a rational if it can be represented in the form p/q where p and q are integers
(q>0).

7 Irrational Numbers: Any number is called a irrational if it cannot be represented in the form p/q where p and q are
integers (q>0).

8 Real Numbers: All rational and all irrational number makes the collection of real number. It is denoted by the letter R

Euclid’s Division Lemma: It is defined as “for a given positive integer a and b, there exist unique integers q and r satisfying [a
= bq + r,0 ≤ r <b]

HCF of two positive integers can be find using the Euclid’s Division Lemma algorithm for any two integers a. b. we can
write following expression a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r <b

If r = 0, then

HCF (a. b) =b

If r ≠ 0, then

HCF (a. b) = HCF (b. r)

Again, expressing the integer b. r in Euclid’s Division Lemma, we get

B = pr + r1

HCF (b, r) = HCF (r, r1)

Important Notes

HCF (a, b) =1 – Then a and b are co primes.

Product of primes Theorem of Arithmetic – Composite Number = Product of Primes

HCF and LCM by prime factorization method:

HCF = Product of the smallest power of each common factor in the numbers
LCM = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor involved in the number

Important Formula HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) =a × b

Important concept for rational Number – Terminating decimal expression can be written in the form p/2 n5m
Chapter – 2 Polynomials

Polynomial: A polynomial is a type of expression in which the exponents of all variables should be a whole number.

Degree of a Polynomial: The highest sum of the exponents is known as the degree of a polynomial.

Types of Polynomials

Based on the numbers of terms, there are mainly three types of polynomials that are listed below:

Monomials – Type of polynomial with single term

Binomials - Type of polynomial with two terms

Trinomials - Type of polynomial with three terms

Based on the degree of the polynomial, polynomials can be classified into 4 major types:

· Zero or Constant polynomial - Polynomials with 0 degree are called zero polynomials

· Linear polynomial - Polynomials with 1 degree are called linear polynomials

· Quadratic polynomial - Polynomials with 2 degree are called quadratic polynomials

· Cubic polynomial - Polynomials with 3 degree are called cubic polynomials

Important Notes on Polynomials

· Terms in a polynomial can be only separated by the '+' or '-' sign.

· For any expression to become a polynomial, the power of the variable should be a whole number.

· The addition and subtraction of a polynomial are possible between like terms only.

· All the numbers in the universe are called constant polynomials

Division algorithm for polynomial: Let’s p(x) and q(x) are any two polynomials with q(x) 0, then we can find polynomial s(x)
and r(x) such that

P(x) = s(x) q(x) + r(x)

Where r(x) can be zero or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x)
Dividend = Quotient × Divisor + Remainder

Chapter – 3 Linear equations in two variables

The linear equations in two variables are of the highest exponent order of 1 and have one, none or infinitely many solutions.
The standard form of linear equation is ax+ by+ c= 0 where x and y are the two variables.

Methods of Solving Linear Equations in Two Variables

Graphical Method

Method of Substitution
Cross Multiplication Method

Method of Elimination

Determinant Method

Graphical Method

The steps to solve linear equations in two variables graphically we use the below steps:

Step 1: To solve a system of two equations in two variables graphically we graph each equation.

Step 2: To graph an equation manually, first convert it to the form y = mx+b by solving the equation for y.

Step 3: Identify the point where both lines meet.

Step 4: The point of intersection is the solution of the given system.

Method of Substitution

To solve a system of two equations in 2 variables using the substitution method we use the below given steps:

Step 1: Solve one of the equations for one variable.

Step 2: Substitute this in the other equation to get an equation in terms of a single variable.

Step 3: Solve it for the variable.

Step 4: Substitute it in any of the equations to get the value of another variable.

Cross Multiplication Method

Consider a system of linear equations: a1x+b1y+c1=0 and a2x+b2y+c2=0

To solve this using the cross multiplication method, we first write the coefficients of each of x and y and constants as
follows:
Method of Elimination

To solve a system of two equations in 2 variables using the elimination method we use the below steps:

Step 1: If adding the equations would result in the cancellation of a variable.

Step 2: If not, multiply one or both equations by either the coefficient of x or y such that their addition would result in the
cancellation of any one of the variables.

Step 3: Solve the resulting single variable equation.

Step 4: Substitute it in any of the equations to get the value of another variable.

Tips to Remember While solving the equations using either the substitution method or the elimination method:

If we get an equation that is true (i.e., something like 0 = 0, -1 = -1, etc), then it means that the system has an infinite
number of solutions.

If we get an equation that is false (i.e., something like 0 = 2, 3 = -1, etc), then it means that the system has no solution.

Chapter – 4 Quadratic Equations

Quadratic equation: It is an algebraic expression of the second degree in x. The standard form of a quadratic equation is
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b are the coefficients, x is the variable, and c is the constant term.

Roots of a Quadratic Equation

The roots of a quadratic equation are the two values of x, which are obtained by solving the quadratic equation. The roots
of a quadratic equation are referred to by the symbols alpha (α), and beta (β).

Methods to Solve Quadratic Equation

A quadratic equation can be solved to obtain two values of x or the two roots of the equation. The four methods of
solving the quadratic equations are as follows.

Factorizing of Quadratic Equation

Formula Method of Finding Roots

Method of Completing the Square

Graphing Method to Find the Roots

Factorizing of Quadratic Equation: For understanding factorization, the general form of the quadratic equation can be
presented as follows.

x2 + (a + b)x + ab = 0 x2 + ax

+ bx + ab = 0 x(x + a) + b(x +

a)

(x + a)(x + b) = 0

Formula Method of finding Roots: Quadratic Formula is the simplest way to find the roots of a quadratic equation.
Quadratic Formula = [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)]/2a

Method of completing the square: The method of completing the square for a quadratic equation, is to algebraically
square and simplify, to obtain the required roots of the equation.
Consider a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0. To determine the roots of this equation, we simplify it as follows:
ax2 + bx + c = 0

ax2 + bx = -c x2 +

bx/a = -c/a

Now, we express the left hand side as a perfect square, by introducing a new term (b/2a)2 on both sides:

x2 + bx/a + (b/2a)2 = -c/a + (b/2a)2

(x + b/2a)2 = -c/a + b2/4a2 (x +

b/2a)2 = (b2 - 4ac)/4a2 x + b/2a =

+√(b2- 4ac)/2a

The following list of important formulas is helpful to solve quadratic equations.

The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0

The discriminant of the quadratic equation is D = b2 - 4ac For D > 0 the

roots are real and distinct.

For D = 0 the roots are real and equal.

For D < 0 the roots do not exist, or the roots are imaginary.

Chapter – 5 Arithmetic Progressions

Arithmetic Progression: We can define an arithmetic progression in two ways:

An arithmetic progression is a sequence where the differences between every two consecutive terms are the same.

An arithmetic progression is a sequence where each term, except the first term, is obtained by adding a fixed number to
its previous term.

Terms Used in Arithmetic Progression:

First Term: As the name suggests, the first term of an AP is the first number of the progression. It is usually represented by
a1 (or) a.
Common Difference: We know that an AP is a sequence where each term, except the first term, is obtained by adding a
fixed number to its previous term. Here, the “fixed number” is called the “common difference” and is denoted by 'd'.

General Term of Arithmetic Progression (Nth Term): The general term (or) nth term of an AP whose first term is a and the
common difference is d is found by the formula: an = a + (n-1)d.

Formula for Calculating Sum of Arithmetic Progression: Consider an arithmetic progression (AP) whose first term is a1 (or)
a and the common difference is d.

The sum of first n terms of an arithmetic progression when the nth term is NOT known is Sn = n/2[2a+(n-1) d]

The sum of first n terms of an arithmetic progression when the nth term, an is known is Sn = n/2[a1+an].

Chapter – 7 Coordinate Geometry

We require two perpendicular axes to locate a point in the plane. One of them is horizontal and other is Vertical

The plane is called Cartesian plane and axis are called the coordinates axis

The horizontal axis is called x-axis and Vertical axis is called Y-axis The point of

intersection of axis is called origin.

The distance of a point from y axis is called x –coordinate or abscissa and the distance of the point from x –axis is called y –
coordinate or Ordinate

The distance of a point from y axis is called x –coordinate or abscissa and the distance of the point from x –axis is called y –
coordinate or Ordinate

The Origin has zero distance from both x-axis and y-axis so that its abscissa and ordinate both are zero. So the coordinate of
the origin is (0, 0)

A point on the x –axis has zero distance from x-axis so coordinate of any point on the x-axis will be (x, 0)

A point on the y –axis has zero distance from y-axis so coordinate of any point on the y-axis will be (0, y)

The axes divide the Cartesian plane in to four parts. These Four parts are called the quadrants

The coordinates of the points in the four quadrants will have sign according to the below table

Important Formulas:

Distance Formula:

Slope:

Section Formula:
Area of a Triangle:

Chapter – 8,9 Introduction to Trigonometry

1. Basic Formulas

• sin θ = Opposite Side/Hypotenuse

• cos θ = Adjacent Side/Hypotenuse
• tan θ = Opposite Side/Adjacent Side
• sec θ = Hypotenuse/Adjacent Side
• cosec θ = Hypotenuse/Opposite Side
• cot θ = Adjacent Side/Opposite Side

2. Reciprocal Identities

• cosec θ = 1/sin θ
• sec θ = 1/cos θ
• cot θ = 1/tan θ
• sin θ = 1/cosec θ
• cos θ = 1/sec θ
• tan θ = 1/cot θ

3. Trigonometric Ratio Table

4. Periodic Identities (in Radians)

• sin (π/2 – A) = cos A & cos (π/2 – A) = sin A

• sin (π/2 + A) = cos A & cos (π/2 + A) = – sin A
• sin (3π/2 – A) = – cos A & cos (3π/2 – A) = – sin A
• sin (3π/2 + A) = – cos A & cos (3π/2 + A) = sin A
• sin (π – A) = sin A & cos (π – A) = – cos A
• sin (π + A) = – sin A & cos (π + A) = – cos A
• sin (2π – A) = – sin A & cos (2π – A) = cos A
• sin (2π + A) = sin A & cos (2π + A) = cos A
5. Co-function Identities (in Degrees)

• sin(90°−x) = cos x
• cos(90°−x) = sin x
• tan(90°−x) = cot x
• cot(90°−x) = tan x
• sec(90°−x) = cosec x
• cosec(90°−x) = sec x

Chapter – 12 Areas related to circles

Properties of Circle

Here is a list of properties of a circle.

• Two circles can be called congruent if they have the same radius.
• Equal chords are always equidistant from the center of the circle.
• The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center of the circle.
• When two circles intersect, the line connecting the intersecting points will be perpendicular to the line
connecting their center points.
• Tangents are drawn at the points where the diameter meets the circle is parallel to each other.
• Two circles are said to be tangent circles if they touch each other at exactly one point.

Important Formulas
• Area of a Circle Formula: The area of a circle refers to the amount of space covered by the circle. The area of
a circle totally depends on the length of its radius. Area = π×r2
• Circumference of a Circle Formula: The circumference of a circle is the whole length of the circle(boundary).
Circumference of circle = 2 × π × r
• Arc Length Formula: An arc is a section (part) of the circumference. Length of an arc = θ × r. Here, θ is in
radians.
• Area of a Sector of a Circle Formula: The sector makes an angle θ (measured in radians) at the center. Area
of a sector of a circle = (θ × r2) ÷ 2. Here, θ is in radians.
• Length of Chord Formula: The length of a chord can be calculated if the angle made by the chord at the
center and the value of radius is known. Length of chord = 2 r sin(θ/2). Here, θ is in radians.
• Area of Segment Formula: The segment of a circle is the region formed by the chord and the corresponding
arc covered by the segment. The Area of a segment of a circle = r2(θ − sinθ) ÷ 2. Here, θ is in radians.
 Chapter – 13 Surface area and Volume

Mensuration: It is a branch of mathematics that is concerned about the measurement of length, area and Volume
of plane and Solid figure

Perimeter: The perimeter of a plane figure is defined as the length of its boundary. It units are the same as that of
length i.e. m, cm, km.

Area: The area of the plane figure is the surface enclosed by its boundary. Its unit is the same as a square of
length unit. i.e. m2, km2.

Surface Area: It is the area of a solid’s outer faces.

Lateral Surface Area: It is the area of a solid’s outer faces excluding top and bottom faces.

Volume: The amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object (Solid figure) is called its volume. We use
cubic units to find the volume of a solid.

<Area/Volume/Perimeter Formula Sheet>

Chapter – 14 Statistics

Statistics - A broad mathematical discipline which studies ways to collect, summarize, and draw conclusions from
data

Data - A systematic record of facts or different values of a quantity is called data. Data is of two types:

· Primary Data: The data collected by a researcher with a specific purpose in mind is called primary data.

· Secondary Data: The data gathered from a source where it already exists is called secondary data

Features of data

· Statistics deals with collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data.

· Arranging data in an order to study their salient features is called presentation of data.

· Data arranged in ascending or descending order is called arrayed data or an array

· Range of the data is the difference between the maximum and the minimum values of the observations

· Table that shows the frequency of different values in the given data is called a frequency distribution table

· A frequency distribution table that shows the frequency of each individual value in the given data is called an
ungrouped frequency distribution table.

· A table that shows the frequency of groups of values in the given data is called a grouped frequency distribution
table

· The groupings used to group the values in given data are called classes or class- intervals. The number of
values that each class contains is called the class size or class width.

· The lower value in a class is called the lower-class limit.

· The higher value in a class is called the upper-class limit.

· Class mark of a class is the mid value of the two limits of that class.

· A frequency distribution in which the upper limit of one class differs from the lower limit of the succeeding class is
called an Inclusive or discontinuous Frequency Distribution
· A frequency distribution in which the upper limit of one class coincides from the lower limit of the succeeding
class is called an exclusive or continuous Frequency Distribution

Mean: The arithmetic mean of a given data is the sum of all observations divided by the number of observations

Mean = Sum of observations / Total number of observations

Median: The value of the middlemost observation, obtained after arranging the data in ascending order, is called
the median of the data.

If number of observations is odd then Median = [(n+1) / 2]th observation

If number of observations is even then Median = [(n/2)th observation + ((n+1)/2)th observation] / 2

Mode: The value which appears most often in the given data i.e. the observation with the highest frequency is
called mode of data

Chapter – 15 Probability

Probability can be defined as the ratio of the number of favourable outcomes to the total number of outcomes of an event.

Experiment: A trial or an operation conducted to produce an outcome is called an experiment.

Sample Space: All the possible outcomes of an experiment together constitute a sample space. For example, the sample
space of tossing a coin are head and tail.

Favorable Outcome: An event that has produced the desired result or expected event is called a favorable outcome. For
example, when we roll two dice, the possibility of getting number 4 is (1,3), (2,2), and (3,1).

Trial: A trial denotes doing a random experiment.

Event: The total number of outcomes of a random experiment is called an event.

Probability of an event P(E) = Number of favourable outcomes / Sample Space Important Notes:

1. Probability is a measure of how likely an event is to happen.

2. Probability is represented as a fraction and always lies between 0 and 1
3. An event can be defined as a subset of sample space.