Name: Nguyen Tan Phat

Student id : 23161307

Section:

Laboratory Exercise 1
DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS: TIME-DOMAIN REPRESENTATION

1.1 GENERATION OF SEQUENCES

Project 1.1 Unit sample and unit step sequences

A copy of Program P1_1 is given below.

% Program P1_1
% Generation of a Unit Sample Sequence
clf;
% Generate a vector from -10 to 20
n = -10:27;
% Generate the unit sample sequence
u = [zeros(1,10) ones(1,28)];
% Plot the unit sample sequence
stem(n,u);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit Sample Sequence');
axis([-10 27 0 1.2]);
grid;

Answers:

Q1.1 The unit sample sequence u[n] generated by running Program P1_1 is shown
below:

1
 Unit Sample Sequence
1.2

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n

Q1.2 The purpose of clf command is - clf Clear current figure.

The purpose of axis command is - axis Control axis scaling and appearance.

axis([XMIN XMAX YMIN YMAX]) sets scaling for the x- and y-axes

on the current plot.

The purpose of title command is -title Graph title.

title('txt') adds the specified title to the axes or chart returned by

the gca command. Reissuing the title command causes the new title to

replace the old title.

The purpose of xlabel command is - xlabel X-axis label.

The purpose of ylabel command is - ylabel Y-axis label.

Q1.3 The modified Program P1_1 to generate a delayed unit sample sequence ud[n]
with a delay of 11 samples is given below along with the sequence generated by
running this program.
% Program P1_1
% Generation of a Unit Sample Sequence
clf;
% Generate a vector from -10 to 20
n = -10:27;
% Generate the unit sample sequence
u = [zeros(1,21) ones(1,17)];
% Plot the unit sample sequence
stem(n,u);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit Sample Sequence');
axis([-10 27 0 1.2]);
grid;

2
 Unit Sample Sequence
1.2

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n

Q1.4 The modified Program P1_1 to generate a unit step sequence s[n] is given below
along with the sequence generated by running this program .
% Program P1_1
% Generation of a Unit Sample Sequence
clf;
% Generate a vector from -10 to 20
n = -10:27;
% Generate the unit sample sequence
u = [zeros(1,10) ones(1,28)];
% Plot the unit sample sequence
stem(n,u);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit Sample Sequence');
axis([-10 27 0 1.2]);
grid;

Unit Sample Sequence

1.2

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n

3
Q1.5 The modified Program P1_1 to generate a unit step sequence sd[n] with an ad-
vance of 7 samples is given below along with the sequence generated by running
this program.
% Program P1_1
% Generation of a Unit Sample Sequence
clf;
% Generate a vector from -10 to 20
n = -10:27;
% Generate the unit sample sequence
u = [zeros(1,17) ones(1,21)];
% Plot the unit sample sequence
stem(n,u);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit Sample Sequence');
axis([-10 27 0 1.2]);
grid;

Unit Sample Sequence

1.2

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n

Project 1.2 Exponential signals

A copy of Programs P1_2 and P1_3 are given below.

% Program P1_2
% Generation of a complex exponential sequence
clf;
c = -(1/12)+(pi/6)*i;
K = 2;
n = 0:40;
x = K*exp(c*n);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,real(x));
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Real part');
subplot(2,1,2);

4
stem(n,imag(x));
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Imaginary part');

% Program P1_3
% Generation of a real exponential sequence
clf;
n = 0:35; a = 1.2; K = 0.2;
x = K*a.^n;
stem(n,x);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');

Answers:

Q1.6 The complex-valued exponential sequence generated by running Program P1_2 is

shown below:
Real part
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
Imaginary part
2
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Q1.7 The parameter controlling the rate of growth or decay of this sequence is -

The parameter controlling the rate of growth or decay of this sequence is the real part
of the constant c, which is -1/12. It causes the amplitude of the sequence to decay
exponentially at a rate determined by this value."

The parameter controlling the amplitude of this sequence is - K = 2;

Q1.8 The result of changing the parameter c to (1/12)+(pi/6)*i is - It causes the

amplitude of the sequence to growth exponentially at a rate determined by this value

5
 Real part
40

20

Amplitude 0

-20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
Imaginary part
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Q1.9 The purpose of the operator real is - "The purpose of the operator real is to
extract the real part of a complex number or a complex sequence, discarding the
imaginary part, for use in computation or plotting."

The purpose of the operator imag is - "The purpose of the operator imag is to
extract the imaginary part of a complex number or a complex sequence, discarding the
real part, for use in computation or plotting."

Q1.10 The purpose of the command subplot is - Create axes in tiled positions

Q1.11 The real-valued exponential sequence generated by running Program P1_3 is

shown below:

120

100

80
Amplitude

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time index n

Q1.12 The parameter controlling the rate of growth or decay of this sequence is -n =
0:35;
The parameter controlling the amplitude of this sequence is - K = 0.2;

6
Q1.13 The difference between the arithmetic operators ^ and .^ is -

It is controlled by the following MATLAB command line :

· "^: Like exponentiation in mathematics, but selective (only works with scalars or
square matrices)."
· ".^: Like exponentiation, but more flexible, works with arrays (vectors/matrices) too."

Q1.14 The sequence generated by running Program P1_3 with the parameter a changed
to 0.9 and the parameter K changed to 20 is shown below:
20

18

16

14

12
Amplitude

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time index n

Q1.15 The length of this sequence is -

It is controlled by the following MATLAB command line :

· "^: Like exponentiation in mathematics, but selective (only works with scalars or
square matrices)."
· ".^: Like exponentiation, but more flexible, works with arrays (vectors/matrices) too."

It can be changed to generate sequences with different lengths as follows (give an

example command line and the corresponding length): n= 0:100;

7
 106
18

16

14

12
Amplitude

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time index n

Q1.16 The energies of the real-valued exponential sequences

x[n]generated in Q1.11 and Q1.14 and computed using the command sum are -
>> Q.1.11
nang luong la: 45672.6453
>> Q.1.14
nang luong la: 2104.1947

Project 1.3 Sinusoidal sequences

A copy of Program P1_4 is given below.

% Program P1_4
% Generation of a sinusoidal sequence
n = 0:40;
f = 0.1;
phase = 0;
A = 1.5;
arg = 2*pi*f*n - phase;
x = A*cos(arg);
clf; % Clear old graph
stem(n,x); % Plot the generated sequence
axis([0 40 -2 2]);
grid;
title('Sinusoidal Sequence');
xlabel('Time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
axis;zzz

Answers:

8
Q1.17 The sinusoidal sequence generated by running Program P1_4 is displayed below .

Sinusoidal Sequence
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
Q1.18 The frequency of this sequence is - f = 0.1

It is controlled by the following MATLAB command line : f=0.1 ;

A sequence with new frequency _____ can be generated by the following command
line: f=[new frequency];
The parameter controlling the phase of this sequence is - phase = 0;
The parameter controlling the amplitude of this sequence is - A = 1.5;

The period of this sequence is - = 1/f=10

Q1.19 The length of this sequence is - 41

It is controlled by the following MATLAB command line :n = 0:40;
A sequence with new length _____ can be generated by the following
command line:
n = 0:[new number];

Q1.20 The average power of the generated sinusoidal sequence is -

>> P1_4

cong xuat trung binh la: 1.125

Q1.21 The purpose of axis command is - Control axis scaling and appearance.
axis([XMIN XMAX YMIN YMAX]) sets scaling for the x- and y-axes
on the current plot.
The purpose of grid command is -

Grid lines.

grid ON adds major grid lines to the current axes.

9
 grid OFF removes major and minor grid lines from the current axes.

Q1.22 The modified Program P1_4 to generate a sinusoidal sequence of frequency 0.9 is
given below along with the sequence generated by running it .
% Program P1_4
% Generation of a sinusoidal sequence
n = 0:40;
f = 0.9;
phase = 0;
A = 1.5;
arg = 2*pi*f*n - phase;
x = A*cos(arg);
clf; % Clear old graph
stem(n,x); % Plot the generated sequence
axis([0 40 -2 2]);
grid;
title('Sinusoidal Sequence');
xlabel('Time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Sinusoidal Sequence
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

A comparison of this new sequence with the one generated in Question Q1.17
shows - same

A sinusoidal sequence of frequency 1.1 generated by modifying Program P1_4 is

shown below.

10
 Sinusoidal Sequence
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

A comparison of this new sequence with the one generated in Question Q1.17
shows - same

Q1.23 The sinusoidal sequence of length 50, frequency 0.08, amplitude 2.5, and phase
shift of 90 degrees generated by modifying Program P1_4 is displayed below .
Sinusoidal Sequence
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The period of this sequence is - =12,5

Q1.24 By replacing the stem command in Program P1_4 with the plot command, the
plot obtained is as shown below:

11
 Sinusoidal Sequence
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The difference between the new plot and the one generated in Question Q1.17 is -

it is continuous

Q1.25 By replacing the stem command in Program P1_4 with the stairs command the
plot obtained is as shown below:

Sinusoidal Sequence
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The difference between the new plot and those generated in Questions Q1.17 and
Q1.24 is -
"By replacing the stem command in Program P1_4 with the stairs command,

12
Project 1.4 Random signals

Answers:

Q1.26 The MATLAB program to generate and display a random signal of length 100 with
elements uniformly distributed in the interval [–2, 2] is given below along with the
plot of the random sequence generated by running the program :
clf;
n=0:99;
x = -2 + 4*rand (1,length(n));
stem(n, x);
xlabel("truc x");
ylabel("truc y");
title("Random signals")
grid on;
axis([0 99 -3 3]);
Random signals
3

1
truc y

-1

-2

-3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
truc x

Q1.27 The MATLAB program to generate and display a Gaussian random signal of length
75 with elements normally distributed with zero mean and a variance of 3 is given
below along with the plot of the random sequence generated by running the
program:
n=0:74;
gttb=0;
phuong_sai=3;
x= gttb+sqrt(phuong_sai)*randn(1,length(n));
plot(n,x);
grid on;
title("Gaussian Random Signal (Mean = 0, Variance = 3)")

13
 Gaussian Random Signal (Mean = 0, Variance = 3)
4

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Q1.28 The MATLAB program to generate and display five sample sequences of a random
sinusoidal signal of length 31

{X[n]} = {Acos(on + )}

where the amplitude A and the phase  are statistically independent random
variables with uniform probability distribution in the range for the
amplitude and in the range 0     for the phase is given below. Also shown
are five sample sequences generated by running this program five different times .
clf;
n=0:30;
omega=0.2;
for i=1:5
phi=0+2*pi*rand;
a=4*rand;
x=a*cos(omega*n+phi);
subplot(5,1,i);
stem(n, x);
grid on;
title(['bieu do:',num2str(i),',a=',num2str(a),',\phi',num2str(phi)]);
end

14
 bieu do:1,a=3.8906, 3.2964
5
0
-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
bieu do:2,a=1.2474, 4.4636
1
0
-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
bieu do:3,a=3.4014, 1.8313
5
0
-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
bieu do:4,a=2.5571, 5.728
2
0
-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
bieu do:5,a=0.35466, 1.6045
0.5
0
-0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

1.2 SIMPLE OPERATIONS ON SEQUENCES

Project 1.5 Signal Smoothing

A copy of Program P1_5 is given below.

% Program P1_5
% Signal Smoothing by Averaging
clf;
R = 51;
d = 0.8*(rand(R,1) - 0.5); % Generate random noise
m = 0:R-1;
s = 2*m.*(0.9.^m); % Generate uncorrupted signal
x = s + d'; % Generate noise corrupted signal
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(m,d','r-',m,s,'g--',m,x,'b-.');
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
legend('d[n] ','s[n] ','x[n] ');
x1 = [0 0 x];x2 = [0 x 0];x3 = [x 0 0];
y = (x1 + x2 + x3)/3;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(m,y(2:R+1),'r-',m,s,'g--');
legend( 'y[n] ','s[n] ');
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');

Answers:

15
Q1.29 The signals generated by running Program P1_5 are displayed below :

8
d[n]
s[n]
6
x[n]

Amplitude
4

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time index n

8
y[n]
s[n]
6
Amplitude

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time index n

Q1.30 The uncorrupted signal s[n]is - s = 2*m.*(0.9.^m)

The additive noise d[n]is - d = 0.8*(rand(R,1) - 0.5);

Q1.31 The statement x = s + d CAN / CANNOT be used to generate the noise

corrupted signal because -
The statement x = s + d CAN be used to generate the noise-corrupted signal because:
 In signal processing, a noise-corrupted signal is typically generated by adding
noise d[n] to the original signal s[n]. Here, s and d are both vectors of the same
length (51 elements), so this addition is valid and produces the desired noisy
signal x.

Q1.32 The relations between the signals x1, x2, and x3, and the signal x are -
The relationships between the signals x1, x2, x3, and the signal x are:
 x1 = [0 0 x]: The signal x with two zeros added at the beginning. This is
equivalent to shifting x to the right by two steps (a delay).
 x2 = [0 x 0]: The signal x with one zero added at the beginning and one zero at
the end. This is equivalent to shifting x to the right by one step.
 x3 = [x 0 0]: The signal x with two zeros added at the end, keeping the beginning
of x unchanged.
 These are time-shifted versions of x, used to compute a moving average in the
next step of the code.

Q1.33 The purpose of the legend command is -

The purpose of the legend command is:
 The legend command is used to add labels to the curves in a plot, helping viewers
distinguish the meaning of each line.

16
Project 1.6 Generation of Complex Signals

A copy of Program P1_6 is given below.

% Program P1_6
% Generation of amplitude modulated sequence
clf;
n = 0:100;
m = 0.4;fH = 0.1; fL = 0.01;
xH = sin(2*pi*fH*n);
xL = sin(2*pi*fL*n);
y = (1+m*xL).*xH;
stem(n,y);grid;
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');

Answers:

Q1.34 The amplitude modulated signals y[n] generated by running Program P1_6 for
various values of the frequencies of the carrier signal xH[n] and the modulating
signal xL[n], and various values of the modulation index m are shown below:

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time index n

Q1.35 The difference between the arithmetic operators * and .* is -

17
· The * operator performs matrix multiplication, following the rules of linear algebra
where the number of columns in the first matrix must equal the number of rows in the
second matrix.
· The .* operator performs element-wise multiplication, multiplying corresponding
elements of two arrays, which must have the same size or one must be a scalar."

A copy of Program P1_7 is given below.

% Program P1_7
% Generation of a swept frequency sinusoidal sequence
n = 0:100;
a = pi/2/100;
b = 0;
arg = a*n.*n + b*n;
x = cos(arg);
clf;
stem(n, x);
axis([0,100,-1.5,1.5]);
title('Swept-Frequency Sinusoidal Signal');
xlabel('Time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid; axis;

Answers:

Q1.36 The swept-frequency sinusoidal sequence x[n] generated by running Program

P1_7 is displayed below.

Swept-Frequency Sinusoidal Signal

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time index n

Q1.37 The minimum and maximum frequencies of this signal are

Minimum frequency: 0 cycles/sample (0 Hz if the sampling frequency is 1 Hz).
Maximum frequency: 0.5 cycles/sample (0.5 Hz if the sampling frequency is 1 Hz).

18
Q1.38 The Program 1_7 modified to generate a swept sinusoidal signal with a minimum
frequency of 0.1 and a maximum frequency of 0.3 is given below :
% Program P1_7
% Generation of a swept frequency sinusoidal sequence
n = 0:100;
a = pi/500;
b = 0.2*pi;
arg = a*n.*n + b*n;
x = cos(arg)
clf;
stem(n, x);
axis([0,100,-1.5,1.5]);
title('Swept-Frequency Sinusoidal Signal');
xlabel('Time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid; axis;

1.3 WORKSPACE INFORMATION

Q1.39 The information displayed in the command window as a result of the who
command is -

Your variables are:

a ans arg b n x

Q1.40 The information displayed in the command window as a result of the whos
command is -

>> whos

Name Size Bytes Class Attributes

a 1x1 8 double

ans 1x4 32 double

arg 1x101 808 double

b 1x1 8 double

n 1x101 808 double

x 1x101 808 double

1.4 OTHER TYPES OF SIGNALS (Optional)

19
Project 1.8 Squarewave and Sawtooth Signals

Answer:

Q1.41 MATLAB programs to generate the square-wave and the sawtooth wave sequences
of the type shown in Figures 1.1 and 1.2 are given below along with the sequences
generated by running these programs :
% Program P1_1
% Generation of a Unit Sample Sequence
clf;
% Generate a vector from -10 to 20
n = -10:27;
% Generate the unit sample sequence
u = [zeros(1,10) ones(1,28)];
% Plot the unit sample sequence
stem(n,u);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit Sample Sequence');
axis([-10 27 0 1.2]);
grid;
Unit Sample Sequence
1.2

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n

% Program P1_2
% Generation of a complex exponential sequence
clf;
c = -(1/12)+(pi/6)*i;
K = 2;
n = 0:40;

20
x = K*exp(c*n);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,real(x));
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Real part');
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,imag(x));
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Imaginary part');

Real part
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
Imaginary part
2
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Date: 3/9/2025 Signature:

21