The Historika 9142719681

1. Arabs' conquest of Sindh ............................................................... 3

2. Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 AD) ....................................................... 6
3. Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320 A.D.) .....................................................12
4. Tughlaq Dynasty [1320-1414 AD] ...................................................18
5. Important officers of the Central Administration ..............................27
6. Bhakti movement and cultural analysis ............................................32
7. Bahmani Empire ..........................................................................36
8. Vijayanagara Empire ....................................................................37
9. The Mughal Empire ..........................................................................39
10. Humayun ((1530-40, 1555-56 AD) ..............................................42
11. Sur dynasty ((1540-1555 AD) ......................................................45
12. Akbar ...........................................................................................47
13. Jahangir (1605-1627 AD).............................................................51
14. Shahjahan (Khurram) 1628-58 A.D. ...............................................51
16. Aurangzeb Alamgir,1658-1707E, ...................................................55
17. Mughal Administration...................................................................57

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The Historika 9142719681
1. Arabs' conquest of Sindh
Arabs were the first Muslim invaders to attack Mir Qasim was Hajjaj's nephew and son-in-law.
India. For this reasonSuleiman had a grudge against
him too. He called Mir Qasim back to Iraq and
Source -A detailed account of the Arab conquest
after torturing him severely, killed him.
of SindhIt is found in a book called 'Chachnama'.
This book is written in Arabic language. There is disagreement regarding the events
related to the death of Mir Qasim. According to
Invasion of Mir Qasim and fall of Dewal (712
Chachnama, Dahir had two daughters Suryadevi
AD)- At the time of Mir Qasim's invasion, the
andParmal Devi, whom Mir Qasim had acquired
ruler of Sindh was Dahir whose capital was Alor
after the fall of Brahmanism, was sent as a gift to
(Rohera). Dahir's father was Chach. Chach was a
Caliph Suleiman.
Brahmin. The reason for Mir Qasim's invasion of
Sindh was also its trade importance. They complained to the Caliph that he
(Muhammad bin Qasim)Her chastity has already
between the twoThe battle of Rawar took place in
been destroyed. So the Caliph got angry and
712 A.D. but Dahir was defeated and killed.
killed Mir Qasim.
After the death of Raja Dahir, his widow
Ghaznavi and Ghori dynasties
queen'Rani Bai' bravely defended the Raver Fort.
Mahmud Ghaznavi and Muhammad Ghori-
Under the leadership of Ranibai, the women of
Arabs took over SindhThey were successful in
Sindh absolved themselves of the sins of their
doing this. But their power was temporary. They
men.Tried to do penance. Rani fought bravely.
were certainly able to establish the initial contact
But when she did not succeed, she committed
between Islam and India. But the credit for
Jauhar along with other women.
establishing Muslim power in India goes to the
From Raver Mir Qasim moved towards Turks.
Brahmanism.At that time, Dahir's son Jai Singh
Alpatagin (933-963 AD) Alptegin was a Turk
was ruling there. After a six-month siege, Jai
slave of Abdul Malik, the Samani ruler of
Singh's minister met Mir Qasim. Ultimately, Jai
Bukhara.
Singh surrendered under compulsion and later
accepted Islam. He strengthened his position there and
established the Ghaznavi dynasty.Alptegin made
After the fall of Brahmanism, Muhammad bin
Ghazni his capital.
Qasim established DahirThe second widow Rani
Ladi and two daughters Suryadevi and Parmal Subuktagin (977-999 AD) - Subuktagin was a
Devi were taken captive. They were sent to slave of Alptagin. But later he became his son-in-
Caliph Walid. law.
It was in Dewal that Mir Qasim first imposed Established the Yamini dynasty in 977 AD.
Jaziya.
Mahmud Ghaznavi - (Subuktagin (998-1030 AD)
After the death of Caliph Walid in 714 AD, had two sons – Mahmud and Ismail.
Suleiman became the new Caliph.
According to Tarikh-e-Gujida, Mahmud
He was the enemy of Hajjaj. GhaznaviHe defeated the King of Seistan Khalaf-

3
 The Historika 9142719681
bin Ahmad and assumed the title of Sultan. He The second invasion (1001 AD) - The second
was the first Sultan to assume the title of Sultan. attack of Majmud Ghaznavi took place on the
Hindushahi kingdom in 1001 AD.
to Mahmud GhaznaviAlso called 'Butshikan'.
At that time the king of the Hindushahi dynasty
According to the historian Infan Habib
was Jaipal.
"Mahmud's aim
He fought Mahmud Ghaznavi near Peshawar.
The purpose was not to propagate Islam in India
but to plunder wealth.Hindu temples were But he was defeated and along with his relatives
attacked because wealth was stored there." and generalsWas taken prisoner.
According to Utbi (Mahmud's court historian) Mahmud Ghaznavi destroyed Jaipal's capital
Mahmud'sThe objective of the invasion was Vaihind orTook over Udhbhandpur.
Jihad or propagation of Islam.
Jaipal, humiliated by his continuous defeats,
Political situation - Political perspective of finallyHe committed suicide. After his death his
different states in IndiaIt was divided into. son Anandpal ascended the throne.
Multan and Sindh were two Muslim states. Sixth Invasion (1008 AD) - Mahmud Ghaznavi's
sixth invasion was against Anandpal. After
The boundaries of the Hindu Shahi kingdom
attaining the throne, AnandpalThe condition was
extended from the Chenab River to the
very pitiable.
Hindukush MountainsIt was vast. Its capital was
Udbhandapur. Jaipal was the brave ruler of this In 1008-09, he defeated Anandpal, the ruler of
dynasty. Punjab, in the Battle of Chhachh in Baihand
field.
Mahipala, ruler of the Pala dynasty, was a
contemporary of Mahmud GhaznaviWas. The tenth invasion (1012 AD) - After the death of
Anandpal, his son Trilochan Pal ascended the
Invasions of Mahmud Ghaznavi
throne.
Utbi is the only historian who has mentioned
Trilochan Pal also faced the attack of Mahmud
Mahmud Ghaznavi's IndiaBut Utbi never came to
GhaznaviHad to do it.
India with Mahmud Ghaznavi.
Fourteenth -After this attackIn 1022 AD, Punjab
The Khyber Pass is called the gateway to India.
was merged into the Ghazni Empire.
Crossing this passMahmud Ghaznavi attacked
India. Only after taking control of Punjab, Mahmud
Ghaznavi He adopted the royal coins prevalent in
Henry Elliot has saidDuring the period between
the reign of Raja Ram Sharan. He had his own
1000 and 1027 AD, Mahmud attacked India 17
coins ButHe adopted the symbol of horse rider
times.
and Nandi which was already in use and got
The first attack (1000 AD) - Mahmud Ghaznavi's "Avyaktamekam Avatar Mahmud" engraved on it
first attack took place on the border towns in in Sanskrit.
1000 AD.
Invasion of Somnath (1025-26 AD (16th) - In
1025-26 AD, Mahmud attacked the Somnath
temple with a huge army.

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 The Historika 9142719681
He entered Kathiawar via Multan. Other names of Muhammad Ghori -
After that I reached Anahilwara which was the (1) Muhammad bin Sam
capital of Kathiawar.At this time the ruler here
(2) Muizzuddin
was Bhimdev I who fled without fighting.
Mahmud looted Anahilwara without any (3) Warlike
resistance. After this he looted the Somnath
Muhammad Ghori belonged to the Shansbani
temple. He broke the Shivalinga of Somnath
dynasty.
temple into pieces and took one piece with him.
In this campaign Ghaznavi got 20 lakh Dwinars. Multan and Sindh- Muhammad Ghori during his
India campaignFirst attacked Multan in 1175 AD.
Alberuni: Kitabul written in Arabic by
AlberuniHind is an important source of Anahilwara or Naharwala (Patan)- On GujaratIt
contemporary history. This book is called the was the reign of Chalukya ruler Bhima II
mirror of 11th century India. (according to Minhaj-us-Siraj). Bhima II, under
the leadership of his brave widowed mother
Alberuni was the first Muslim to study the
Nayika Devi, faced Ghori at a place called
Puranas.
Kayadara near Mount Abu. Ghori's army was
Kitabul Hind was translated into Hindi by completely defeated.
Rajnikant Sharma.
First Battle of Tarain ((1191 AD)To conquer
The English translation was done by Edward PunjabLater, the boundaries of Muhammad
Sachau. Ghori's kingdom started meeting the boundaries
of the kingdom of Prithviraj III, the ruler of Delhi
Firdaus: Firdausi wrote in Persian
and Ajmer.
languageShahnama, which consists of 1000
verses, was written at the behest of Mahmud In which Muhammad Ghori was defeated.
Ghaznavi. Firdausi is called the Homer of Muhammad Ghori's entry into IndiaThis was the
Persian. second defeat.
Utbi: Utbi composed Tarikh-e-Yamini. It was Second Battle of Tarain ((1192 AD)- First Battle
published in Kitabul-Also called Yamini. of TarainAfter being defeated, Ghori returned to
Ghazni.
Baihaki: Baihaki, the court poet of Subuktagin,
wrote "Tarikh-e-Composed "Subuktagin". The second battle of Tarain took place in 1192
A.D. Prithviraj Chauhan faced Ghori with a large
Lanepool has called him the Peps of the East.
army.
Scholars of the time of Mahmud Ghaznavi
According to Chandarvardai, Prithviraj was
Usri- He was a great teacher and court poet captured and taken to GhazniHe went to Ajmer
whose MahmudGhaznavi filled his mouth with where he killed Muhammad Ghori with a shabd-
pearls thrice. piercing arrow but later he too was killed. The
contemporary historian Hasan Nizami has written
Tussi– Khurasani scholar.
in his book 'Tajul Masir' that 'Prithviraj went to
Farabi- Scholar of Philosophy. Ajmer with Ghori
Muhammad Ghori

5
 The Historika 9142719681
And he had accepted the subordination of Gori. Bengal Victory- Bakhtiar excited by Bihar
But heWhen he tried to rebel, he was sentenced victoryKhilji planned to conquer Bengal.
to death.'
At that time the Sena dynasty ruler Laxman Sen
Ghori established a military center at was ruling there.Whose capital was Nadia.
Indraprastha near Delhi.Established it and
At the time when Muhammad Ghori, was
appointed Qutubuddin Aibak there.
offering evening prayers. Some people suddenly
Battle of Kannauj (Chandavar) (1194 A.D.) - In entered his camp and killed him on March 15,
order to establish their foothold in the Doab the 1206 AD and turned the victorious army of Gori
Turks had to first defeat the powerful Gahadwal into a funeral procession.
kingdom of Kannauj.
Muhammad Ghori's body was brought to Ghazni
Kannauj was ruled by Jaichand, a ruler of the and buried hereWent.
Gahadavala dynasty.
Muhammad Ghori had no son.
A war took place between the two at a place
The Iqta system was started in India by
called Chandawar. During the warAn arrow hit
Muhammad Ghori.
Jaichand's eye. His army lost courage and fled
from the battlefield. Jaichand was defeated and Muhammad Ghori had no children, so he had no
killed. slavesQutubuddin Aibak laid the foundation of a
new dynasty in India which was called the Slave
Bihar Vijay- Commander Ikhtiyaruddin-
Dynasty.
Muhammad BakhtiarKhilji (a chieftain of Gori)
planned to conquer Bihar and Bengal. In 1202
AD, he attacked Udantpur, the capital of Bihar.
The king here was 'Induman Bhiru' who fled
without fighting. After this, he destroyed the
educational centres Nalanda and Vikramshila
universities. Gradually, he conquered the entire
Bihar.

2. Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 AD)

Qutubuddin Aibak :-((1206-1210 AD)Between Historian Habibullah called Qutubuddin Aibak a
1206 and 1290 AD, the Sultans of Delhi Mamluk It is an Arabic word. It means -
Sultanate did not belong to one dynasty. All these independent Children born to parents.
Sultans were Turks and their dynasties were
Qutbuddin Aibak was sent to India
different. Qutubuddin Aibak founded the Qutbi
dynasty, Iltutmish founded the Shamsi dynasty He is considered the founder of the Turkish
and Balban founded the Balbani dynasty. Empire.
youIn Urdu language Aibak means "Lord of the Aibak didParticipated in the Second Battle of
Moon".Qutubuddin was called Aibak because Tarain in 1192 A.D.
one of his fingers was broken.

6
 The Historika 9142719681
It was fought between Mohammad Ghori and 2. Nasiruddin Qubacha: - He was the governor of
Prithviraj Chauhan. Sindh and Multan.
After this war Aibak was made the manager of Aibak had married his sister to him.
Indian territories.Went.
3. Qutubuddin Aibak:- Ruler of Indian territories.
He participated in the battle of Chandawar in
In this way, Aibak established the newly
1194 AD. In this battle, he defeated Jaichand, the
established Sultanate by adopting the
ruler of the Gahadwal dynasty of Kannauj.
matrimonial policyWas saved.
Battle of Anahilwada (1197 AD) defeated
The practice of the post of Wazir started during
Bhimdev II, the ruler of Gujarat.
the period of Qutubuddin AibakFakh-e-
Aibak did not assume the title of Sultan but Mudawvir was the first vazir of Qutbuddin
assumed the title of Malik andHe assumed the Aibak.
title of commander. He neither read the khutba in
Major Construction :-
his name nor issued coins.
Qutub Minar :- Construction started in 1199 AD.
Ghori's successor Ghiyasuddin Mahmud accepted
him as Sultan.And freed him from slavery in Aibak built it under the patronage of Sufi saint
1208 A.D. Therefore, Aibak was a slave when he Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki But Aibak constructed
became the ruler of India. only one floor of it. Iltutmish was able to get it
completed laterIn 1231 AD, three more floors
Titles :-
were built. Later, one of its floors fell down due
Lakhbakhsh :-Minhaj Siraj due to generosity and to lightning and then Firoz Shah Tughlaq built
charity Said Lakhbaksh in Tabaqat-e-Nasiri. two more floors. Thus, Qutub Minar now has a
total of 5 floors.
Quran Khan :- Because of reciting the Quran in a
very melodious voice. Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque ((1195-1199 AD):- it
It was the first Ottoman mosque.
Malik
It was built to commemorate the victory over
Warlord
Prithviraj Chauhan Had gone.
Peel Bakkh (Donor of Elephants)
The hut of two and a half days ((1199-1200
Hatim II - Minhaj Siraj Aibak Hatim IIWhere is AD):- in Turkish language Hut means a shelter
it? prepared in a short time.
Three main confidants of Mohammad Gauri: - According to John Marshall, "This mosque was
1. Tajuddin Yaldoz:- After the death of built in two and a half days It happened in 1850,
Mohammad Gauri, he became the Sultan of hence it is called the two-and-a-half-day hut."
Ghazni. Qutubuddin Aibak married his daughter. Initially, this place was built by Vigraharaj IV,
A dispute arose between the two in 1208. the ruler of Chauhan dynasty. Sanskrit School
builtThere was 'Saraswati Kanthabharana' which

7
 The Historika 9142719681
Qutubuddin Aibak converted into a hut in two Him Called 'slave of slaves'.
and a half days. Some parts of the Sanskrit drama
It played a very important role in suppressing the
Harikeli written by Vigraharaj IV (Bansaldev)
rebellion of Khokhars in 1205-06.
are inscribed on this building.
played a role. At this time Mohammad Gauri said
Major scholars of the time of Qutubuddin Aibak:
to Aibak
-
"Treat him well because he is a great man
Hasan Nizami- Taj-ul-Masir was composed by
him. Big things are going to happen." Aibak freed
Iltutmish from slavery.
Adab ul Harb was composed by Fakhr-e-
Mudawvir who was He was the minister of She also got her daughter married to him.
Aibak. However, he gave this book to Iltutmish Yaldoz The third battle of Tarain was fought
has dedicated it. between Iltutmish and Iltutmish was victorious.
Death of Qutubuddin AibakAibak died in 1210 Yaldoz was captured and taken to the fort of
AD due to falling from a horse while playing Badaun He was taken away and murdered.
Chaugan (polo) in Lahore. Aibak's tomb is also 2. Nasiruddin Kubacha:Lahore, was the ruler of
in Lahore. Multan and Sindh. When Iltutmish campaigned
Aaramshah (1210-11) :-After the death of Aibak, against him in 1217 AD, he ran away.
some Turkish Amirs and Maliks placed him on Iltutmish attacked Qubacha in 1227-28 AD
the throne. because Qubacha's power had diminished by this
Aramshah was the last ruler of the Qutbi dynasty. time. Qubacha had to fight with Mangbarni.
Qubacha sent his son Alauddin Bahram to
Battle of Jud: -juneIn 1211, the battle of Juda
Iltutmish for a treaty. Iltutmish demanded
took place between Aaramshah and Iltutmish in
unconditional surrender but Qubacha committed
which Iltutmish was victorious. Aaramshah ruled
suicide by drowning in the Indus river.
for eight months.
Alimardan in Lakhnoti :-(Governor of Bihar and
Qutubuddin Aibak used to call Iltutmish his son.
Bengal)
Iltutmish Sheikh Naqshbi used to be called
father. When Iltutmish became the ruler, Ali Mardan
regained his independence make an
Iltutmish (1210-1236 AD)
announcement ofHe held the 'umbrella' and read
Meaning of Iltutmish is - protector of the empire. the sermon in his name and assumed the title of
Alauddin.
The name of Iltutmish's father was Ilam Khan.
Fear of Mongol invasion :-(1221-1228 AD, To
Title of Iltutmish - Sultan-e-Azam, was Amir-ul-
escape the wrath of Genghis Khan (whose
Umara.
original name was Timuchin) Jalaluddin
Founder - This founder of Shamsi dynasty or first Mangbarni, son of Khwarazm Shah, fled to Sindh
Ilbari dynasty Was. for help He came to the valley. After coming
8
 The Historika 9142719681
there he sought help from Iltutmish but Iltutmish Iltutmish said-"India is not Arabia, it is in Darul
asked for it. Did not help Mangbarni at all. IslamIt is not practically possible to convert."
Turkan-e-Chahalgani :-Also called Charagan. Dr. Ishwari Prasad - "Iltutmish is the real ruler of
the slave dynastywas the founder."
something at the beginning'Qutbi' i.e. the
chieftains of Qutubuddin Aibak's time and Iltutmish didIn 1211 AD, Delhi was made the
'Muizzi' i.e. the chieftains of Muhammad Ghori's capital in place of Lahore.
time opposed Iltutmish as soon as he ascended
the throne. Iltutmish put an end to their rebellion
but he could never trust them completely. For this Ruknuddin Ferozshah1236 AD
reason Iltutmish formed a group of his loyal Iltutmish made his capable daughter Razia his
chieftains which became famous by the name of ownSuccessor chosen.
'Turkan-e-Chihalgani'. Iltutmish formed an
organization of his forty slave chieftains. At the time of the attack Gwalior was the capital
of Delhi governmentRazia took care of it.
First mention of Turkan-e-Chahalgani IsamiThe
futuh of that is found in that Salatin. This name But after the death of Iltutmish, from the western
was given by Ziauddin Barani in Tarikh-e- border campaignThe provincial rulers who
Firozshahi. returned to Delhi made Firoz the Sultan.

Iltutmish didRanthambore was conquered in When Ferozeshah came to face the provincial
1226 AD. At this time the ruler of Ranthambore rebelsWhen he went out of the capital, Razia
was Veer Narayan, who was poisoned to death in went to the temple at the time of Friday prayers
Delhi. She appeared wearing red clothes.
Iltutmish fell ill in 1236 and died in the same sultan razia1236-1240 AD
year.
Birth of Sultan RaziaIt was born in Badaun in
Currency System:- Iltutmish was the first Turkish 1205 AD.
ruler who introduced pure Arabic.Coins were
issued. The tradition of writing the name of the title of raziaIt was 'Umdat-ul- Niswa'.
mint on coins was first started by Iltutmish. Razia gave up the veil and wore a coat and kulah
(i) The silver tanka was of 175 grains. like men.Started coming to the court wearing
(cap).
(ii) Copper Jettal
Razia appointed the Abyssinian Habshi
The name of the Caliph was inscribed on coins, Jalaluddin Yaqut as Amir-A- Appointed to the
which helped the common peoplehad greater post of Akhur (head of the stable).
confidence in the stability of the Sultan
Razia cleverly maintained her image by marrying
Madrasa-e-Muizzi- Madrasa located in Delhi AltuniaAnd they united but both were defeated
which was builtIt was done in the memory of by Bahram Shah in 1240. In October 1240,
Mohammad Ghori. dacoits killed Razia and Altunia near Kaithal.
Iltutmish in hisEstablished 'Madrasa-e-Nasiriya'
in Delhi in the name of his son.

9
 The Historika 9142719681
MinhajAccording to Siraj, "Razia had all the in political and administrative work He had little
royal qualities but due to her being a woman, all interest.
of them were useless."
its titleShe was a 'Dervesh'.
According to Elphinstone, "If Razia had not been
Minhaj wrote to Nasiruddin Mahmud He was
a woman, herHis name would have been counted
called the ideal Sultan of Delhi and Sultanus
among the great Muslim rulers of India."
Salatin.
According to Isami "Rajiya should not have sat
Minhaj-us- Siraj wrote in his work Tabaqat-e-
on the throne insteadYou should take care of the
Nasiri Dedicated to Nasiruddin Mahmud.
spinning wheel."
He used to copy and sell verses of the Quran and
He supported himself with money. He was fond
Muizzuddin Bahram Shah (1240-42 AD) :- of calligraphy.
Of DelhiThe rebel amirs placed Iltutmish's third Nasiruddin Mahmud is also called Darvesh i.e.
son Bahram Shah on the throne in the Red Palace simple One who lives life.
on 21 April 1240 AD.
Minhaj-us-Siraj was appointed as the Chief Qazi
Mongol Invasion: - during the time of Nasiruddin Was made.
December during Bahramshah's reignIn 1241, the Rise of Balban:- Balban in the beginningHe was
Mongols attacked Multan under the leadership of 'Amir-e-Hajib'. To establish his influence on the
Taiyar Bahadur. (The first Mongol attack on Sultan and strengthen his position, he married his
India took place during the reign of Bahram daughter Huzaida to Nasiruddin Mahmud in 1249
Shah.) AD. At this time, he was given the post of Naib-
e-Mumalikat and was legally given full rights of
Alauddin Masud Shah ((1242-1246 AD)
governance and was honoured with the title of
He was the son of Ruknuddin Firozshah. Ulug Khan.
Balban was given the Iqta of Hansi and the post Protection from Mongol invasion: -The Mongol
of Amir-e-Hajibgiven. leader Halaku Khan captured Kishlu With the
help of Khan and the Subedar of Awadh, Qutlug
Balban's political importance began during the
Khan, he attacked Delhi Tried to take over but
time of this SultanHappened.
Balban foiled it Gave.
Balban and Nasiruddin Mahmud conspired and
The importance of Afghans in India was first
removed him from the throne.
noticed by Nasiruddin Mahmudappeared in time.
Its ruleStayed for 4 years and 1 month.
Balban (1266-1286 AD)
Nasiruddin Mahmud ((1246-1265 AD)
Established the Second Ilmurti Dynasty.
Nasiruddin was the grandson of Iltutmish and the
Balban's title- Ulug Khan (given by Nasiruddin
fifth and He was the last ruler
Mahmud) (did).
The Sultan was of saintly nature.
Zille-Illahi (image of God) worn by
himselfGhiyasuddin (worn after accession to the

10
 The Historika 9142719681
throne), Niabat-e-Khudai (The state represents Balban was the first to establish the Diwan-e-Arz
God.) department in IndiaHe appointed Imadul-Mulk as
Diwan-e-Ariz (Army Minister) and gave him the
Balban Ilbari was a Turk. Ghiyasuddin Balban II
title of "Rawat-e-Arz".
Ilbari Was the founder of the dynasty/Balbani
dynasty. Turkan-e-Chahalgani:- Created by Iltutmish for
his slavesIt was a group of Balban. Before
Balban called himself Afrasiyab as described in
becoming the ruler, Balban was also its member.
Firdausi's Shahnama He was declared a
descendant of. Formation of Intelligence Department :-The
success of Balban's ruleThe main base was its
Barani called Balban a secret killer, is called the
intelligence department.
father and leader of the people.
The intelligence officer was called Barid and this
Accession to the throne :-1266In 1846 his son-in-
department was calledIt was called Barid-e-
law Nasiruddin Mahmud He murdered him and
Mumalik. The intelligence department Barid-e-
got himself crowned as king.
Mumalik was first formed by Balban. If they
It is necessary for the Sultan to be autocratic: - failed to perform their duties, they were given
Balban had told his son Bughra Khan that "the severe punishment.
position of the Sultan It is a living symbol of
Before his death, Balban had declared Kaikhusro
despotism."
as his successor.Appointed.
Balban said that "Whenever I insult any
On the death of Balban, Barani wrote- "Balban's
insignificant personWhen I see this, my nerves
deathThe grieved masters (emirs) tore their
start pounding with anger."
clothes and carried the sultan's body barefoot to
Balban himself entered the court with all the the graveyard of Darul-Aman, throwing stones at
royal splendor and equipment.I used to be his heads. They mourned his death for forty days
present. and wept on the ground."
Sijda (kneeling down and bowing head) and Tomb of Balban:- Built according to pure Islamic
Paibos in the court(touching the feet of the methodThis is the first tomb of India.
Sultan) which had to be followed strictly.
Balban's successors (1287-1290 AD)
Every year the Iranian festival of Nowruz is
Kaiqubad :- When Kaiqubad became the
celebrated with great pomp and showused to go.
rulerWas 17-18 years old.
Like the Persian emperors, Kaiqubad named his
Kaiqubad was brought up under the strict control
grandsons as, Kay Khusro and Qumars.
of Balban.
The death of his eldest son Muhammad had
The Turkish force took advantage of the situation
broken his heart
and killed Kaiqubad's three-year-old son
But he did not reveal his weakness to anyone.Did
Qumars was placed on the throne and
According to Barani - "Balban broke down in Shamsuddin II wasGave the title.
solitude at nightI used to cry."
Now the Turkish group planned to kill Jalaluddin
KhiljiMade it.

11
 The Historika 9142719681
Jalaluddin Khilji first became the guardian of the and took over the throne himself.
Qumars and threeA month later he murdered him

3. Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320 A.D.)

Establishment of Khilji dynasty – Jalaluddin Title - Shaista Khan [of Kaiqubad] and Ibn Saif.
Khiljiof.
Jalaluddin - was a Turk of the Khilji clan
There were a total of four rulers in the Khilji
He started his service during the time of Balban.
dynasty: -
Ascension to the throne: - by killing Qumars13
1. Jalaluddin Khilji
June – in 1290 A.D.
2. Alauddin Khilji
Jalaluddin got himself crowned in the palace of
3. Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah Kilukhari.
4. Nasiruddin Khusro Shah According to Barani "he would not harm even an
ant"."I believed in the policy of."
The shortest reigning dynasties of the Delhi
SultanateThe dynasty was the Khilji dynasty. Rebellion of Malik Chajju: - This Kada - Subedar
of ManikpurHe revolted in 1290 AD. He
Khilji Revolution: - Khilji Revolution brought
assumed the title of Sultan Mughisuddin. He got
about a change in dynasty
the Khutba read in his name and issued coins.
Along with this, changes were made in the
Murder of Siddi Maula: -
prevailing political system. KhiljiThe Revolution
established the supremacy of the general public The Sultan called Sidi Maula to the court and
over that of the royal blood, and proved that the when Sidi MaulaWhen he did not accept his
throne could be monopolized by any person who crime of interfering in politics the Sultan became
had the power and ability to hold it in his hands. angry and ordered him to be killed.
The important changes brought about by the Siddi Maula was crushed by elephants.
Khilji revolution are as follows:
Jalaluddin was so generous that he accepted the
1. Ended the monopoly of the Turks. throne of BalbanIt did not fit in. It adopted the
policy of liberal absolutism.
2. Selection for top positions was done on the
basis of merit. It put forth the view in clear terms that “the State
mustshould be based on voluntary support."
3. Non-Turks were also given a share in the
administration. Mongol Invasion :- AUnder the leadership of
Badullah (grandson of Halaku)The attack took
4. None of the kings of this dynasty sought
place in 1292 AD but the Mongols were defeated.
approval from the Caliph for the post of Sultan.
Ulug Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan,
Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji ((1290-1296 AD)

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 The Historika 9142719681
accepted Islam along with his 4000 followers and 4. Revolt of Haji Maula(The oldest Kotwal
decided to stay in India. Fakhruddinwas a freed slave of : - This was the
most terrible rebellion.
The Sultan married one of his daughters to Ulug
Khan. He wanted to make him the Kotwal of Delhi.
These same Mongols later became "New Alauddin's loyal chieftain Hamimuddin
Muslims".' was called. suppressed this rebellion.
When Alauddin was returning after looting They finished him off and killed Haji Maula.
Devagiri, the SultanI was in Gwalior.
3. He was the first Sultan of Delhi to impose
Sultan Jalaluddin was assassinated by Alauddin's prohibition on alcohol and he himself stopped
chieftainsIkhtiyaruddin Hud did it. drinking alcohol. He also banned gambling and
consumption of cannabis.
ThusOn 20 July 1296 AD, Sultan Jalaluddin was
beheaded and while blood was flowing from the 4. The mutual interactions of the rich and their
Sultan's severed head, Alauddin was declared the merry making celebrations were banned.
Sultan.
Mongol Invasion: - Most of the Mongol invasion
Established the Diwane Waqf department. The was caused by AlauddinIt happened at the time
work of this departmentHad to take care of the of.
expenditure papers.
The sequence of attacks on the states of North
Alauddin Khilji1296 - 1316 AD India: -
The original name of Alauddin Khilji was Ali 1. Gujarat (1299 AD) 2. Ranthambore (1301 AD)
Gurshasp.According to Barani, Alauddin was 3. Chittor
uneducated.
(1303 AD) 4. Malwa 1305 AD 5. Siwana (1308
Its birth-Happened in Sirsa in 1266 AD. AD) 6. Jalore (1311 AD)
Title - Abul Muzaffar Sultan Alduniya wa Deen 1. Gujarat: - This campaign was done in 1299
Muhammad A.D. This was done by Alauddin
Shah Khilji, Yemeni-ul-Khilafat Nasiri Amir- This was the first military campaign of 1818. The
Mumnin (Deputy of the Caliph), Alexander II, ruler of Gujarat at this time was –
Sikandar-e-Sani
Karna was Baghel (Baghela Rajput). Whose
Father's name was Shihabuddin Masood Khilji. capital was – Anahilwada(Patan).
After his death, Alauddin was succeeded by his Kamala Devi, the wife of King Karn Baghela was
uncle Jalaluddin Khilji.Raised by. captured and sent to DelhiShe was brought there.
Where Alauddin married her.
Brother- Almas Beg [Title- Ulug Khan]
Jalaluddin Khilji married his daughter to
AlauddinI had done it.

13
 The Historika 9142719681
To KamaladeviAwarded the title of 'Malik-e- Alauddin changed the name of Chittor to -
Jahan'. Looted the Somnath temple. Attacked KhijrabadAnd made Khizr Khan the ruler here.
Khambhat where Nusrat Khan was captured
Due to the pressure of Rajputs, Khijrakha wasHe
Received as a Hindu eunuch slave named MalikIt was forced to leave Chittor in 1311 AD.
was named Kafur. It was bought for one thousand
Description of the story of Padmini:- Found in
gold dinars. That is why it was also called Hazar
Padmavat (Hindi)It was written by Malik
Dinaari.
Muhammad Jayasi in 1540 AD. It was written
2. Ranthambore: - It was conquered by Aibak and during the time of Sher Shah Suri.
Iltutmish.
Conquest of South India
But later the Rajputs established their
Alauddin was the first ruler of Delhi Sultanate
independent power.
whoIndia won.
The ruler here was Hammir Dev who defeated
The first Muslim commander to invade South
the Rajputs of the north-west
IndiaIt was Alauddin Khilji.
Defeat the Kings
Alauddin was the first sultan to cross
Rajput women burnt the fire under the leadership VindhyachalIt was Khilji.
of Hammir's queen RangdeviJauhar was
Amir Khusrao describes Alauddin's southern
performed and the Rajput soldiers and Hammir
campaignsKhazain-ul-Futuh and Barani have
Dev attained martyrdom.
done this in Tarikh-e-Firozshahi.
Books related to Ranthambore campaign :-
The southern campaigns were led by Malik
Hammir Mahakavya - written by Nayanchandra Kafur.
Suri.
1. Devagiri Campaign (1307 - 08) :-This region
Hammir Raso - written by Jodhraj. was in the present Maharashtra region, to the
south-west of Vindhyachal mountain. Its capital
Hammir Hatha - Written by Chandra Shekhar.
was Devagiri which is currently called
3. Chittor :- Daulatabad. The Yadav dynasty ruled here.
The desire to obtain Padmani (Padmavat). The Ramchandra Dev was the ruler here.
Guhil dynasty ruled here. The capital of Mewar
2. Telangana (Warangal) Campaign (1309-10
was ChittorAnd the king was Ratan Singh.
AD) :- TelanganaThe capital of was Warangal.
In 1303 A.D. Alauddin reached Chittor with his The Kakatiya dynasty ruled here. During the time
army. Ratnasingh and of Alauddin Khilji, the ruler here was
Gora - Badal attained martyrdom while fighting Prataprudradev. He was also called Lahardev.
and Rani PadminiCommitted Jauhar along with Malik Kafur campaigned in 1309 AD.
1600 women.

14
 The Historika 9142719681
Khafi Khan wrote "On this occasion Prataprudra The ruler here was Veer Ballal III.
Devathe world famous Kohinoor diamond which
Pandya Campaign :-((1311 AD)The capital was
Kafur gave to
Madurai. This stateIt was located far south.
Presented to Sultan Alauddin."
3. Dwar Samudra Abhiyan (1311 A.D.) :-South
West of Telangana
There was a Hoysala kingdom in 1005. Its capital
was Dwara Samudra.

Campaigns of Alauddin Khilji

No. place Year Leadership ruler

1. Gujarat 1299 Ulugh Khan, Nusrat Khan Karna II
2. Malwa 1305 ain ul mulk Mahalakdev
3. Ranthambore 1301 nusrat khan, Ulug Khan Hammirdev
4. Chittor 1303 Alauddin Khilji Rana Ratansingh
5. Sivana 1308 Kamaluddin Gurg Sataldev
6. Jalore 1311 Gul Bihisht Kanhadde/Viramdev

Alauddin's Southern Campaign

No. place Year ruler

1. Devagiri 1307 Ramchandradev Yadav
2. Warangal 1309-10 Prataprudra Deva II Kakatiya
3. Hoysalas 1310-11 Veer Ballal III
2. Diwan-e-Ariz :-This was the military
department. Its highestThe officer was called
Alauddin had four important ministers:
Ariz-e-Mumalik.
1. Diwan-e-Vizarat (Finance Department) :- To
recruiting an armyIts job was to distribute
the Chief MinisterHe was called the Wazir. He
salaries, and look after the equipment and
was the closest associate of the Sultan.
efficiency of the army.

15
 The Historika 9142719681
3. Diwan-e-Isha :-Its head was called Diwan-e- Malik Kabul was appointed Shahna-e-Mandi.
Mumalik or Dabir-e-Mumalik. The work of this
Muhtasib -He was the protector and caretaker of
departmentDrafting of royal orders and letters
the conduct of the common people. He also
was to be done, correspondence with governors
controlled the markets and regulated the
and local officials was to be done and
measurement.- Used to inspect the weighing.
government orders were to be preserved.
Alauddin established an efficient intelligence
There were many secretaries in this department
department.
who were called Dabir.
The head of this department was Barid-e-
4. Diwan-e-Rasalat:- This was the foreign
Mumalik.
department. The work of this department was to
prepare the draft of letters to be sent to the The governor of the province has also been called
neighbouring courts.and for those going abroad Vali or Mukta.
and for ambassadors coming from abroad. Military reform:- Alauddin's first soldiers were
Had to establish contact with. paid their salaries
5. Diwan-e-Riyasat:- This department was Land was provided in exchange for this. Which
established by AlauddinKhilji did this. This was called Iqta.
department used to control the market traders Alauddin Khilji was the first ruler who
(economic matters). established a standing army
Malik Yakub was appointed the first Diwan-e- (Hashm-e-Murratab) was formed.
RiyasatWent.
Similarly, he also started the practice of branding
6. Diwan-e-Mustakh Raj- The main work of this horses.
department is pendingRevenue had to be
collected. Paygah DepartmentHe used to work for
improving the breed of royal horses and
Administration of Justice:- Sultan was the source managing good breed of horses.
of justice and court of appealIt was the highest
court. It dispensed justice in open court. salary to the soldier:- To start paying salary in
cashThe first sultan was Alauddin Khilji.
Sadr after the Sultan- A – Where Kaziul Kujat
used to be. Barani criticized the market system of Alauddin
KhiljiWhile doing this it is written "A camel
To improve the police system, Alauddin belonged to a Jeetal but who owned that Jeetal?
established Diwan-e-New posts named Riyasat,
Shahna (Magistrate) and Muhtasib were created. Alauddin withdrew all the grants and converted
the state into Khalsa.This was the reason that the
Diwan-e- Riyasat -He exercised control over the maximum expansion of Khalsa land took place
business class. during his time.
shehnai or magistrate- The head of the market tax system: -
was Shahna.
16
 The Historika 9142719681
The rate of land revenue was the highest.50% Alai Darwaza- This is the Quwwat-ul-Islam
was taken as land tax. MosqueThere is a southern entrance.
In the Sultanate period the Masahat (land Hazar Situn (Thousand Pillared Palace):- This is
measurement) system was introduced by from DelhiIt is located near a town called Siri. It
AlauddinIt was started by . was constructed in 1303 AD. It is a three-
storeyed building.
Masahat System - Land measurement under this
systemLand revenue was determined by getting it Hauz-e-Alai / Hauz-e-Khas :- Near DelhiIs
done (50%). located.
According to Barani, fodder tax was imposed on Built in 1296 AD.
dairy animals.
It was constructed to supply water to Siri town.to
In addition to the revenue, Ulauddin imposed two be done.
new taxes: -
Siri Town :- It was founded by Alauddin Khilji.
tax on residence
Foundation of the fortressIt was laid in 1303 AD.
Chari - tax on grazing of animals. It is built in an oval shape.
Muslim traders were burdened with the price of Alauddin died on 4 January 1316 AD.
the goods5% tax was levied on Muslims and 10%
Alauddin's tomb was built in Delhi.
on Hindus.
Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah Khilji ((1316 - 1320
Jaziya- Tax levied on non-Muslims.
AD)
Zakat- Religious tax levied only on Muslims.
Degree :- ul - Imam - ul Izay, Khalafat-ul-Lah wa
(which was 40th part of the property) Alwasik Billah.
Khums (Loot):- This caused one-fifth of the state Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah Khilji AprilHe
toThe army used to be 4/5th of the state. ascended the throne of Delhi Sultanate in 1316
Alauddin divided the state's share into 4/5th and AD. On the day of his accession to the throne,
the army's share into 1/5th. Qutbuddin Mubarak Ali Khilji released 17-18
thousand prisoners imprisoned by Alauddin.
Ushr -It was a land tax levied on Muslims.
Mubarak Shah gained power by killing Malik
When irrigation is done by natural means – the
Kafur.
yield10% tax was levied.
* He was the first ruler of Delhi Sultanate who
Writer:- Amir Khusro and Amir Hasan Dehlvi.
declared himself Caliph and refused to accept the
AmirKhusro was appointed for the first time to
authority of the Caliph.
the post of court poet during the reign of
Alauddin. * According to Barani, "He would sometimes run
naked among his courtiers."
construction work

17
 The Historika 9142719681
Mubarak Shah renamed Devagiri as Ghazi Malik declares Jihad on the North Western
Qutbabad/KhutbabadGave. FrontierHe organized all the Turks and attacked
Delhi
Mubarak Shah Khilji in the book Nuh-e-Sipar by
Amir KhusroA description of the military Made a plan. In response to this Khusro Shah
campaigns of . sent an army to DelhiSent to Lahore but the royal
army was defeated in the battle of Dabhali
On 9 July 1320, a man named Jahariya, a loyalist
(Dipalpur).
of Khusro Khan, assassinated the Sultan.
On 5 September 1320, the royal army was
Mubarak Shah accepted the greetings of
defeated in the Lohravat field near Indraprastha.
Nizamuddin AuliyaHad refused to do it.
Khusro Shah was killed. Thus the Baradu
Nasiruddin Khusro Shah revolution ended. The Tughlaq dynasty was
After the assassination of Mubarak Shah, Khusro established under the leadership of Ghazi Malik.
Khan built the Hazar Situn PalaceHe ascended
the throne assuming the title of Nasiruddin
Khusro Shah.
He was the only person to become Sultan during
the Delhi Sultanate periodHe was an Indian
Muslim.

4. Tughlaq Dynasty [1320-1414 AD]

Giyasuddin Tughlaq founded a new dynasty whichIt Alauddin Sikandar Shah was one of the most
ruled till 1412 AD. The Tughlaqs gave three powerful Turkic dynasties that ruled Delhi.He was
capable rulers:- Ghiyasuddin, his son Muhammad the last Tughlaq dynasty.
bin Tughlaq (1325-51) and nephew Firoz Shah
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-25 AD)
Tughlaq (1351-88). This dynasty was founded by -
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, was the founder of the
Tughlaq dynasty. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq assumed
Total eight rulers- Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq,
the title of Shah on becoming Sultan on 8
Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Firoz Tughlaq,
September 1320 AD. Before becoming the ruler,
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah II, Abu Bakr,
Ghiyasuddin was the governor of Dipalpur, the
Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah, Alauddin Sikandar
North Western Frontier Province.
Shah were born in this dynasty.
He was an Indian by birth (father- Turkish slave of
This is the longest ruling dynasty (Sultanate)(in
Balban), Mother- Jat from Punjab)
times) was.
He was the first ruler of Delhi Sultanate who
practiced Ghaziassumed the title.

18
 The Historika 9142719681
He got all the privileges and estates secretly The accident at Afghanpur and the death of Sultan
investigatedHe confiscated all illegal grants/jagirs Ghiyasuddin: -
and ordered all those who had been arbitrarily given
After the success of Bengal and Tirhut campaign,
them money to deposit it back in the treasury.
the SultanPreparations were made for the welcome
He also gave money (five thousand rupees) to the in a wooden building at Afghanpur, 6 km from
Suzamuddin AuliyaHe asked him to return the Delhi. During his welcome ceremony in February-
money (Rs. Lakh) but he refused to return it. March 1325 AD, Sultan Ghiyasuddin died when the
wooden building collapsed while he was watching
Ghiyasuddin implemented land revenue reforms at
the elephant show.
three levelsDid
4 Ibn Batuta, Isami, Badayuni and Abul Fazal have
1. Muktas (Provincial Governors)
considered the conspiracy of Muhammad bin
2. Mukadam (village headman) Tughlaq as the reason for the murder of
3. Agriculturists (Kisan) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.

Of these three, he gave priority to the interests of Barani -"Suddenly lightning struck SultanFarishta
farmers. has supported that it was an accident. Sultan
Giyasuddin Tughlaq gave this order to Sheikh
To ease the burden of the farmers he established Auliya after the successful campaign of Bengal
Alauddin'sThe rules of measuring land and produce
per biswa were abolished and in its place the rules that he should leave Delhi before I reach there, the
of sharing in the produce (Hukm-e-Hasil) or grain Sheikh replied that Hanuj Dilli door ast (Sir, Delhi
sharing were implemented. is still far away). The Sultan hurried back from
Bengal and Ulug Khan built a wooden palace to
A part of the total produce would be collected as welcome him at a village called Afghanpur, some
kharaj whichThat it would be based on the Naskh distance from the new capital Tughlaqabad.
system (throat sharing).
He was the first ruler to construct canals during the
Sultanate period. MuHammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD)

Tax during the time of Giyasuddin TughlaqIt was Muhammad bin Tughlaq's original name was Malik
1/3 or 1/5 share. Fakhruddin JaunaKhan and his nickname was
Abdul Majahid (after assuming power). He assumed
A rule was made that in any one year the land the titles of Amir-ul-Mominin, Zillillah (on coins),
revenueThe increase will not be more than 1/10 or Ulug Khan. In March 1325 AD, Juna Khan assumed
1/11. the title of Muhammad Tughlaq.
Jajnagar (Orissa) Campaign :- Sources of information about Muhammad Tughlaq
Juna Khan attacked and captured JajnagarIn the :-
Rajmundri inscription (1324 AD), Jauna Khan 1. Tarikh-e-Firozshahi by Ziauddin Barani
(Ulug Khan) has been called the Khan of the world.
2. Rehla of Ibn Battuta (in Arabic)

19
 The Historika 9142719681
Received approval for his post from Mustaqi Billah religious ceremonies and festivals of the Hindus. He
and was the first Sultan of Delhi for whom there is clear
contemporary evidence of participation in the Hindu
He got his name written on coins and Khutba.
festival of 'Holi' (Isami's 'Futuh-us-Salatin').
Abbasid Caliph of Egypt A plaque by Al Hakim II
in the court of Muhammad Tughlaq in 1343 CEThe (1) Making Devagiri the capital (1327-28),
envoy sent in, Haji Saeed Sarsari, was welcomed
(2) Issue of token currency (1329-30),
with great honour.
(3) Khurasan Expedition (1332- 1334),
His empireIt was divided into 23 provinces (free).
Racial and class discrimination was abolished and (4) Karachil Campaign (1332-34),
officers were appointed on the basis of merit. (5) Increase in taxes in the Doab (1335-36)
Muhammad bin Tughlaq kept governance separate 1. Change of capital :- ( 1326-27 AD )
from religion. Secularismadhered to.
The Sultan shifted the capital from Delhi to
by Al Hakim IIHaji Saeed Sarasri, the envoy sent to Devagiri (Daulatabad)Earlier Qutubuddin Mubarak
the court of Muhammad Tughlaq in 1343 AD was Khilji had named Devagiri as Qutubabad. A mint
welcomed with great honour. was established here. On the change of capital
Hindus were also appointed to high positions. Barani wrote, "The city was ruined so badly that not
even a cat or dog was left in the buildings, palace
Sairaj was his Hindu minister.
and surrounding areas of the city."
The deputy minister of the South, Dhara, was also a
Ibn Battuta writes that "on the orders of the
Hindu.
Sultan,His slaves included a lame man and a blind
He appointed a Hindu named Ratan as the governor man.
of Sehwan (Sindh)And gave him the title of Azim-
The lame man was killed and the blind man was
ul Sindh.
dragged to DaulatabadHe was taken there only with
During his stay in Gujarat, many Jain temples and one leg.
Jain saints were given landGave grant.
Reason for change of capital :-
Talked to Jain scholar Jinprabhu Suri till midnight
Muhammad Tughlaq was the first among the Delhi
and gave him giftsAlong with this, he donated one
Sultans whoHe tried to establish administrative and
thousand cows.
cultural unity between northern and southern India.
Debated with Jain scholar Jambuji. Devagiri was probably called the
He also patronised Jain scholar Rajasekhara. This was the main reason for building the capital.
Muhammad bin Tughlaq was the first sultan who According to Barani - Devagiri was at the center of
banned the practice of SatiDuring his visit to India, the empirewas made the capital.
Ibn Battuta, while giving an eyewitness account of
Sati, says that permission had to be obtained from
the Sultan for Sati. He used to participate in the

20
 The Historika 9142719681
According to Ibn Battuta,'The citizens of Delhi used Karachil/Karajal Campaign (1332-34 AD)
to write disrespectful letters to the Sultan, so to
This area is situated in the modern Kumaon district
punish them the capital was shifted to Devagiri.
in the foothills of Himachal.The Sultan wanted to
2. Circulation of token currency (1329-30 AD) :- secure the mountainous border in the north. It was
strategically important as it lay between the
Muhammad bin Tughlaq and currency - Silver coin
Sultanate and the Chinese Empire.
in those daysThe silver coin was called 'Tanka' and
the copper coin was called 'Jeetal'. Muhammad bin Khusro Malik was entrusted with the leadership of
Tughlaq issued a 'bronze' coin in place of the silver the army. This armyAfter capturing the city of
tanka and circulated it as a token currency like the Jidya, the Sultan asked him to return but Khusro
silver tanka. Malik moved towards Tibet where his army was
destroyed. According to Ibn Battuta, only three
The proof of this was that Muhammad bin Tughlaq
officers survived. These three were also hanged by
had donated the amount of silverIt was reduced
the Sultan.
from 178 grains to 140 grains.
According to Barani only 10 people survived.
Barani said that "every Hindu's house has become a
mintWas." Tax increase in Doab :- (1335-36 AD)To improve
the economic condition, tax increase was
3. Khurasan (Iran) Campaign: - (1332-34 AD)
announced in Doab.
the Khorasan (Land of the Sun) region, the eastern
This increase was between 1/10 to 1/20.
part of modern Iran andThe Afghan region was
called so. During the time of Muhammad Tughlaq Assessment of farm yield is not based on actual
there was a political vacuum, then Muhammad yieldRather it was done on the basis of standard
Tughlaq took advantage of this situation. yield.
An army of three lakh seventy thousand by giving In addition, the state's share is converted into
one year's salary in advancePrepared to conquer cash.At that time not the actual prices but the rates
Khurasan. fixed by the Government were taken into
consideration.
before the army marchedThis brought about a
change in the politics of Central Asia. Trans-Oxiana Unfortunately, a famine struck Doab at this time.
In 1506, Tarmasharin was removed from the Famine Code:
position of ruler.
Agricultural loans were given to farmers for digging
Thus this campaign could never be started. MostThe wells and purchasing seeds and ploughs.Loan
army was disbanded, leading to discontent among (Sodhar) was also provided.
the dismissed soldiers.
Adopted crop rotation system.
Part of the army was stationed in the mountain
Plan for expansion of agriculture :-
ranges of northern India.Sent to strengthen the
borders.

21
 The Historika 9142719681
After returning from Swargadwari, a new Badayuni wrote on his death "The king was saved
department related to agriculture"Diwan-e-Amir from his peopleAnd the people got freedom from
Kohi" established. their king".
Rebellion during the period of Muhammad bin On the death of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Barani
Tughlaq :- wrote "The spiderCobwebs have been spread over
the mihrab of Kisra and an owl is hooting on the
most of their timeThere were 34 rebellions of which
dome of Afrasiab."
27 took place in South India.
Muhammad Tughlaq did not support the practice of
These rebellions destroyed the power and prestige
slavery. He himselfHe was a great scholar of
of the Sultan, whichThe process of disintegration of
astrology, mathematics and medicine. He was a
the empire began.
poet and a lover of music. He was a very good
Two classes were responsible for these rebellions. Shruti writer.
1 Ulema In 1341 AD, the Chinese Emperor Togun Timur
2 Rich also sent a delegation to his court to inspect and
maintain Buddhist temples.
Muhammad Tughlaq told Barani "My empire has
become sickIt is not curable with any treatment." 1342 ई में इब्नबततू ा को राजदतू बनाकर चीन भेजा। सल्ु तान ने
एक राजाज्ञा द्वारा भारत में आने वाले सभी ववदेवियों को अइज्जा
The greatest power of the Delhi Sultanate during the की उपावि दी।
time of Muhammad bin TughlaqExpansion took
place and during his time the entire South India was साहित्य
conquered and South India also became Written by Ziauddin Barani - the creation of Tarikh-
independent. e-Firozshahi and Fatawa-e-Jahandari took place.
Harihar and Bukka in the south on the remains of Badr-e-Chach (Badruddin) was a poet who
the Tughlaq EmpireVijayanagara Empire was composed a Qasidah in praise of the Sultan named
established in 1336 AD and Hasan Gangu Diwan-e-Chach. Badr-e-Chach's Shahnameh is
established the Bahmani Empire in 1347 AD. dedicated to Muhammad Tughlaq.
Rebellion of Tagi in 1351 AD :- The fort named Adalabad was built by Muhammad
Tagi's rebellion was the last rebellion in Gujarat. Tughlaq.

Tagi fled to Thatta (Sindh). The Sultan gave In Delhi, he established the town of Jahopanah (the
chaseHe left for Thatta. Muhammad bin Tughlaq fourth city) between the fort of Rai Pithora and Siri
fell ill on the way and died of fever on 20 March Nagar.
1351 AD. Muhammad bin Tughlaq established a department
At present Sufi saint Sheikh Nasiruddin Mahmud is called Diwan-e-Siyasat.
present in the campWas present. The Sultan divided the southern regions of the
empire into five provinces: 1 Devagiri 2 Telangana
3. Dwar Samudra 4. Mabar 5. Kampili.
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 The Historika 9142719681
The highest number of rebellions during the was a disciple of Sheikh Alauddin, son of Baba
Sultanate period occurred during Muhammad bin Farid. In 1340-41 AD, the Sultan had his name
Tughlaq's time, most of which were related to removed from coins and khutbas and replaced it
southern India. A total of 34 rebellions took place with the name of the Khalifa. In 1341, 42, and 43,
during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's time; the very his coins bore the name of the Egyptian Khalifa
first rebellion during the Sultan's reign was by Mustaki Billah.
Bahuddin Gurshasp (1326-27 CE).
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388 AD) died near
Establishment of independent Hindu states in South Thatta while Muhammad bin Tughlaq was active in
India: In 1336 CE, Harihara and Bukka founded the Sindh during the suppression of the Tagi rebellion
state of Vijayanagara. A rebellion led by Kanhaiya in 1351.
in Warangal established a Hindu state. An
In the absence of a definite heir, the nobles and the
independent state was also established in Kampili in
ulema recognized the Sultan's cousin Firoz as the
1335-36 CE. On August 3, 1347 CE, the Sada
new ruler. His original name was Kamaluddin
Amirs declared Hasan Gangu as Sultan under the
Firoz.
name Alauddin Bahman Shah, establishing the
independent Bahmani Empire. He adopted the title of Sayyid-us-Salatin and
proclaimed himself the deputy of the Caliph. Henry
The rebellion of Tagi in Gujarat (1350-51 CE): This
Elliot and Elphinstone referred to him as Akbar of
was the last rebellion during the time of Muhammad
the Sultanate era, while Woolsey Haig regarded him
bin Tughlaq.
as the usurper of the throne. Dr. Tripathi and R.S.
Important Hindu officials during the time of Sharma also hold the same view.
Muhammad bin Tughlaq :-
Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the son of Rajab, the
(1) Sairaj - Minister (mentioned in the Chunaar younger brother of Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq.
inscription)
He was born in 1309 AD to a Hindu mother (Bibi
(2) Ratan - Revenue officer of Sindh, also the Jaila), who was the daughter of the Bhatti Rajput
governor of Sehwan. He was an astrologer too. (3) Ranmal of Abohar (along with other sultans of the
Miran Rai - Governor of Gulbarga Delhi Sultanate whose mothers were Hindu). 1
Nasiruddin Khusro
(4) Dhara - Deputy Minister of the South (5) Kishan
Bajran Indri - Governor of Sehwan and Awadh 2 Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
(6) Piramali - Chief of Diwan-e-Wizarat, the first 3 Sikandar Lodhi)
Sultan to visit the Jain temples located at Mount
Accession to the throne :-
Abu. He was the first Sultan of Delhi to participate
in the Hindu festival of Holi (according to Isami's Firoz Tughlaq was crowned twice. FirstIt took place
Futuha of the Salatin). According to Isami, he was in Thatta (Sindh) on 22 March 1351 and then in
the first Sultan to drink water from the Ganges Delhi in August 1351.
river. He was the first Sultan of Delhi to impose a The following reforms were made in governance :-
ban on the practice of Sati. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
Appointment to the post of Wazir :-
23
 The Historika 9142719681
The reign of the Tughlaq dynasty was the zenith of Remanent4/5th part was left for soldiers. Khiraj,
the ministryWas. Jaziya And khāmas were irreligious taxes. Muslims
Malik Maqbool (Khan-e-Jahan) - Regent of Firoz of Hanafi school of thought According to this,
Shah TughlaqHe was the minister. besides these taxes, Firoz also collected money
through government canals.
Shamsesiraj Afif wrote in Tarikh-e-
Irrigation tax from the area to be irrigated (Hab-e-
The benefits of Firoz's revenue system have been Sharb) Recovered it.
explained in Firozshahi.
Firoz Tughlaq, who collected irrigation tax (Hab-e-
Doab generated an income of eighty lakh tankas and Sharb) Delhi The first ruler of the Sultanate was. He
DelhiThe revenue was six crores 75 lakh tankas. was the ruler of agricultural produce10 percent
(This assessment was made by Khwaja Hisamuddin Was.
Aivaz.)
During the time of Firoz, the revenue was based on
Firoz Tughlaq gave these during the reign of the produceIt was 1/5 to 1/3 part.
Muhammad TughlaqHe waived off the Takabi debt.
He abolished 24 onerous taxes. The system of land measurement and determining
state tax collection on actual production was
Only four types of taxes permitted by Islamic law completely abandoned.
continued
Firoz Tughlaq was the first Sultanate ruler who
1. Khiraj :-This was a land tax which was based on ruled over the stateGot the income details prepared.
the produce of the land.1/3 part The areas which did
not pay tax were declared as Mawas. was done and Jagirdari system: -
punishment was given. Firoz Tughlaq started this practice again.
2. Zakat:- Tax levied on the property of Muslims He sent the soldiers, started the practice of paying
The minimum amount of wealth is called Nisab. salaries to generals and civil officials in the form of
This was done when the amount exceeded the jagir.
minimum quantity. This is the property'sIt was the
40th part. Testing the merit of soldiers by making their posts
hereditaryThe practice of doing so was abolished.
3. Jaziya: -It was a tax levied on non-Muslims.
Brahmin, women, children, insane and handicapped Firoz Tughlaq himself encouraged bribery in the
people are usually exempted from this tax They administration.
would be free. On corruption, Afeef wrote that "the Sultan had a
Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the first ruler of Delhi horsemanHe gave him a tanka from his treasury so
Sultanate He was the one who imposed Jaziya tax that he could bribe him and get his horse passed
on Brahmins also. through the Diwan-i-Arz."

4. Khums :- It was a part of the loot obtained in the Firoz Shah's reign was the most corrupt in medieval
war. Firoz used the loot obtained in the war1/5 IndiaIt was the reign.
participated and
24
 The Historika 9142719681
The maximum Iqta land grants were given during Cultural Achievement :-
Firoz Tughlaq's periodWent.
Public Works Department (Diwan-e-Imarat) :-of
Works of public welfare :- this departmentThe chief officer was called Mir-e-
Imarat.
"The welfare of the people is better than having a
large treasury and an empty treasury is better than a Diwan-e-Vizarat :-
sad heart". This statement was said by Firoz
The plan of every building is placed in front of it
Tughlaq.
and only then can it be usedBut the money was
Establishment of Das Department: - accepted.
Firoz Tughlaq was fond of slaves. Diwan-e- Construction of new buildings and cities :-
Established a department named Bandagan.
Firoz established 300 new cities.
Arz-e-Bandgan - one who recruits and inspects
New Town :-fatehabad, Hisar, Firozpur, Jaunpur,
slavesDepartment.
Firozabad
Chaushigori-The Diwan of SlavesNaib Chausha
New cities like these were established. On the banks
Gauriya – was the officer in charge of white slaves.
of river YamunaFirozpur (Firoz Shah Kotla) located
Number of slaves during the reign of FirozIt was near the Red Fort of Delhi was the favourite city of
1,80,000. Firoz Tughlaq. Firozpur
2. Employment Exchange :- It was also called Aakhiripur (the last city).The city
of Jaunpur, situated on the banks of the Gomti
It was opened in Delhi to provide employment to
River, was founded in 1359 by Firoz Shah Tughlaq
unemployed persons.All the unemployed were
in the name of his brother Juna Khan.
registered in it. Firoz was the first sultan to open an
employment office. Ashoka's pillars: -
3. Diwan-e-Khairat (Charity Department): - This Firoz Tughlaq installed two Ashokan pillars at
department was responsible for the maintenance and Topra (District) respectivelyIt was brought from
care of orphans, widows and the poor. Ambala (Haryana) and Meerut (Uttar Pradesh) and
installed in Delhi.
Diwan-e-Ishtiaq (Pension Department) :-
Firoz called the pillar brought from Topra as the
This was the pension department. This department
Golden Pillar.
was formed to help the poor and the aged.
The pillar brought from Meerut was broken into
The department was established.
five pieces.
Darul Shifa or Shifakhana: -
Shamsesiraj Afif :-A book called Tarikh-e-
For the treatment of patients, the Sultan established FirozshahiWrote. He was the biographer of Firoz.
Darul Shifa in DelhiOr established a charitable
dispensary. Here there was an excellent system of
free medical treatment and food for the patients.

25
 The Historika 9142719681
Both of them dedicated their works to Firoz of Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah. Later, a rebellion
TughlaqSultan Firoz himself wrote Futuhat-e- was raised against him.
Firozshahi
Firoz Tughlaq died on 21 September 1388 AD.
Sanskrit books on music and medicine etc.
(2) Employment Exchange
translated into PersianMost of the translations in the
language took place during the period of Firoz (3) Shifakhana or Darul Safa
Tughlaq. ,4) Diwan-e-Khairat
coins :- (5) Marriage Department
Shanshagani (6 Jeetal) was introduced. (6) The Deewane Bandagan
According to Afif the Sultan had ordered the Adda (7) Diwan-e-Ishtiaq
(introduced copper coins called (1/2) and bikh (1/4).
(8) Translation Department
Qajarshah was the owner of the mint.
(Pension Department)
Hindus were called "Jimmies".
Firoz Tughlaq was the first sultan who translated
Jagannath idols damaged in Jajnagar (Orissa) Sanskrit texts into EnglishEstablished a translation
operationSo that he could be called an idol breaker department to get Persian translations done.
like Mahmud.
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah II (1388-89 AD :-
Khalifa-e-Rakim on the banksThe names Almutajid
and Al Mutawakkil are found. The slaves revolted under the leadership of Deputy
Wazir Ruknuddin Jund (slave)After this, Sultan
The festival of Shab-e-Barat was celebrated with Tughlaq Shah II was murdered.
great joy.
The following became Sultans :-
The one who declared himself the deputy of the
Caliph, DelhiHe was the first ruler of the Sultanate. Abu Bakr Shah (1389-90 AD)

Thatta (Sindh) Campaign :- ((in 1365-1367) Naseeruddin Mohammed Shah (1390-94 AD)

This was Firoz's last military campaign. This was Alauddin Sikandar Shah (1394 AD) :- He ruled for
Firoz's mostIt was a long campaign. The saying - one month and sixteen days.
"Look at the wonder of Sheikh Pasha (Sufi Ibrahim Nasiruddin Mahmud ((1394 -1412 A.D.)
Shah Alam), one Tughlaq is dead, just take care of
the other one". He was the last ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty.

Death of Firoz :- The power of the Sultanate had shrunk to such an

extent that People started saying sarcastically
Firoz installed Muhammad Khan in place of Khan- "Shahshah's Sultanate is Delhiextends from to
i-Jahan II.appointed minister at Palam."
In 1387 AD, Prince Muhammad ascended the
throne in a palace called Jahannuma, taking the title

26
 The Historika 9142719681
Timur Lang invaded India in 1398 AD. Before Timur Lang: -The lucky one is said to be the master
leaving, Timur Lang appointed Khizr Khan as the of the future.
governor of Multan, Lahore and Dipalpur.
Due to his limping he is called Taimur Lang.
The minister of Nasiruddin Mahmud was Mallu
He belonged to the Barsal breed of Turks.
Iqbal.
Ascended the throne of Samarkand in 1369 AD.
Nasiruddin Mahmud was also the last Turkish
Sultan of Delhi. It attacked India during the time of Nasiruddin
Mahmud in 1398 AD.
Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud died in 1412 AD.

5. Important officers of the Central Administration

1.Wazir - was the highest official of the 7.Sadr-us-Sudur - Sultan's advisor in religious
administration after the Sultan Was. matters It used to happen.
Head of the Finance Department along with This officer has a say on the Zakat collected from
being the head of the administration It used to Muslims. Had the right.
happen.
8.Amir-e-Hajib/Barbark - this is the etiquette of
2.Ariz-e-Mumalik - his job was to recruit the royal court And maintained the splendor. In
soldiers, salary distribution,Had to inspect the the court, without its permission No one could
troops. meet the Sultan.
Balban was the first to separate the army from 9.Diwan-e-Riyasat - It controlled the market.
other departments and constituted Diwan-e-Arz. This department was formed by Alauddin Khilji.
First person to hold this post Imadul Mulk was
10.Diwan-e-Amir Kohi - responsible for
appointed.
agricultural development and land revenue For
3.Dabir-i-Khas - was the head of the royal this arrangement Muhammad bin Tughlaq made
secretariat. Its job was to draft royal a scheme for the development of agriculture
proclamations and letters. Diwane Kohi was established from 1918. Its
objective was to The aim was to expand
4.Rasalat-i-Mumalik – Foreign minister.
cultivable land by providing assistance from.
Drafts letters to be sent to neighbouring states
11. Diwan-e-Bandagan- Firoz Shah Tughlaq first
Was.
gave the Diwan of slaves A separate department
It also heard appeals against the decisions of the called Diwan-e-Bandagan was created for this.
Qazi. Arz-e-Bandgan among other officers of the
5.Barid-i-Mumalik - Head of the intelligence department, Chowshgori,
department. The deputies were Chaushagoriya and Majumdar.
6.Qazi-e-Mumalik – of the justice department. 12. Vakil-e-Dar - Royal palace and personal
services of the Sultan He used to manage the .

27
 The Historika 9142719681
13. Mir-e-Imarat - Head of the Public Works 30. Khaskhel - Soldiers appointed to protect the
Department. royal palace who were primarily the royal
bodyguards.
14. Majumdar - used to correct the income and
expenditure. Account of loans use to have. Ibn Battuta saidThe rule of 'Sadi' or group of
hundred villages referred to as a unit.
15. Khazin (Treasurer)-Treasurer.
31. Chashnigir - Manager of the royal kitchen.
16. Sarjandar - Chief of the Sultan's bodyguards.
32. Bahuladar - person who looked after the
17. Amir-e-Majalis - Management of meetings,
Sultan's personal accounts The one.
feasts and celebrations to do.
33. Tashtdar - Manager of Sultan's bath and other
18. Ameer-e-Aakhoor – Horse stable president.
services.
19. Shahna-e-Peel - President of Hastishala.
34. Dawatdar - Manager of royal writing
20. Amir-i-Shikar - Arranging hunting for the materials.
Sultan to do.
35. Jarradukhana - Manager of arms and
21. Amir-e-Bahr - Management of inland ammunition factories.
waterways and navigation.
Wazirs of the Sultanate period
22. Shahna-e-Mandi - Market price control and
minister,ruler
measurement and weighing
Iltutmish,Muhammad Junaidi
Investigation.
Balban -Khwaja Hasan Basri
23. Mustaufi-i-Mumalik - Auditor General who
kept an eye on state expenditure I used to check Jalaluddin Khilji,For Khawaja's sake
it.
Alauddin Khilji,Malik Kafur
24. Mushrif-i-Mumalik - Accountant General
Muhammad Tughlaq,Khawaja Jahan
[Provinces and other departments [used to keep
accounts of income from Firoz Tughlaq,Khane Jahan Maqbool
25. Muhtasib – Keeping an eye on the conduct of Sikandar Lodhi,Mian Bhaua
people. Other offices under the Wazir :-
26. Mufti – interpreting religion. 1,Diwan-i-Ashraf (Audit Department)
27. Mutashrif - Looking after the royal factories. 2,Diwan-i-Imarat (Public Works Department)
28. Amir-e-Dad (Dadbak) - Majlis in the absence 3,Diwan-i-Amirkohi (Agriculture Department)
of Sultan used to preside over.
4.Diwan-i-Wakuf (maintaining expenditure
29. Kotwal - Judicial officer of big cities in cities records)
Maintaining law and order.

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 The Historika 9142719681
5.Nayab-e-Mumalikat/Naib - representative of It was directly under the control of the Sultan. Its
the Sultan Was. income went directly to the central It went to the
treasury.
2.Diwan-i-Arz (Military Department)- It was also
called Rawat-e-Arz. Balban was the first to use Imlak (Khalisa) – personal income of the Sultan.
this position. But Ahmed Ayaz (Imad-ul-Mulk)
Mahrusa - A city with central guard army.
was appointed.
An officer called Amil collected revenue and
3.Diwan-e-Insha - During the Sultanate period,
deposited it in the treasury I used to get it done.
Diwan-i-Insha was the ministry of royal
correspondence. The maximum expansion of Khalsa land took
place during the reign of Alauddin Khilji It
Diwan-e-Rasalat -
happened in time.
This department had the royal seal,which is
2. Ranaka Bhumi - Rights of Hindu rulers
related to grants were levied on orders.
subordinate to the Sultan The land lived in was
Departments created by various Sultans called Ranaka land.
Department,Sultan 3. Madad-e-Maash - This was tax free land given
as donation This type of land was given to the
1diwan-i-ariz,Balban
Sultan by religious people,Theological,Scholars
2diwan-e-waquf,Jalaluddin Khilji And he provided it to religious institutions.
3. Diwan-e-Riyasat,Alauddin Khilji Milk – Land granted by the king.
4Diwan-e-Mustakhraj - Alauddin Khilji Waqf- Land given for the service of religion and
5Diwan-e-Amir Kohi - Muhammad bin Tughlaq education.

6diwan-e-siyasat,Muhammad bin Tughlaq Inam/Idrarat - Land granted as pension.

7diwan-e-bandgan- Firoz Tughlaq Khidmati - payable by defeated or subjugated

Indian chieftains Tax.
8diwan-e-khairat,Firoz Tughlaq
3. Kharaj land - This is the land under the control
9Diwan-e-Istihaq - Firoz Tughlaq of non-Muslims There was land. From here, the
10employment office,Firoz Tughlaq produce20%Earth Revenue was collected.

11. Vakil-e-Sultan,Nasiruddin Mahmud Tughlaq Fawazil - surplus or outstanding

II revenue.

12Imlak Department,Firoz Tughlaq Giyasuddin Tughlaq abolished the measurement

system of Alauddin Khilji ,the Masahat system
Economy of the Sultanate was abandoned and the Naskh or ruling A.
1.Khalsa (Mahrusa) land :- Reintroduced the hasil and sharecropping system.

29
 The Historika 9142719681
4. Iqta Land :- Iqta means transferable land given The knowledge of tax determination was first
in lieu of salary. Revenue Act. discovered during the time of Alauddin Khilji
Happened.
The first step in this direction was taken by
Iltutmish when he The Iqta system was Systems of land revenue assessment -
systematically implemented in the Sultanate.
(1)Batai / Mauli / Bhaoli / Kismat-e-Galla :- A
Irrigation: - Sultan Iltutmish built a beautiful lake method of estimating revenue in which the State's
in Delhi representatives They received a direct share from
the produce.
Got Hauz-Sultani constructed.
There are three types of sharecropping :-
Alauddin Khilji constructed the Hauz-i-Khas or
1 Farm sharecropping: - From standing crop or
Got Hauz-e-Alai constructed.
immediately after sowing the field The
The maximum development of irrigation system government's share was fixed.
took place during the Tughlaq period.
2 Lank Batai: - After harvesting the crop, the
Firoz said straw is separated from the grain Dividing the
on lands irrigated by canals,haab-e-sharb,A tax share without threshing.
called was imposed. 3 Ras Batai: - division after separating grain from
In ancient India, a device was used to draw water chaff to do.
from a deep well for irrigation. There is mention Sharecropping System: - It was mostly
of the use of the water wheel technology. In this implemented in those areas
period Technology like the water wheel had a
Where there was direct rule of the Sultanate.
gear system.
(2)Muktai: This was a mixed system of rent
The first detailed description of the
fixation (Naskh). This system was called Kanakut
wheel16Baburnama in the 18th century It is
in the Mughal period. This In this system, the
available in.
farmer and the Government employee reach a
Iltutmish was the first sultan of Delhi Sultanate mutual agreement They used to assess the yield
who on the basis of which the farmer would pay
Understood the economic potential of Doab. revenue It was. That is, rent was determined on
the basis of estimation. On contracting The
Firoz Shah Tughlaq waived off agricultural loans revenue collection was called the Mukta system
(Takawi loans) Gave. (Mukata).
The system of tax collection in India during the ( 3)Masahat - This is the determination of rent
time of Ghaznavi It was first implemented in the based on the measurement of land This was a
state of Punjab. system in which production was assessed based
on the area of land. was determined.

30
 The Historika 9142719681
During the Sultanate period, Alauddin Khilji first The first iron horseshoe was made in India
implemented this system. Implemented. After Mention (by Masood Saad Salman),1112E.
this Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Sikandar Lodhi
First description of the production of Damascus
also implemented this system.
steel ,By Fakhr-e-Mudabbir) -1220E.
Realized - actual revenue received
Magnetic compass used in Indian seas Mention
Deposit/Collection – Estimated Revenue (by Aufi) - 1231E.
Establishment of the seven cities of Delhi in the Decolorization of zinc by distillation in Jawar-
medieval period 1250E.
City Founding mention of cotton gin,in Quawas' dictionary) ,
1342E.
1. Near Qila Rai Pithora,Iltutmish
spinning wheel,First mentioned in India ,by
2.Siri Fort (Shahr-e-Nu),Alauddin Khilji
Malik Isami) - 1350E.
3,Tughlaqabad Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
Folding umbrella (South India) - 1350E.
4,Jehopanah Muhammad bin Tughlaq
First description of rose cultivation in India ,by
5,Kotla Ferozshah,Firoz Tughlaq Barani),1357E.
6,Deen Panah,Humayun First mention of soap manufacturing in Delhi ,(In
7,Shahjahanabad , Shah Jahan Seerat-e-Firozshahi) - 1372E.

Amir Khusro is credited with inventing the sitar Mention of silk production in Bengal ,by
and tablaIs . mahuan),1422E.

The first Persian composition written on Indian Sand clock,First description in India ,(In
music was Gunayat- ul-Munayan (1374-75E.) Ramachandra's Yantra-Prakasam),1429E.
This book was written in Gujarat Firoz Tughlaq Use of pedals in loom,iron traction plate Mention
for Malik Shamsuddin Abu Raja, governor of It of (in Miftah-ul-Fuzala) -1469E.
was done during the reign of.
The first Indian seed sowing machine
Zainul-Abidin - the ruler of Kashmir who was Information (by Barbosa) - 1516E.
also a musician Was.
syringe with cylinder and piston Mention (by
Important science-technology in medieval India Mansarent),1580E.
The related achievements are as follows year Refrigeration by saltpeter (by Akbar),1585E.
wise-
Use of grooved screws in joining metals Mention
Arabs introduced naphtha (Greek fire) into Sindh (by Thévenot) of - 1616E.
And used manganel (lacquerel).,712E. First information about the Indian sugarcane
Paper obtained from Sindh (Mansura)- 1000E. crusher ,(by Kareri) - 1695E.

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 The Historika 9142719681

6. Bhakti movement and cultural analysis

Major saints of Bhakti movement yet. It could be made. Ramanand had made the
Ramanujacharya- Ramanujacharya is considered path of devotion popular.
the founder of the medieval Bhakti movement.
Among his famous twelve disciples, the
He is called the birth giver. His birth1016Sri
following are included along with the high class
Perumbudur in AD ,He was born in an Acharya
disciples: There were also people of caste.:
family of Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu).
Among his disciples was a Jat named Dhanna,A
Ramanuja made some amendments in
barber named Sen,Sadna Named Butcher,A
Shankaracharya's Advaita Vedanta. Established
Rajput named Pipa,Raidas the cobbler and Kabir
"Vishishtadvaita".
There was also a weaver named
Nimbarka (12born in the 18th century)-Ramanuja Bhavanand,sukhanand,Asha Nand,Sursurananda,
worshipped Lord Vishnu While Nimbarka
powerhouse of the gods,Mahanand - All of them
preached devotion to Krishna, he preached
were Brahmins. Pradyawati and Sursari was his
worship of Lord Krishna. Did.
chief disciple and a prostitute named Ganga I
Nimbarka has,principle gem,And,Vedanta Parijat also took initiation from him.
Saurabh, Composed texts named.
Vallabhacharya -If Ramanand preached devotion
Nimbarka was a contemporary of Ramanuja and to Ram then Vallabhacharya propagated devotion
like him, Shankaracharya Refuted the monism of. towards Krishna.
Nimbarka was a moderate, that is, he believed in He was born in a Brahmin family in
dualism as well as Monism also. Hence his Telangana.1479in the A.D. It happened in
theory of "dualism" ,It was called brotherhood. Varanasi,When his family went on a pilgrimage
to Varanasi Was,He also died in Varanasi.
His opinion is also called "Sankadi sect (Hans
sect)" goes.
Madhvacharya -Birth of Madhvacharya1127In His view is called "Shuddhdvaitvaad".
1838, in Kannada district He was born in a Established by him The sect is called Rudra sect.
Brahmin family in Udupi city.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1485-1533E.)-
Like Ramanuja, he was also a worshipper of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Bhakti The greatest saint
Vishnu. He taught Vedanta Established the status of the movement was,His birth1485-86in the
of "Vishnu" in place of Nirgun Brahma. A.D. Born in a Brahmin family in Nadia village,
north of Calcutta It happened.
He believed in dualism instead of advaita.
Madhvaacharya The theory is called 'Dualism' Kabir-There are many stories regarding the birth
of Kabir,so Nothing is said with certainty about
Ramanand Ramanuja,Nimbarka and
his caste and birth It can be said. Kabir was a
Madhvacharya taught the path of Bhakti. It
contemporary of Sikandar Lodhi.
inspired me but still this path is not very popular

32
 The Historika 9142719681
Kabir's speech collection,invoice,It is famous by DnyaneshwarIncarnation of Vishnu in Varkari
the name of. There are three parts of invoice - sect and Marathi
(1)Ramaini, (2)shabad,And (3) Witness.
He is considered the father of literature.
Westcott called Kabir the "Indian Luther".
,Let's light the light with the light,Composed the
Abul Fazal called Kabir a Muwahid (monotheist). song.
17In the 18th century text Mirat-ul-Asrar, Kabir Eknath (1533-1599AD) - He was born in Paithan
is referred to as Firdausi Where is the Sufi? (Aurangabad) Eknatha wrote commentary on
four verses of the Bhagavad Gita.
Guru Nanak-He was the leading saint of Nirgun
ideology. Eknath read the Bhagavad Gita11Marathi
translation of the chapter Eknath is called
He was born in Talwandi (modern Nankana
Tulsidas of Maharashtra.
Sahib) in Punjab, in a village called (which is in
Pakistan)1469A Khatri in AD It happened in the Tukaram (1598-1650E. )-Tukaram was called the
family. ruler of Maharashtra It is called Kabir. Tukaram
was a contemporary of Jahangir and Shivaji He
Surdas -Born blind poet and devotee Surdas
refused the money offered by Shivaji saying that
probably 15th century was born in the late 16th
Diya said that for me gold and mud are the same.
or early 17th century,That is He was a
contemporary of Akbar and Jahangir. Ramdas (1608 - 1681E.) - Original name of Guru
Ramdas ,Narayan Suryaji Pant,Was.
Tulsidas-About the birth date of Goswami
Tulsidas today There is still a deep difference of Sufism
opinion among scholars. Most scholars believe
Sufism entered India after the Arab conquest of
that according to his birth1532Rajapur village
Sindh The message of Sufism was first spread in
around 1800 A.D.,Answer
Sindh by Sheikh Abu Turab Spread it.
It happened in the state.
The first Sufi to settle in Lahore was Sheikh
He wrote his best and most famous book Ismail Lahori.
"Ramcharitmanas". composed of1574It was
(1) The word Sufi is derived from the Arabic word
started in 1928 and lasted for two years and seven
safa which means,purity and sanctity,and pure in
months. It was completed after twenty-six days
spiritual conduct Such a person is called a Sufi.
of hard work.
Various orders of Sufism -
Apart from this great book, Tulsidas also
composed other books. of,Some of which are as Number of different orders of Sufism175agreed
follows - Geetaavali,kavitavali, Vinay- till She goes,But in these11Denomination is
Patrika,Parvati Mangal,Hanumanbahuk important.
Dohavali,recidivism Sandipani,Barvai Ramayana ,Ain-e-Akbari,in those14Mention of Sufi orders
etc. Has been done,which were prevalent at that time.

33
 The Historika 9142719681
Main sequences of Sufism - Tariqeen,He was given the title of Sultan of the
Sanyasis.
Among the Sufi communities that came to India
at the end of the twelfth century Chishti was the Fariduddin Masood Gajshankar (Baba Farid) :-
most influential. This Sheikh He was a disciple of Kaki. In the
Sikh tradition he is known as Baba Farid. are
Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti -His birth1143of Iran
known to,His sayings are compiled in Guru
in AD This happened in a city called
Granth Sahib.
Sistan.1192In 1838, Muhammad Ghori's came to
India together. Nizamuddin Auliya (1236-1325E.) : -,
First of all he stayed at the Khanqah of Aluhujbiri Degree: (1)mehboob-e-ilahi (2)sultan-ul-
in Lahore I stopped. masekh,Sultan-ul-Auliya) (3)Sultan-al-Arifin
(4)Yogi Siddha (5)Mehfil-e-Shikan and Bahas: -
1235-36He died in 1838. Muhammad Gauri
of Delhi
killed him He was given the title of Sultan-ul-
Hind. Presented by the learned society.
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was the first sultan,who The main disciple of Baba Farid was Nizamuddin
is at this shrine had come. Auliya. Who
Akbar at the shrine of Khwaja Moinuddin I had seen the rule of seven sultans but no sultan
Chishti1562In I came here for the first time for a ever
visit.
Did not go to the court of.
Akbar built a tomb for the dargah of Khawaja
Aulia made Sultan's son Ulug Khan his
Moinuddin Chishti18The villages were donated.
disciple,Due to which the Sultan became more
Akbar did1580till the dargah of Khwaja annoyed with him. It is said that when The sultan
Moinuddin Chishti Traveled fourteen times. was returning from the conquest of Bengal,Then
the Sultan said to the saint ordered that on his
Sheikh Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki :-Head of
(Sultan's) arrival in Delhi First he (Auliya)
Khawaja Sahib He was one of the disciples. He
should leave Delhi.
was born in Gaus town of Fargana He came to
India during the reign of Sultan Iltutmish. The auliya sent a reply that "Now Delhi is far
Bakhtiyar The name was given by Muinuddin away" ( Delhi is far away). Coincidentally,
Chishti. before the Sultan reached Delhi Killed in an
accident.
Iltutmish gave them,Sheikh-ul-Islam,held the
high position of wanted to do,But the Sheikh Abdul Quddus Gangohi,Akhlad's' (1455-1536E. )
refused to accept this post. Qutub Minar built by -
Qutubuddin Aibak in his memory Was made.
He joined the Sabiri sect under the inspiration of
Hamiduddin Nagauri :-This is also a disciple of Sheikh Ahmad Haq. Ibrahim Lodi defeated him
Khawaja Muinuddin Chishti Other important in the First Battle of Panipat(1526in the reign of
disciples were,whom Khawaja saheb,Sultan- ul-
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 The Historika 9142719681
Babur He was sent to the battlefield where he This was the first mystical sect of the Islamic
was taken prisoner. world.
Sheikh Salim Chishti :- Sheikh Salim is one of Naqshbandi Silsila (Silsila-e-Khwajagan)- Its
the other great Sufi saints of the Chishti order. establishment13Khwaja Bahauddin in Baghdad
The name of Chishti is particularly noteworthy. in the 18th century Naqshbandi did,
Sheikh Salim Chishti,Akbar,He was a prominent This order was established in India by Khwaja
saint during the period. Baqi Billah. He was a resident of Kabul.
Kadiri series,The founding of this sect12Sheikh
Abdul Qadir in the 18th century Jilani (born in
Persia/Iran) in Baghdad.
Serial The term Sufi (Sufi Meaning (Meaning)
Number term)
(Serial No.)
1. Peer (Murshid) -Peer Teacher (Guru or spiritual guide)
(Murshid)
2. Murid -Murid Disciple (Discipline
3. Vali -Wali Successor (Successor; a friend of God or a saint who claims closeness to
Allah)
4. Ba Shara -Ba Shara one who believes in Islamic law (Those who follow Islamic law, eg,
Chishti and Suhrawardi orders)
5. Be drunk -be shara one who does not follow Islamic law (Those who do not follow Islamic
law)
6. Malfuzat -Malfuzat Collection of thoughts and sayings of Sufi saints (Compilation of the
sayings and thoughts of Sufi saints; eg, Fawaid-ul-Fuad by Amir Hasan
Sijzi Dehlawi, Surur-as-Sudur by Fariduddin Mahmood Chakparan)
7. Maktubat -Maktuba Letters written by Sufi saints to their followers (Letters written by Sufi
saints to followers, eg, Maktubat-e-Imam Rabbani by Sheikh Ahmad
Sarhindi)
8. Khanqah -Khanqah Abode of Sufis (Residence or hospice of Sufis)
9. Britain -Wilayat spiritual sphere free from state control (Spiritual realm free from state
control)
10. continuation -in Literal meaning chains, sect (Literal meaning "chain"; refers to a Sufi order
sequence or lineage)
11. Urs -Urs literally means marriage (Commemoration of a saint's death anniversary,
symbolizing union with God)
12. Environment -Sama Music and Dance (Music and dance as a form of spiritual practice)
13. Screaming -Chilla ContinuousSpiritual retreat or meditation for 40 consecutive days
14. hrishm-e-dum - Pranayama (Breath control or mindfulness of breath)
Hosh-e-Dam

35
 The Historika 9142719681
15. Destroy -Fana To be immersed in Divine Love (Annihilation of the self in divine love)
16. Tawabul -Tawakkul belief in god (Complete trust or reliance on God)
17. Tajkira -Tazkira Reciting the biographies of Sufi saints (Biographical accounts or memoirs
of Sufi saints)

Serial Number continuation (Sufi

Founder (Founder) place (Location)
(Serial No.) Order)
1. Chishti (Chishti) Muinuddin Chishti (Muinuddin Chishti) Ajmer (Ajmer)
Suharwardi
2. Shihabuddin (Shihabuddin) Multan (Multan)
(Suhrawardi)
3. Firdausi (Firdausi) Sheikh Badruddin (Sheikh Badruddin) Bihar (Bihar)
4. Shatari (Shattari) King Abdullah (Shah Abdullah) Jaunpur (Jaunpur)
5. Kadiri (Qadiri) Shah Niamatullah (Shah Niyamtullah) Ucchh (Uch)
Naqshbandi
6. Khawaja Baqi Billah (Khawaja Baqi Billah) Ucchh (Uch)
(Naqshbandi)
The order of arrival of Sufi orders in India 5. Kadiri (Qadiri)
(Sequence of Arrival in India): 6. Naqshbandi (Naqshbandi)

1. Chishti (Chishti)
2. Suharwardi (Suhrawardi)
3. Firdausi (Firdausi)
4. Shatari (Shattari)
7. Bahmani Empire
The Bahmani Empire was also established during
the rule of Muhammad Tughlaq This was the
result of continuous rebellion and unrest during He was the first Muslim ruler who abolished
that period. Jaziya,The second ruler was Zainul Abidin and
the third ruler was Mughal Emperor There was
Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah (1347 - 1358E. ) Akbar.
:-
Muhammad Shah I (1358-75E. ) :- Its original
Original name- Zafar Khan,Title - Amir-ul- name is Zafar I had eaten it.
Umara,Second Alexander Alauddin Hasan
Bahmanshah,Founder of the Bahmani Empire
Was.
State Dynasty Founding year of establishment
Bijapur Adilshahi Yusuf Adil Shah 1489E.
Ahmednagar Nizamshahi malik ahmed 1490E.
Berar Imadshahi Fatahullah Imad 1490E.

36
 The Historika 9142719681
Golconda Qutbshahi Quli Qutb Shah 1512E.
Bidar Baridshah Ameer Ali Bareed 1527E.
Bidar :-

Berar :- Baridshahi Dynasty:- Founder Amir Ali Barid

(1527E. in). It is called the fox of the Deccan.
He was the first to declare his independence from
the Bahmani EmpireThe area affected was Berar. Bidar was the last state to become independent
from the Bahmani Empire1618-19In 1503,
It had two capitals - Ellichpur and Gavilgarh. Bijapur annexed Bidar.
Founder of Imadshahi dynasty in Berar - Fateh Golconda :-The Muslim kingdom of Golkonda
Allah Khan Imad Shah was a Brahmin from was situated in the old city of Warangal It was
Vijayanagara who had had accepted Islam. established on the ruins of a Hindu kingdom.
Ahmednagar :- Malik Ahmed founded the It was the capital of Tilanga or Telangana
Nizamshahi dynasty in Ahmednagar(1490(in province of the Bahmani Empire Was.
AD).
Golconda was a world famous market for
Title – Nizamulmulk,After the death of Mahmud diamonds.
Ghanta the Bahmani Became the minister of the
empire. Musalipatnam, the world famous port of the
Qutub Shahi Empire Was.
1490He established Ahmednagar in 1305 and
started his campaign from Junnair. The capital Qutubshahi dynasty in Golkonda: -Founder -
was shifted to Ahmednagar. Quli Qutb Shah.

It established Ryotwari system in the south on the It was a Turkish slave.

basis of Todarmal's land system.,The Zabti 1687In 1783, Aurangzeb annexed Golkonda to
system was introduced and the land was put on the Mughal Empire. Got it.
contract (Ijara) The practice of giving was
abolished.

8. Vijayanagara Empire
Establishment -founding of the Sangama dynasty (1336 - 1485E. )-
empire1336Victory happened in 1899. The name
This was the first dynasty of the Vijayanagara
Nagar (City of Victory) originated from the local
Empire. Harihar and Bukka Named it after his
mother goddess It was named after Pampadevi.
father Sangam.
Founder -Harihara and Bukka were (the sons of
Harihara I was the first ruler of the Sangama
the Yadava king named Sangam Son). Earlier
dynasty.
they were vassals of the Kakrits (Prataparudra
Deva) and later Kampili became a minister in the Harihara I (1336 - 1356E.) :-Hampi
state. (Hastinavathi) Laid the foundation of the

37
 The Historika 9142719681
kingdom. Ruled as the representative of He appointed a person named Narasa Nayaka as
Virupaksha (Shiva) Their first capital was the guardian of his minor son. Appointed
Anegundi, later Vijayanagara made it his capital. guardian.
Bukka I (1356-1377E.) :-Degree-Veda Path Tuluva dynasty (1505 -1517E.)
founder,Lord of the two seas,Ascension to the
Founder - Veer Narasimha (1505 - 1509E.). It
throne.
has Portuguese governors to strengthen the
He was the brother and successor of Harihar. cavalry to buy all the horses brought by the
Portuguese from Almeidareached an agreement
1374In 1508, Bukka I sent an embassy to China.
for .
Harihara II :-(1377 - 1404E.)
Krishna Deva Raya (1509-1529E.) - His
Title :- Rajadhiraj,King Parmeshwar and coronation8august1509It was born on the day of
Maharajadhiraj, Krishna Janmashtami in 1837.
Devaraya I :-(1406 - 1422e.) to Raichur Doab Babar in his autobiography In Baburnama,
The Bahamani ruler Firoz Shah attacked Krishnadevaraya was described as the most
Vijayanagara Did. powerful ruler of contemporary India He is said
Devaraya was the first person to recruit Muslims to be a powerful ruler.
in the Vijayanagara army was did. Domignon Pius :-Domingo Paeus wrote for
Devaraya I was a follower of Shaivism. Devaraya Krishnadevaraya It is written that he is a highly
I worshipped The goddess was Pampa Devi. learned and virtuous king.,Like hardly anyone
else can be. He was a great ruler and He is a very
Devaraya II :-(1425 - 26E.)After Devaraya I just person.
Ramchandra and Veer Vijay became rulers for a Hazara Temple (dedicated to Rama) and
short time. Vithalaswami TempleHazara Mandir was built
Title of Devaraya II - Gajabetkara (Elephant for the women of the royal family
hunter) and Immadidevaraya The public Achyutadevaraya (1529 - 1542E.) :-
considered him to be an incarnation of Indra. Krishnadevaraya said this had appointed his
Mallikarjun (1446 - 65E.) :- ,Adult Devrai,in the successor. He exercised joint rule with Ram Rai.
name of It is known. During this time, Portuguese traveller Nuniz
Virupaksha II (1465 - 1485AD) :- This is the visited India. He also stayed in the court of
Sangam dynasty The last ruler was Achyutdevaraya for some time. Nuniz was a
great admirer of horses. He was a businessman.
,Saluva dynasty1485 - 1505E.)
Sadashiv (1543-1567) :- He was the son of
First ruler - Narasimha Saluva. He allowed Arab Krishnadevaraya and He was the last ruler of the
traders to Encouraged to import more horses. Tuluva dynasty. During his time the actual rule of
the The power was in the hands of Ramaraya, the
minister of the Aravidu dynasty.
38
 The Historika 9142719681
Ramaraya actively intervened in the disputes of Venkat II (1585-1614AD) :- This is of Aravidu
the Deccan sultans. Did.1558In 1838, together dynasty He was the greatest ruler. He shifted the
with Bijapur and Golkonda Ahmednagar was capital from Penugonda to Chandragiri was
plundered. transferred.
In response to this, the four Bahmani states Venkata had direct correspondence with King
except Philip III of Spain.
Berar,Bijapur,Golconda,Ahmednagar,Bidar) built
,No one has seen a city like Vijayanagara on this
a fort on the banks of the river Vijayanagara.
earth And I have never heard of anyone like him
formed an association against it.
in the world. It is a city. The city is surrounded
23January1565E. Talikota (demon Tangri or by seven walls, one within the other, for
Banni) removed)The war took place. protection. is surrounded". mine165.75km
(64miles). - Arbdurajjak
This,Battle of Krasnoyarsk,It is also called.
,What I saw (Vijayanagara) was as big as
The angel gave it,battle of talikota,Said.
Rome,It was the most organized city in the
R. Sewell was an eyewitness to this war. world. The king's The palace was larger than all
by R. Sewell,A Forgotten Empire (A Forgotten the palaces in Lisbon." - Domigos Paes
Empire)'I wrote that "never in the history of the Domigoj Pius has described the market of
world have so many The glorious city was not Vijayanagara.
completely destroyed in this way Gaya as that of
Domigoj Pius describes the city of Vijayanagara
Vijayanagara"
as the largest city in the world It serves as a well-
Aravidu dynasty (1570 - 1672E. ) - stocked city. Nuniz Bazaar Describing it, it
After the Battle of Talikota, Ramaraya's brother mentions the products being sold in it Is.
Tirumal established Vijayanagara in place According to Abdur Razzaq, there was a
of,Venugoda,made Pengonda his capital. He provision of food for the people of Vijayanagara
deposed Sadashiv Rai of the Tumul Like rose flower is also necessary.
dynasty.1970in the A.D. Laid the foundation of
Nikitin was the first Russian traveler to visit
Aravidu dynasty
India. This was the first Russian traveller to visit
Thirumal (1570 - 1572E.)To: - "Decadent India. The first traveller to describe poverty
Karnataka called "the savior of the kingdom". was.15in the th century He was the only traveller
Shrirangpratham (1572-85 ) to reach Bidar.

9. The Mughal Empire

Babar (1526-30 ) Babar was born -14February1483The trance
which happened in Fargana on 10th The
principality of Oxiana.

39
 The Historika 9142719681
Presently this place is in Uzbekistan. The literal explained the war strategy of the Uzbeks against
meaning of the word Mughal is brave. Babur,Tuluguma,method was used.
Babur's father's name was Umar Sheikh Mirza First invasion1519E .:-
who was from Fargana The ruler was He
Babur's first campaign was on Bajaur and Bhira.
belonged to the Timur dynasty.
He was considered the first president of India. It
Babur was the fifth descendant of Timur on his was called the entrance.6January1519Babur on
father's side. 10 A.D.First of all he attacked Bajaur. The
commander of the fort here Haider was a porter.
Mother's name - Qutlug Khan (Genghis Khan
dynasty) This was the first time that cannons and artillery
were used in any war in India. Guns were used.
Genghis Khan's mother's side14He was the th
descendant. After this, Bhera was also captured. This is
situated on the banks of Jhelum river. It was
Babur's uncle Ahmad Mirza was the ruler of
located on the coast.
Samarkand and Bukhara Was.
It was from Bhera that Babur sent his messenger
The founder of the Mughal Empire in India was
Mullah Murshid to Delhi. It was sent to Sultan
Babur.
Ibrahim Lodi.
Babar's full name was Zahiruddin Muhammad
The third invasion (1520Capture of Sialkot and
Babar.
Kandahar in 1838 I did it.
11at the age of1494Babur became the ruler of
He handed over the management of Kandahar to
Fargana in 1305.
his son Kamran.
Babur was the youngest Mughal emperor to
The fourth invasion (1524E. ) :-
become ruler.
At the same time Daulat Khan Lodi(Governor of
1504Took over Kabul in 1738.
Punjab) and Alam Khan Lodhi (uncle of Ibrahim
Babar had1507In 1838 he renounced the title of Lodhi)Babur invades India invited for.
Mirza and became "Badshah",Babur accepted the
Babur in his autobiography Baburnama
supremacy of the Caliph Didn't do it.
mentioned only five Muslims Rulers -
Babur learnt the following methods of warfare Bengal,Delhi,Malwa,Gujarat and the Bahamani
From Uzbekistan,tulugama system States and two Hindu rulers, Rana Sanga of
Mewar and Rana of Vijayanagara
From the Iranians,use of guns Krishnadevaraya is mentioned.
From the Kastutinian Turks - use of artillery During this invasion Babar captured Lahore and
1501Battle of Sar-e-Pul in 1238 AD:- Regarding Dipalpur I did it.
Samkand This war took place between the Uzbek Fifth attack: -
ruler Shaibani Khan and Babar Shaibani Khan

40
 The Historika 9142719681
By handing over the rule of Kabul and Kandahar Babar said, "No,For us Kabul's poverty will
to his son Kamran, India On seeing the huge never be again" After the war Babur established
army of Babar, Daulat Khan attacked He Kabul One coin (Shahrukhi) as a gift to each
surrendered. resident. Due to which people started calling
Babar a Qalandar Gave.
First Battle of Panipat (21april1526E.) :-
Humayun received the Kohinoor diamond from
This war took place between Babar and Ibrahim
the royal family of Gwalior.
Lodi.
Battle of Khanwa (17march1527E. ) :-
Babar was victorious and Ibrahim Londi was
killed in the battle. Before the battle of Khanwa
16February1527A.D. (Earnest's Rana Sanga's
Ibrahim Lodi was the only ruler of the Delhi
army defeated Babur's army on I did it.
Sultanate who fought on the battlefield He was
killed in 1020. Babar built a tomb of bricks in Battle of Chanderi- (29January) - In this war
Panipat itself. Ibrahim Lodi was buried there. Babar
Gwalior king Vikramjit, a friend of Ibrahim Defeated Medinirai. Medinirai was killed in the
Lodhi, also fought I was killed. war.
In this war Babar first used Tulu Gama method The fort of Chanderi was handed over to Ahmed
and Usmani method was used. Shah, a descendant of the rulers of Malwa Gaya
and Mulla Apaak was appointed as the Shikdar of
Reason for victory :-
Chanderi Went.
Babar had artillery and Tulughma war method.
Sher Shah Suri fought on the side of the Mughals
Ottoman method of decorating cannons in this war, then he said "If luck favoured me, I
Tulughma method - This is a method of warfare could easily become a One day I will drive the
that was introduced by Babur Learned it from Mughals out of India".
Uzbeks. Tulugma was that part of the army Battle of Ghaghra (6May, 1529E. ) :-
which Kotal or Itmish army on the right and left
Babur wanted friendly relations with the ruler of
flank of the army It used to stand in the form of a
Bengal, Nusrat Shah
sword. It used to circle around and attack the
enemy from behind. He carried out destructive It took place between Babar and Afghan +
attacks. Bengal ruler Nusrat Shah.
Osmani method - leaving proper space between The battle of Ghaghra was the first battle which
two vehicles The method of firing cannons is was fought on both land and water It was fought.
called the Ottoman method.
Death of Babar26December1530It happened in
After this war the first Afghan empire in India 1918 (in Agra).
ended And the Mughal Empire was established.
Babar had four sons:-
This battle of Panipat After winning the victory,

41
 The Historika 9142719681
1.Humayun 1.Leiden + Erisken (1826from Persian to English
in AD Gave the translation.
2.Kamran
2.King
3.Askari
3.A. S. Beveridge - from Turkish to English
4.Hindal
(1905E)
Daughter- Gulbadan Begum (author of
Lanepool - Babur was a soldier of fortune and not
Humayunama)
an empire builderBabur introduced a silver coin
Babur's Mausoleum - in Kabul (earlier in called Shahrukh in Kabul and a silver coin called
Arambagh, Agra was buried.) Babri in Kandahar.
Tuzuke Babari :- (Vakyat-e-Baabri) Baburnama Created the post of Mir Khalifa.
Babar wrote his autobiography in Turkish
Sarhate Mango (PWD)Department created.
language.
The game of cards was introduced in India by
Baburnama translated into Persian four times
Babar.
1. The first translation of Tuzuk-e-Baburi into
Babur's commander Mir Baqi1528Rama in
Persian was done by Sheikh Zain WafaiIt
Ayodhya in 125 A.D. Babri Masjid was built by
was done during the time of Babar.
demolishing the temple.
2.The second translation of Tuzuk-e-Baburi was
Babar writes that Hindustani soldiers know how
done by Mirza Payda during the time of Akbar.
to die,Fighting No.
Hasan Ghaznavi did it.
Bihzad, the famous Persian painter, in Babur's
3.Abdurrahim Khankhana - Akbar
Tuzuk-i-Baabri We get the name of who has been
4.Mir Abu Talib Turbati - Shahjahan called Rafael of the East.
Three translations into English Babur described the three curses of India in
Baburnama= Heat,Dust and heat.

10. Humayun ((1530-40, 1555-56 AD)

Birth of Humayun 6march1508It was born in Humayun. His end was unfortunate It was in
Kabul in 1837. keeping with the character. If there was a chance
of slipping and falling anywhere If there was a
Humayun's original name was Nasiruddin
possibility, Humayun would never miss it. That
Muhammad.
was all Life kept slipping away and finally he
The word Humayun means "fortunate". In this slipped away from this world I left."
regard
Coronation of Humayun 30December, 1530E. (in
Lanepool writes "Humayun means,lucky,But Agra) It happened.
There was no other king as unfortunate as
Four sons of Babur

42
 The Historika 9142719681
1.Humayun - (Maham Sultan)- eldest son of Sher khan1532accepted the suzerainty of
Babur. Declared successor by Babar Humayun in 1607 But since then he had not sent
any royal gifts to Humayun. Sher Humayun kept
2.Kamran as Gulrukh Begum (mother)
Khan's son Qutub Khan with him as bail. but he
3.Askari could take advantage of the Gujarat campaign to
4. *Hindal - Dildar Agachi (Mother) capture the army He ran away to Sher Khan
along with him.
Humayun's teacher - Maulana Masahi-al-Din
Babur advised Humayun that "Son, Beware of
Kahullā and Maulana Ilyas was there.
the clever Afghan. He has a king's mind on his
Humayun's Campaigns - mind There's a sign."
Attack on Kalijar :-1531in the A.D. Chunar Vijay (1537E.) :- Humayun laid siege to
Chunar in 1537 A.D. Chunar Fort
This was Humayun's first campaign after
becoming the emperor. The protector Sher Khan's son was Qutub Khan.
After a siege of 8 months, the Mughals The
Humayun first killed the Chandela ruler of
Chunar fort was captured by Sher Khan.
Kalinjar, Pratap Rudradev. was defeated.
Meanwhile, Sher Khan had got enough He got
Battle of Dauraha / Dohria :-1532In E time. He took control of the forts of Rohtas and
First encounter with Afghans during Humayun's Gaur. and looted the treasury of Gaud and
reign1532E. captured the fort of Rohtasgarh I kept it safe.

He was born in a place called Dohariya situated Humayun did 1538In 1300 A.D. he conquered
on the Gomti River. Bengal and took over the capital Gaud When
Humayun reached this place, he declared this
This war happened between Humayun and place as I found it completely devastated. There
Mahmud Lodi. were heaps of dead bodies on the streets. He also
Seige of Chunar :- After defeating Mahmud Lodi, liked the climate of Bengal and decided to stay
Sher Khan paid attention to this Who attacked there. The name of Gaud was changed to
Bihar and Chunar fort (near Banaras) Chunar Jannatabad. Humayun Here8He started enjoying
Fort was considered the gateway to eastern India himself for a month. Meanwhile Sher Khan
It was said. Banaras Kada,bahraich,Capture Kannauj and
Sambhal Took it.
1532In 1730 Humayun laid siege to Chunar and
signed a treaty with Sher Khan. Sher Khan forced Sher Shah Suri besieged Jaunpur and Chunargarh
his son Qutub Khan to do so. He agreed to send a and sent Humayun to Agra The relationship was
military contingent under his leadership. severed.

Humayun was the first to achieve military Hindal killed Shaikh Bahlol and declared himself
success in Gujarat He was the Mughal emperor. the king in Agra It was declared.

Conflict with Sher Khan (1537-40E.) :-

43
 The Historika 9142719681
To return from Gaur, Humayun took the route of Battle of Kannauj or Bilgram (17May1540(in E.)
Grant Truk Road. Adopted. :-
Battle of Chausa (26june1539E. ) :- This war took place between Sher Shah and
Humayun.
After the Bengal campaign, Humayun withdrew
his army to return it was divided into two parts in In 1540 A.D. between Sher Khan and Humayun
which one part led Askari led the other section on the banks of the Ganges at Kannauj A war
while he himself led the other section. Ganga was fought again at a place called Bilgram. In
While returning from his journey via the northern this war Humayun He was defeated again and
bank of the river, Humayun's The army had to leave India.
encountered Sher Khan's army at a place called
In this war, Mirza Haider Dauglat, the author of
Chausa. Happened.
Tarikh-e-Rashidi He also participated and he
It happened between Humayun and Sher Khan. wrote, "Not a single arrow or bullet was fired and
the Mughal army ran away from the battlefield."
Between Humayun and Sher Shah while
returning from Bengal campaign The battle of After the Kannauj war, the power of Hindustan
Chausa near Buxar was fought between the was again in the hands of the Afghans came in
Ganga and Karmanasa rivers It was middle. and left Humayun in India1544in (Persia) Had to
take refuge with Shah Tahmasp of Iran.
Result – Sher Khan was victorious.
At the place of Raja Veersal of
Humayun jumped into the river Ganges, then a
Amrakot15october1542To Akbar was born.
water-carrier named Nizam He helped him cross
the Ganga with the help of his waterskin. Humayun did Iran conquered Kandahar with the
help of Iran in 1837 Handed over to K Shah.
On reaching Agra, Humayun gave this water-
carrier a day's stay in Delhi He was made a king. During the invasion of Kabul, Kamran gave
Then the Bhisti introduced leather coins. The Akbar the fort They made him sit on the wall.
battle of Chausa was decisive. Humayun was Then Maham Anga saved Akbar.
defeated in this battle.
1551A war took place between Kamran and
These are the Mughals in the wars from the Humayun in 1838. In this war Hindal fighting on
arrival of Babar to India till now This was the Humayun's side was killed. Kamran was finally
first defeat of the British. After this, Sher Khan defeated. Humayun had Kamran blinded and
became the ruler of Bengal-Bihar. He became the permitted him to go to Mecca where1558in the
ruler. A.D. He died.
After the victory of Chausa, Sher Khan assumed Reconquest of India
the title of Sher Shah. He got the Khutba read and
1553After the death of Islam Shah, successor of
also got coins minted.
Sher Shah in 1738, After this the Afghan empire
Sher Khan also assumed the title of "Sultan-e- began to disintegrate.
Adil".

44
 The Historika 9142719681
Humayun did 1554 In 1638 A.D. he entered Akbar who was then in Kalanaur (Punjab) had
Punjab and captured the fort of Rohtas. I won the Sheikh Sent with the order of Nazar
it.1555Took over Lahore in 1837. Julie.26January1556To Humayun died in Delhi.
Battle of Machhowada (15May1555E.): Lanepool said on Humayun's death "Humayun
faltered throughout his life He remained there
Machhiwara between Humayun and the Afghans
and gave up his life while stumbling."
(Tatar Khan and Naseeb Khan) The battle took
place in which Humayun was victorious. Humayun's Tomb: - Construction - Akbar's
period in Delhi This is the first building.
After this victory the whole of Punjab,Hissar-
Firoza and Delhi The Mughals gained control Architect - Mir Mirza Ghiyas (Iran).
over the border areas.
Construction was done under the supervision of
Battle of Sirhind (22june1555E. ) :- Humayun's wife Haji Begum, in which The
influence of Mughal Persian and Hindu
In 22 june1555 itself Sirhind was fought
Pancharath style is visible Is.
between the Mughals and the Afghans. The war
took place at a place called. In this war, the The Char Bagh style was used in this. (First
Mughal army was led by Bairam Khan and the tomb)
Afghan army was led by Sikandar Sur. This was
This is the first building of the Mughal period in
done. Humayun was victorious in this war and
which white marble is used has been used.
Humayun again Took over Delhi.
It is considered to be the predecessor of the Taj
23july, 1555 entered Delhi on 23rd May 1856
Mahal. But it has a larger presence in the Taj
and for the second time Sitting on the throne of
Mahal. There are no independent minarets like '.
the Mughal Empire.
24January1556 Library in Humayun Deenpanah
Bhawan on 28th AD fell down the stairs.

11. Sur dynasty ((1540-1555 AD)

Second Afghan Empire Title- Sher Khan,Hazrat-e-Aala and Sultan-ul-
Aala
Sher Shah Suri (1540-45E.)
Battle of Giri-Sumel / Battle of Jaitaran :-
Birth of Sher Shah Suri1472In 1835, Baijwara
5January1544 It was fought between Sher Shah
(Hoshiarpur), It happened in Punjab.
Suri and Maldev in 1305.
According to Dr. Kanungo -1486It happened in
Sher Shah prepared the details of the forged
Narnaul in 1937.
letters through diplomacy
The original name of Sher Shah Suri was Farid
Maldev got suspicious and
Khan.
left the battle field.
Father- Hassan Khan

45
 The Historika 9142719681
Maldev's generals Jaita and Kupa fought with Diwan-i-Insha= belonged to the royal secretariat.
Sher Shah.
Other Departments :-
And he attained martyrdom. Impressed by the
Diwan-i-Qaza - Department of Justice
bravery of the Rajputs
Diwan-i-Barid - Intelligence Department
Sher Shah said, "I would sacrifice all of India for
a handful of millet." Diwan-i-Saman – officer in charge of the royal
household
Would have lost the empire."
Abbas Khan Sarwani wrote on the law and order
Kalinjar Vijay (22 May 1545 A.D.) :-
of Sher Shah that "Once upon a time there was an
This was Sher Shah's last campaign. old woman with golden ornaments on her head
She set out with the bundle but some thief had
At the time of this expedition the ruler of Kalinjar
found it with him. I did not have the courage to
was Kirat Singh. This
reach there."
The campaign was about a dancing and singing
Currency: - Sher Shah stopped the coins of mixed
maid. Who
metals and introduced gold coins.,Silver and
Kirat Singh had refused to give it. copper currencies were introduced. Trade and
After the victory of Kalinjar, Sher Shah said- commerce were promoted To promote this, Sher
"God's mercy Is,This was my last wish." Shah issued coins of equal weight of silver and
copper. Coins were minted. Sher Shah minted a
Islam Shah ((1545-1553) silver rupee (178grain) and Copper price
Sher Shah's younger son Jalal Khan ascended the (380grain) was introduced. Sher Shah introduced
throne in the name of Islam Shah. But sat on it. gold coins. Dinar or Ashraf (167Grain) was also
cast.
by Abbas Khan Sarwani,Tarikh-e-Shershahi,in
Sher Shah's For him "Hyder was second in One Ashraf =9It used to cost Rs.
intelligence and experience." Sher Shah Suri's name on coins of Sher Shah Suri
Kanungo's book was: - "Sher Shah and His in Arabic and Devanagari It was written in script.
Period". Ashraf - gold coin. (167Grain)
Like the Sultanate period, there were four major Construction work :-
departments of governance:-
Sixth Delhi: - Sher Shah built a city Shergarh or
Diwan-e-Vizarat = looking after the income and Delhi Shershah which was the sixth city of
expenditure of the state Was related. medieval Delhi, was constructed At present only
Diwan-e-Ariz= was related to the military the red wall remains of its rampart. The door and
department. the bloody door are visible.

Diwan-e-Rasalat/ Diwan-e-Mohtasib = from the Sher Shah's tomb in Sasaram (Bihar) - it is

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Was related. surrounded by a lake It is situated between.

46
 The Historika 9142719681
The architect of Sher Shah's tomb was Aliwal Dr. Kanungo wrote about Sher Shah's tomb
Khan. "From outside He is a Muslim from within but a
Hindu from within."

12. Akbar
Birth of Akbar15october1542On the full moon Bairam Khan was a Persian Shia and had come
day in A.D. It happened. from Persia with Humayun. Had gone.
Birth Place - Amrakot (in Sindh) of Rajput Rana Second Battle of Panipat :-5November1556in the
Veersal in the castle. A.D. This war took place between Akbar and
Hemu (Hemchandra).
Akbar's full name was Jalaluddin Mohammed
Akbar. Result - Akbar was victorious in this war (Akbar
killed Ghazi assumed the title of)
Father's Name Humayun
Hemu – was the commander and minister of Adil
Mother's Name- Hamida Bano Begum
Shah Suri.
Akbar's children: three sons and three daughters.
,He was the only Hindu ruler in medieval India
Son- Salim,intention,He was Daniyal. Happened,who took over the throne of Delhi."
Salim was born to Harkha Bai, daughter of the It has24took part in the wars in which22He got
Raja of Amer (Bharmal). was born from the success in it. Hemu who assumed the title of
womb of. Vikramaditya14th and He was the last ruler.
Bairam Khan appointed Mir Abdul Latif as Dr. R P Tripathi wrote "Hemu's defeat was an
Akbar's tutor Did. accident and Akbar Victory was achieved by
Daughters :- Khanum Sultan,Shukran Nisha divine coincidence."
Begum and Aaram Bano She was a Begum. Historian Arif, an eyewitness to the Second
Akbar's two sons Murad1599me and Battle of Panipat He was a Kandhahari.
daniyal's1604He died in E. Battle of Tilwara -1560In A.D. - Akbar's army
Daughters :- Khanum Sultan,Shukran Nisha and Bairam In this war which took place between
Begum and Aaram Bano She was a Begum. the Khans, Pir Muhammad killed Bairam Khan
Defeated him.
Coronation :-
Petticoat rule -(1560-1562E.) After the fall of
Coronation of Akbar14February, 1556to Bairam Khan, for some time Akbar had control
Kalanaur,Gurdaspur,Punjab) by making a throne over the harem Women had influence. They
of bricks. interfered in governance. This It is called
Akar gave the title of Khan-e-Khana to Bairam petticoat rule, in which Queen Mother Hamida
Khan and Appointed his Vakil-e-Sultanate or Bano Begum,Maham Anga,adham
Prime Minister.

47
 The Historika 9142719681
khan,Shihabuddin Utka,Mullapir Muhammad 1574-75 -Establishment of intelligence
And Munim Khan was included. department.
Atka Khail - the women who were accused of 1573-74 -Stained Face Act implemented.
being Akbar's nurses He and his relatives were
1574-75 -Introduction of Mansabdari System
fortunate collectively,Atka Game,It is known by
Ain-i-Akbari (Abul Fazal) and Tabaqat-e-
the name of.
Akbari,Based on Nizamuddin Ahmad
Major events of Akbar's time
According to Moreland- (1566 67(in A.D.)
1562E.,abolition of slavery started.
1563E.- Abolition of pilgrimage tax (1Income in 1575 -Establishment of Ibadat Khana (in
crores It used to be.),Cow slaughter banned in Fatehpur Sikri)
Punjab
1578 -Opened Ibatkhana for all religions.
Gave.
1579 -Declaration of the Mahzar.
1564E.,Abolition of Jaziya tax, 1575Re-
1580 -Aine Dahsala,The Entire Empire12divided
implemented in A.D.1579Finished last in the
into provinces Went.
2010s.
1580AD - First Christian Mission- Rudolf
Jaziya tax - Akbar first introduced it1564E.
Aquaviva,antony Manserot and Enriquez (in
but at the behest of Abdunbi he was Fatehpur Sikri Came)
removed1575
1582 -Ban on debate in the house of worship
It was reinstated in 1820. According to Badayuni
1582 -Declaration of Deen-e-Ilahi
1579Akbar abolished the Jaziya tax again in 1738
1583A new calendar called Ilahi Samvat was
Gave.
released.
1569E - Establishment of Fatehpur Sikri.
1583 -Prohibition of animal slaughter on certain
Fatehpur Sikri Construction1569Started in
days.
Gujarat Vijay
Gujarat Victory :-Akbar's first campaign-1572It
,Sikar was named after him in commemoration of
was done in 1908 and Gujarat I won it.
this victory,Fatehpur,Vijayanagara). Hence this
place is Fatehpur It became famous by the name Muzaffar Shah III surrendered.
of Sikri.(1569From1585Fatehpur Sikri was the Akbar sent Mirza Aziz Koka to northern Gujarat
capital till doing.) and Itimad Khan was appointed Subedar of South
1585From1598Lahore remained the capital till Gujarat.
1928. After Ahmedabad, Akbar moved towards
1599From1605Agra remained the capital till Khambhat (Cambay),Where the Mirzas had
caused disturbance. Here for the first time He

48
 The Historika 9142719681
travelled by sea and came in contact with the 1578In 1889 the doors of the Ibadat Khana were
Portuguese. opened for all religions Went.
After some time there was rebellion again in 1582In 1918, the debate on the Ibadat Khana was
Gujarat.23august15731889 AD: Second stopped.
campaign of Gujarat to suppress the rebels Akbar
Akbar conferred the title of "Mahapatra" to
left for Ahmedabad in just eleven days. "It was a
Narhari.
most rapid expedition."(Smith According to)
defeating Husain Mirza and Ikhtiyarul Mulk Declaration of Mazhar -1579in the A.D.
Killed him. 22june1579The main mosque of Fatehpur Sikri
Mirza Aziz Koka was again given the was built in 1835 A.D. After climbing the altar,
governorship of Gujarat. he read the sermon written in poetry by poet
Faizi.
Todarmal did his first land settlement in Gujarat.
Akbar concentrated religious and material power
1601In 1838, under the leadership of Akbar, the
in his hands due diligence2September1579called
fort officials were lured He established control
Mazhar Made by declaration.
over Asirgarh by giving huge amount of money It
is said that Akbar bought Asirgarh because of the Deen-e-Ilahi :-
lure of The fort was opened with golden keys. 1582In 1828, to establish harmony among all
This was the last battle of Akbar It was Vijay. religions and To establish a national
Religious policy of Akbar :- religion,Tauheed-e-Ilahi or Deen-e- Started a
new religion called Ilahi.
Akbar's religious policy was the policy of
reconciliation or with all There was a policy of Vincent Smith: Din-e-Ilahi is the symbol of
peaceful behaviour. Akbar's folly Was,Not wise."
Learned the principle of Sulh-e-Kul from Mir Akbar assumed the title of Zille Ilahi.
Abdul Latif. Akbar met the third Sikh Guru Amar Das and
Akbar was closer to the Chishtia branch of sent his son to He gave the estate of many
Sufism and He was a follower of Sheikh Salim villages and gave Guru Ramdas a natural
Chishti. pond500Bigha land was provided where later
Amritsar was built The city was settled.
Ibadat Khana :-1575In 1828 (Fatehpur Sikri)
Akbar established his capital for debates on Akbar had a glimpse of the window,Parsi
religion and philosophy in Fatehpur traditions like Tuladan and Paibos Started this
Sikri1575Construction of an Ibadat Khana in religion. Due to the influence of this religion
A.D. The reason behind Akbar building Ibadat Akbar became the Sun,Agni and I started having
Khana was Islam religion There was a desire to a feeling of worship towards light.
gain more and more knowledge about. Akbar was illiterate. But Akbar kept a copy of his
libraryThe part was kept in the harem,Where the

49
 The Historika 9142719681
women of the harem were made from Akbar's Written down the religion Deen-e-Ilahi.
gold Earlier she used to read books to him.
3.Faizi - brother of Abul Fazal :- Faizi's title
Knowing that his death was near, Akbar sent Malik- She was Ush-Shoaara. Akbar set up the
Salim translation department under the direction of
Faizi. Akbar gave Faizi the post of court
Wearing the royal turban and hanging Humayun's
poet,Translation He was made the head of the
sword on his waist He ordered to declare him as
department and Agra Library.
his successor. In Agra itself25-26Akbar said
goodbye to this world on the midnight of October 4Abdurrahim Khankhana- The feast of his era
Done. (title) He composed an astrology book named
Khetukotum in Sanskrit.
Tomb - Akbar's tomb at Sikandara (near Agra) Is
5.Mullah Do Pyaza:- Arab resident, came to India
Akbar after his death,Arsh Ashiyani,Heaven
during the time of Humayun.
(living in) was said to be.
6.Tansen - Born in - Gwalior
2. Sukrunnisa Begum Aaram Bano Begum (she
remained unmarried) Lennox said that Akbar was Akbar gave Tansen the title of Kanthabharan
the greatest king of India Was." Vanivilas.
Akbar's social policy Original name - Tanna Mishra/Ram Tanu Pandey
To prevent child marriage, the age of marriage Guru- Haridas ji composed the Malhar raga of
was fixed. Miya
Boy-16less than year mian's chin,Mian's Sarang,Miya Ka
Malhar,Dhrupad Singing He was the father of
Girl child-14at least from year
style and Rudra Veena.
An officer called Turbang was appointed to
7.Mansingh - grandson of Raja Bharmal of Amer
check the legality of marriages. was appointed.
and son of Bhagwantdas He was a son. Akbar
Akbar's Nine Gems/Navratna: - gave Man Singh the title7000of Mansab and
1. Birbal (Maheshdas)- used to write poems Farzand,conferred the title of son.
under the name Brahma It is preserved in the 8.Todarmal - Born in Uttar Pradesh :- King
Bharatpur Museum. Todarmal was the son of Akbar Was a finance
Born - Kalpi (U.P.) expert.1582In 1530 Akbar founded the Diwan-i-
Ashraf or Abul Fazal gave the post of Diwan-e-
Title – Kaviraj,poet and king Aala to Todarmal Bhola Baba,He was called a
2.Abul Fazal - Birth -1550He was born in Agra blind devotee of tradition and narrow
in 1837. Who was a resident of Nagaur. Abul mindedness. Whoever is He used to lament over
Fazal wrote Akbarnama Granth On the orders of the loss of idols. Abul Fazl's According to him
Jahangir, Veer Singh Bundela composed the "If Todarmal had not stuck to his ideas then He
poem Abul Fazal was murdered. would have been counted among the great souls."

50
 The Historika 9142719681
9.Hakeem Humam Diwan-i-Aala - Disputes The glory of the Sun and Moon is described on
related to finance and revenue were resolved by Akbar's coins The verses to be done are marked
Akbar Supreme Court to settle the matter.
In the Mughal period, Akbar was the first to
Rahul Saskravyayan compared "Abul Fazal" with make figurative coins Akbar got it done. It had a
Chanakya has done. statue with the figures of archer Ram and Sita.
Coins were also issued on which Ram Siya was
Akbar did1577The Royal Mint was built in Delhi
written in Nagari script.
in AD Whose chief painter was made Khwaja
Abdus Samad. Duck imprinted coin was also circulated from
Agra.

13. Jahangir (1605-1627 AD)

Birth of Jahangir30august1569In Fatehpur Sikri Jahangir's father's name was Akbar
in 1528 A.D. Happened .
Jahangir's mother's name - Mariam Uzzamani
Jahangir's original name was Salim (Akbar Salim (Harkhabai)
was fondly called Sheikhu Baba used to say.)
Coronation of Jahangir-3November1605It
Jahangir was born in the house of Sheikh Salim
happened in 1908. ,He wore the crown himself
Chishti It happened because of blessings.
like Napoleon.)
Full name - Nuruddin Mohammed Jahangir
(World Conqueror)

14. Shahjahan (Khurram) 1628-58 A.D.

Shah Jahan Of Meaning, World Of King Happened Who History In Mumtaz Palace Of
Name From Famous Hui And Agra Of Famous
Shah Jahan Of Birth 1592E,To Lahore In
The Taj Mahal Mumtaz of Memory In Shah
Happened. Their Original Name Shihabuddin
Jahan by Got it made.,Arjumandbano Begum
Was. his Mother ,Jangat Gosai,Jodha
Their Second And most popular Wife Was
Bai,,Marwar Of thick King Uday Singh of
whose Degree Malika,A,bailiff And Mumtaz
Daughter Was. Shah Jahan Of Childhood Of
Was,1631E,In Mumtaz of 14They Children To
Name Khurram That is Happiness to give
Birth giving Time Burhanpur In Death yes
gonna Was And 1617E,Ahmed City State From
Went.
Treaty Of Time Jahangir By Khurram To Shah
Jahan of Degree Gave Went.
Shah Jahan Of First Marriage Persia Of Shah Jahan Of Mumtaz Palace From Yield
Muzaffar Hussain Safavi of Daughter From 14Offspring In From Only 4Son And
Happened Was. 1612E,In Khurram Of Second 3Daughters only alive Survivors Were. whose
Marriage Nur Jahan Of Brother asaf khan of Name Were,Jahanara,Birth 1614E,,Dara
Daughter ,Arjumandbano Begum,From Shikoh,Birth 1615E,,Roshan Saw,Birth

51
The Historika 9142719681
1617E,,Aurangzeb,Birth 1618E,,intention Pressure Put. Golconda Of short life ruler Qutb
Bukhsh,Birth 1624E,And Gohan Saw,Birth Shah by Frightened through 1636E,In Mughals
1631E,Shahshuja. From Treaty Tax Took it.
Shah Jahan Of Government Of Last Time Muhammad Syed,Mir phrase Name From
About 8Year Agra Of Red Forts Of Shahburj In Famous One Persian Businessman Was
One captive Of Form In spent Happened. Golconda Of minister Was And He Any talk
Where His Daughter Jahanara By His Service From Angry through Mughals of Service In
of Went And 1666E,In Shah Jahan of Death Of walked Went Was. This Muhammad Syed,Mir
Aftermath Him The Taj Mahal In Mumtaz phrase by Shah Jahan To Kohinoor Diamond
Palace of Grave Of Near ordinary Servants gift Did Was.
And transgender By Daphna Gave Went
Shah Jahan Of The Sikhs Of with One Small C
Bijapur, Shah Jahan by 1636E,In Bijapur But
Event To taking Controversy Happened
Attack Did And Muhammad Adilshah First To
Because Sikhs Guru Hargovind by Shah Jahan
Treaty to Of For constrained Did. As a result
Of One Hawk To payback From denial Tax
Sultan by 20Lakh Rs every year Tax Of
Gave By which The Sikhs Of with Controversy
Form,In to give Of Promise Did. Its Excessive
of Introduction Hui.
Bijapur by Parendra,Gulbarga,Bidar And
Shah Jahan Of period From only Mughals And Sholapur Of Forts Mughals To Lamps And
The Marathas Of Middle Conflict of beginning Golconda From Friendship And Conflict Both
Hui. Of Decision Of rights Too Mughals To Give
Gave
Kandahar,Kandahar To India Of main entrance
South India Campaign,
Said go Was. Jahangir Of Time In 1622E,In
Ahmed City,Here Of ruler Murtaza Nizamshah Kandahar Mughals Of rights From Out Went
which People Crazy says Were of Murder Was But Shah Jahan Of Diplomatic Attempt
Fatah eat by Tax Hussain Nizamshah To Sultan From Dissatisfied Fortified Alimardan eat by
made Gave. Shah Jahan by South India In first 1638E,it Castle Mughals To hand over Gave
of all Ahmednagar But Attack Did And Was. But 1649E,In it Castle Mughals From
1633E,In Him by winning Mughals Empire In again snatch Went And His after Mughals King
found took again This But Sometimes,rights No Tax
Golconda,Ahmednagar To 1633E,In Empire In Could. Shah Jahan Of Time In Kandahar
Shaking Of after Shah Jahan by Golconda But ultimate Form From Mughals Of rights From
Pressure Put. Golconda Of short life ruler Qutb snatch Went. Shah Jahan by Trans Oxiana To
Shah by Frightened through 1636E,In Mughals Victory to Of Serious Attempt Did But fail
From Treaty Tax Took it. remained.

Golconda,Ahmednagar To 1633E,In Empire In

Shaking Of after Shah Jahan by Golconda But Succession Of Conflict,

52
The Historika 9142719681
Bahadurpur war, One place From Others place But Wanderings
Of For constrained Happened
Succession Of Conflict In first of all Initiative
Shah Shuja Of By of Went But Shuja of Army
To Suleiman Shikoh,Dara Shikoh Of Son,And
Dara Shikoh
Mirza King Jai Singh Of Leadership In Royal
Army by Bahadurgarh Of war In Defeated Did
And Shah Shuja Bengal Back walked Went. Shah Jahan Of By Dara Shikoh To Shah high
of Degree Gave Went And stanley Lanepool by
Section Shikoh To Short Akbar Said Are.
Dharmat Of war,15april, 1658E,
Section Shikoh by Kashi Of The Pandits of
This war In Aurangzeb And intention Bakhsh
Help From 52Upanishads Of Persian In
of Joint Armies by Jaswant Lion And Qassim
Translation Sirr,A,Akbar,Great Mystery,Of
Khan of Leadership wala Royal Army To
Name From Got it done. Bhagavat Geeta And
defeated Did. it war Ujjain From 14Mile away
sum Vasishtha Of Persian In Translation Did.
Dharmat namesake place But fought Went,

Section Of Body To Delhi of Streets But

Samugarh,Dholpur,Of war,29May, 1658E,
rotated Went And End In by the locker Him
Royal Army From Aurangzeb And intention Humayun Of Tombs In Daphna Gave Went.
Bakhsh of Joint Army Of Breakthrough Bernier Section Of with happened This Insult
competition Happened. This competition In Parent Behaviour Of Eyewitness Witness Was.
India Of Future Of Decision Tax Gave Went. He wrote Is That Huge Crowd Collected
Because This war In Royal Army Of with their Was,everywhere I people To crying crying out
Artillery Too Was. And Section Of Luck But Mourning Revealed
Do happened saw.

itching Of war,5January, 1659E,

This war In Aurangzeb by Shuja of Army To ■ Books related to Sufism of Dara Shikoh
Allahabad Of Near Defeated Did. Defeated Safinat,UL,Awliya,various Traditions Of Sufis
through Shuja Nepal Part Went,Where His Of Life,Circle,
Death yes Went.
Sakinat,UL,Awliya,India of Kadiri Tradition
Of Sufis Of Life,Circle,
Devrai Of war,april, 1659E, Hasanat,UL,Arfeen,various The Saints of
This war In Section Shikoh Aurangzeb of Voice Of Compilation,
Army From Ajmer Of Near Devrai of valley In method,UL,reality,Spiritual route Of various
Last Form From Defeated Happened And He phase,

53
The Historika 9142719681

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The Historika 9142719681

16. Aurangzeb Alamgir,1658-1707E,

Aurangzeb Of Birth 3November, 1618E,In Aurangzeb Shah Jahan Of period In 1636-44E
Dahod,Gujarat,namesake place But Shah Jahan till South Of Subedar Of Form In remained
of Dear Wife Mumtaz Of Pregnancy From And Aurangabad To Mughals Of South
Happened. Aurangzeb Of Literal Meaning Provinces of Capital made Was.
Crown To decorated to gonna Would Is. Its
Original Name muhiuddin Is. 1637E,In
Aurangzeb Of Marriage Persia Royal Houses Aurangzeb Of Time happened Rebellion,
of princess Dilras Bano Begum,Rabia
Bibi,From Happened.
Sikhs Rebellion,

, fifteen Year of Age In Aurangzeb By

Sudhakar,And Beautiful namesake Elephants Aurangzeb Of Against Revolt to those In Sikhs
To controlled to Of Reason Shah Jahan by Last Were. it Aurangzeb Of period Of Sole
Aurangzeb To Brave namesake Degree Gave. Rebellion Was Who Religious Reasons From
Alamgir Too Aurangzeb of Degree Was. Happened Was. Aurangzeb Of Against The
Aurangzeb islamic laws Of literally Sikhs Of Rebellion direct Form From 1675E,In
Compliance does Was so Him alive Peer Said Teacher Teg Brave To death penalty Lamps
Went. Aurangzeb First Mughals King Was know Of after Start Happened.
Whose Two Times coronation Happened.
Samugarh Of war In Victory Of after Teacher Teg Brave of Death Of after Teacher
Aurangzeb by Delhi And Agra But rights Tax govind Lion by Aurangzeb of fanatic Policies
took And 21july 1658E,To Agra In own First Of Continuous Oppose Did. They Makhovka
coronation got it done And ,Abul Muzaffar Or Anandpur In own Headquarters Made.
muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Brave
Alamgir King Ghazi,of Degree hold of. Aurangzeb of Death Of after His Son Brave
Shah First by Throne But rights to Of For Our
initial military Achievements: Brothers Of Against Guru govind Lion From
Help demanded whose Reason They South
went And There But Godavari River Of shore
18Year of Age In Aurangzeb Of First Soldier Nadir namesake place But One Afghan by
Campaign Bundelkhand Of belligerent Lion Of stabbing by killing Injured Tax Gave.
against Was. Him Two Times,1636-1644And
(1652-1657)South Of Subedar made Went. Prince Akbar Of Rebellion,

South India:

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The Historika 9142719681
Akbar,Second Aurangzeb Of Son Was. He broke Went. Our Government Of 11They Year
Father of Nation anti And Suicidal Policy From In ,window Visit,And 12They Year In balance
dissatisfied Was. custom To End Tax Gave. 1679E,In Aurangzeb
by again Jaziya Tax Put Gave.
Everyone Man Who Salt Account Is He Salt Of
Basement To Destroyed does Is.,Durgadas 1679E In Hindu Rulers To vaccine to give of
Rathore And sisodiya Rajputs of Help From custom closed Tax Gave. Whereas
11January 1681E In Akbar by Self To King Administration In Maximum Hindu
Declared Tax Gave. This Time Aurangzeb Officer,33%)This Time Appointed happened
Ajmer In Was. right here crossroads In Letter Were. Hindu Kings And Other people To Job
Of Channel From He Akbar of Army In split From Extract From denial Tax Gave. This
put it Gave. Durgadas,Akbar To taking Aurangzeb by One Times Said Was,Worldly
Maratha ruler Shambhaji Of Near arrived. But Affairs In Religion Of What
Akbar,Here From Persia Part Went And There Take,Give,Religious Ethics To bigotry From
itself But His Death yes went. Akbar To Adding Of What Meaning,Your
Aurangzeb by India To Restless to gonna Said For,Ulama,Yours Religion Is,My For My.,Rule
Was. made That Rajput And The Marathas To except
Other Hindu Horses And Sedan of Ride No do.

Aurangzeb of Religious Policy,

Aurangzeb Of Construction Work,
Delhi Of Red Forts In Pearl
■ Aurangzeb was an orthodox Sunni Muslim. Mosque,completely Marble Made from,
He understood the importance of Islam and
made Shariat the basis of his rule. His aim was Lahore of Emperorship Mosque
to convert 'Dar-ul-Harv' (country of infidels) Aurangabad In Rabia Durrani Of Tomb,)
into Dar-ur-Islam (country of Islam). He issued 1678)it ,Bibi Of Tomb,Name From Famous
many ordinances for its restoration. Was. This The Taj Mahal of clumsy Imitation
1663E,In tradition of Sati To Prohibition Did And South Of The Taj Mahal Said go Is.
And The Hindus But Pilgrimage Tax Applied. Aurangzeb by drawing To Islam against by
assuming closed Karwa Gave.
Public music Ceremonies,Cannabis
Production,Liquor drinking And Gambling Aurangzeb Of period In wrote Went Books,
play Etcetera But restrictions Put Gave.

Muntakhab,ut,History,Khafee eat
1668In The Hindus Of Festival persuade But Alamgir Nama,Mirza Muhammad Kazim
Stoppage Put Gave. 1669In Benares Of Shirazi
Vishwanath Temple And Mathura In Veersingh
Bundela By made Keshav Opinion Temple Massire,Alamgiri,Muhammad Saki,Saki
mustaid eat
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The Historika 9142719681
Disclosure,UL,History,Sujanrai steward Jahangir by Our Horses To Noor
hospital,Elephant To Noorey
futahat,Alamgiri,iswar das Nagar
Feel,Measurement Unit To Noorey yard Name
map,A,Dilkushan,Bhimsen Burhanpuri Gave. Shah Jahan Too Divine Flame Of Theory
Jadunath Government by Muhammad Saki By From Affected Was. Shah Jahan by Adilshah
written ,Massire Alamgiri,To ,Mughals State To send Decree In Our To you God of
Of Gazetteer,Said Is. Shadow,Districts,A,Ilahi,Said Was.

Aurangzeb by Persian In Justice And Law of Aurangzeb Our To you Earth But God Of agent
Book ,Fatwa,A,Alamgiri,Of Compilation Got it agrees Was. to say Of Summary This only Is
done. That About All Mughals King Divine Flame
Theory From Affected Were. They Kingship
incident,A,Alamgiri,Aakil eat To God From scattered King To get Straight
Jahangir Too Light From Affected Was that's Ray believes Were. All Mughals Emperors by
why He Our Name From Muhammad by Self To Earth But God Of reflection,Districts
removing Nooruddin,Light Of owner,couple. Ilahi,Agreed.

17. Mughal Administration

muhtasib, it Public Behaviour Controller Was. Vitiqui, Prefectures In land And rent Of Paper
People Of Moral Character of Care to Of For Ready Do Were.
his Appointment of went.
Mushrif,Accounts Officer,,State of
Mir,A,Bahar,Water Army Of Prime. Income,Expense Of Account,Jokha maintains
Was.
Mir,A,Tujuk, it Religious Celebrations Of
Management does Was. Mustoufi,Account Examiner, Mushrif Of
Accounts of Check does Was.
Mir,A,Barr,Forest,Department Of
Superintendent Musaddi, Harbours Of Administration of Care
does Was.
diwan,A,beyutaat, Royal Factories Of
Inspector.,Nazir,A,Bayatat, Sahib,Tawjih,Soldier Accounts Officer Would
Was.
story teller,news Article And spy
muhtasib, Public Behaviour Controller ,
Intelligence Navis,Secret Letter Article And
Secret Form From Centre To Important messenger,incident Navis,Intelligence Navis
Notifications gives Was. And safai ki sharma Mughals spy System From
Connected Were. story teller Provinces Of spy
messenger,detective And Message Carrier
Department Of Prime Would Was.
Provincial Administration
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The Historika 9142719681
Subedar, Aamil, Parishes Of financial Officer Who
Farmers From rent recovered does Was.
Akbar Of period In Ancient Administration Of
Chief To Government manner But potholder, Parishes Of Treasurer.
Warlord,Governor,Said go Was Who His
Lawyer, it Parishes Of Patwaris Of Officer
Successors Of period In ,Nazim,Of Name From
Would Was. He rent And Agriculture Relative
Go know Put And general public In it Subedar
All Documents To Ready does Was And
Said go Was This Provinces In complete
Revenue Deposit Do Were.
Soldier And Civilian rights get Were. Its Need
falling But Transfer yes Can Was. carpenter, Parishes Of Clerk
1586E,In Akbar by diwan Of Post But Creation
Did Who Subedar of Power But Control
maintains Was And Provinces In finance And
Revenue Of Chief Would Was And Prefectures
In addict Lawsuits Of Decision does Was.

Bakshi, his Appointment Central Mirbakhsh Of

Demand But Royal Court By of Caste Was
And it Provinces of Army of Care does Was
And it incident Of Form In Too Work does
Was.
Provincial Sad, Provincial sadr And Qazi Of
Post generally One only Person To Give Gave
go Was.

Mir,A,Adal, it Grants,Succession And Other

Controversies Of settlement does Was. first of
all his Appointment Akbar by of.
Government,District,Of Administration,
Mughal Era In Government In soldier,Aamil
Police Inspector And Qazi etc important
Officer would have Were.
Parishes Of Administration,
shikdar, Parishes In peace persist to do And
Revenue recovery In Aamil To Help Give.

58