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Basic Elements of Assembly Language

Assembly language is a low-level programming language that allows direct control over hardware, acting as a bridge between high-level languages and machine code. Key elements include program structure (data, code, and stack sections), basic syntax (instructions, operands, registers, and directives), memory addressing modes, control flow instructions, and input/output operations. The document primarily focuses on Intel-based processors and outlines essential components for writing assembly language programs.

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Irfan Ul Haq
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12 views

Basic Elements of Assembly Language

Assembly language is a low-level programming language that allows direct control over hardware, acting as a bridge between high-level languages and machine code. Key elements include program structure (data, code, and stack sections), basic syntax (instructions, operands, registers, and directives), memory addressing modes, control flow instructions, and input/output operations. The document primarily focuses on Intel-based processors and outlines essential components for writing assembly language programs.

Uploaded by

Irfan Ul Haq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Elements of Assembly Language

Assembly language is a low-level programming language that provides direct control over a
computer's hardware. It serves as a bridge between high-level languages like C and the machine
code understood by the processor. In this essay, we will discuss the fundamental elements of
assembly language, focusing on Intel-based processors as described in Assembly Language for
Intel-Based Computers by Kip R. Irvine.

1. Program Structure in Assembly Language


An assembly language program follows a structured format that includes:

1. Data Section: Defines variables and constants.


2. Code Section: Contains executable instructions.
3. Stack Section: Used for temporary storage and function calls.

Example:

2. Basic Syntax Elements


a) Instructions and Operands

Assembly instructions consist of an operation (opcode) followed by operands.

 The opcode specifies the operation.


 The operands provide the data to be manipulated.

Example:

b) Registers

Intel processors provide general-purpose registers, which are used to store temporary data and
control program execution:

 AX, BX, CX, DX (16-bit registers)


 EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX (Extended 32-bit registers)
 RAX, RBX, RCX, RDX (64-bit registers in x86-64)

Example:

c) Directives

Directives are instructions that tell the assembler how to process the program. Common
directives include:
 DB (Define Byte): Reserves storage for a byte.
 DW (Define Word): Reserves storage for a word (16-bit).
 DD (Define Doubleword): Reserves storage for a doubleword (32-bit).
 EQU (Equate): Assigns a constant value.

Example:

3. Memory Addressing Modes


Memory addressing modes define how operands are accessed in memory. Common addressing
modes include:

1. Immediate Addressing: The operand is a constant value.


2. Register Addressing: The operand is in a register.
3. Direct Addressing: The operand is stored in memory at a specific address.
4. Indirect Addressing: The operand is at an address stored in a register.

4. Control Flow Instructions


Assembly language includes instructions for decision-making and loops:

 Jump Instructions (JMP, JZ, JNZ, etc.): Used for branching.


 Loop Instructions (LOOP, LOOPZ, etc.): Used for iterations.

Example:

5. Input/Output Operations
Interacting with the user or other devices requires input/output instructions. In DOS and Linux
assembly, INT (interrupt) instructions are used.

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