Members: Degollacion, Cheery Pie Silvestre, Geraldine
Laghay, Desiree Joy Tan, Antoneth Jane
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Activity 3b: Explore the Web
Instructions: Choose only 1 among the 4 foundations of the curriculum
listed below, describe the chosen foundation, and identify the great
contributors and their significance to physical education and sports.
Your output will be placed in a matrix below.
1 – Philosophical Foundations
2 – Historical Foundations
3 - Psychological Foundations
4 – Sociological Foundations
Describe the foundations of Curriculum Development.
Ex. Historical Foundations
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS
Philosophy is at the heart of curriculum development. It helps educators in formulating
beliefs, arguments, and assumptions and in making value judgments. Philosophy
develops a broad outlook, and it also helps in answering what schools are for, what
subjects are important, how students should learn, and what materials and methods
should be used. Philosophy provides the starting point in decision making about
education in its totality.
Persons/Symbols Significant Contributions/Theories and Principles
(Include Picture if there is
available)
1. Plato IDEALISM
He is the main proponent of the oldest philosophical system,
called idealism. He developed and explained his idea of an
ideal state through his book, “Republic." It also explained his
theory of education, which stressed the need for mass
education for all citizens.
Plato believes that "the highest goal of educational curriculum
is the knowledge of good. interest in education.”
2. Aristotle REALISM- matter or objects that we see exist by themselves,
i.e., they exist absolutely with or without man.
The ultimate educational aim is achievement of
knowledge of nature and inner workings of the universe.
Education is essentially transmission of inherited culture
from one generation to another.
Disciplines of curriculum should contain certain
elements of culture.
Students should learn disciplines to develop intellectual
skills to discover important principles and theoretical
insights.
3. John Dewey PRAGMATISM- advocated for reality being considered as
instrumental., used as an instrument to solve problem.
Dewey suggested that individuals learn and grow as a result of
experiences and interactions with the world. These interactions
and experiences lead individuals to continually develop new
concepts, ideas, practices and understandings, which, in turn,
are refined through and continue to mediate the learner’s life
experiences and social interactions.
4. William Bagley ESSENTIALISM- came from the word “essential” which means
the main things orthe basics. As an educational philosophy,
it advocates instilling in students with the “essentials” or
“basics” of academic knowledge and character development. It
focuses on traditional subjects, reading, writing, and
mathematics.
It aims to promote intellectual growth of learners to
become competent.
Teachers are the sole authorized in the subject
It focuses on the essential skills of 3R’s; essential
subjects
5. Jean-Paul Sartre EXISTENTIALISM- emphasis on knowledge and abilities for
personal choice. Hence, the need to acquire knowledge and
principles of the human condition and acts of choice-making.
Curriculum should have a broad range of subject matter from
which learners can choose, i.e., electives, and an inclusion of
subjects that involve:
Human emotions,
aesthetics, and also,
philosophical subjects.
Most important is that philosophy can free learners to expand
their learning and what they believe. Thus, there should be no
standard guides for teachers to follow, given that learners are
unique.
Akinpelu (1981) - “the philosophy of existence.”
Sartre (1957) - “man is nothing else but what he makes of
himself.”
6. St. Thomas Aquinas PERENNIALISM- The perennialists believe that the “cement of
education, is the common nature of man” (Doll, 1992:29). With
that focus, education should be the same for everyone.
Perennialists are primarily concerned with the importance of
mastery of the content and development of reasoning skills.
The adage “the more things change, the more they stay
the same” summarizes the perennialists’ perspective on
education.
The goal of a perennialist educator is to teach students to think
rationally and develop minds that can
think critically.
Perennialists believe that
education should epitomize a prepared effort to make these
ideas available to students and to
guide their thought processes toward the understanding and
appreciation of the great works.
