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Transformer Design

The document discusses the equivalent AC resistance referred to the primary winding of transformers, highlighting the challenges in accurately apportioning stray losses. It emphasizes the importance of voltage regulation, which ensures that the output voltage remains stable under varying load conditions, and provides a formula for calculating voltage regulation. Additionally, it notes that the percentage reactance is often assumed to be equal to the percentage impedance in practical applications.

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7 views1 page

Transformer Design

The document discusses the equivalent AC resistance referred to the primary winding of transformers, highlighting the challenges in accurately apportioning stray losses. It emphasizes the importance of voltage regulation, which ensures that the output voltage remains stable under varying load conditions, and provides a formula for calculating voltage regulation. Additionally, it notes that the percentage reactance is often assumed to be equal to the percentage impedance in practical applications.

Uploaded by

surajmudiofficial
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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26 Chapter 1

Req1 is the equivalent AC resistance referred to the primary (HV) winding,


which accounts for the losses in the DC resistance of the windings, the eddy
losses in the windings and the stray losses in structural parts. It is not practical to
apportion the stray losses to the two windings. Hence, if the resistance parameter
is required to be known for each winding, it is usually assumed that
R1 R2' (1 / 2) Req1 . Similarly, it is assumed that X L1 X 'L 2 , although it is not
strictly true. Since % R is much smaller than % Z, in practice the percentage
reactance (% X) is taken to be the same as the percentage impedance (% Z). This
approximation, however, may not be true for small distribution transformers.

1.6 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency


Since many electrical devices and appliances operate most effectively at their
rated voltage, it is necessary that the output voltage of a transformer be within
narrow limits when the magnitude and power factor of loads vary. Voltage
regulation is an important performance parameter of transformers as it
determines the quality of electricity supplied to consumers. The voltage
regulation for a specific load is defined as a change in the magnitude of the
secondary voltage after removal of the load (the primary voltage being held
constant) expressed as a fraction of the secondary voltage corresponding to the
no-load condition.
V2oc  V2
Regulation (p.u.) = (1.61)
V2oc

where V2 is the secondary terminal voltage at a specific load and V 2oc is the
secondary terminal voltage when the load is removed. For the approximate
equivalent circuit of Figure 1.7 (b), if all the quantities are referred to the
secondary side, the voltage regulation for a lagging power factor load is given as
[4]
I 2 Req 2 cosT 2  I 2 X eq 2 sin T 2
Regulation (p.u.) =
V2 oc
2
1 § I 2 X eq 2 cosT 2  I 2 Req 2 sin T 2 ·¸
 ¨¨ ¸ (1.62)
2© V2 oc ¹
where Req 2 and X eq 2 are the equivalent resistance and leakage reactance of the
transformer referred to the secondary side respectively. The secondary load

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