Dr.

/ Ahmed Mohamed Rabie

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 Network devices types

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 • Hub.
• Switch.
• Router.
• Modem.
• Bridge.
• Repeater.
• Computer devices (PCs, Laptops).

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 1- Hub in networking plays a vital role in data transmission
and broadcasting. A hub is a hardware device used at the
physical layer to connect multiple devices in the network.
Hubs are widely used to connect LANs. A hub has multiple
ports. Unlike a switch, a hub cannot filter the data, i.e. it
cannot identify the destination of the packet, So it broadcasts
or sends the message to each port. A hub is a multi-port
repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from
different branches, for example, the connector in star
6 topology which connects different stations.
 Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected
devices. In other words, the collision domain of all hosts
connected through hub remains one. Hub does not have any
routing table to store the data of ports and map destination
addresses., the routing table is used to send/broadcast
information across all the ports.

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 2- Switch is a network device that is used to segment the
networks into different subnetworks called subnets or LAN
segments. It is responsible for filtering and forwarding the
packets between LAN segments based on MAC address.
Switches have many ports, and when data arrives at any port,
the destination address is examined first and some checks are
also done and then it is processed to the devices. Different
types of communication are supported here like unicast,
multicast, and broadcast communication.
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 3- Router is a networking device that forwards data
packets between computer networks. One or more
packet-switched networks or subnetworks can be
connected using a router. By sending data packets to
their intended IP addresses, it manages traffic between
different networks and permits several devices to
share an Internet connection.

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 4- Modem stands for Modulator/Demodulator. The
modem is defined as a networking device that is used to
connect devices connected in the network to the
internet. The main function of a modem is to convert
the analog signals that come from telephone wire into a
digital form. In digital form, these converted signals are
stored in the form of 0s and 1s. The modem can
perform both the task of modulation and demodulation
simultaneously.
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 Modems are majorly used to transfer digital data in
personal systems. The modem is also known as a
signal translator as it translates one signal into another
signal by modulating the digital signal into an analog
signal for transmission and then demodulates
receiving analog signals into digital signals.

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 5- Bridge operates at the data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with
add on the functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC
addresses of the source and destination. It is also used for
interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. It typically
connects multiple network segments and each port is connected to
different segment. A bridge is not strictly limited to two ports, it can
have multiple ports to connect and manage multiple network segments.
Modern multi-port bridges are often called Layer 2 switches because
they perform similar functions.

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 6- The repeater is defined as a device that is used to amplify and
retransmit the signals of incoming packets to the other side of the
segments. Repeater helps to increase or extend the distance of the
network. A repeater is used for devices connected with Ethernet in the
network. It has the advantage that repeaters remove unwanted
interference and noise from the signals in order to maintain their quality
throughout the network. The repeater is majorly used in applications
where the distance between two devices connected in the network
increases.

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 Server Types

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 Servers are computers that runs operating system
and hold data that can be shared over a
computer network.

A client is a computer that is connected to other

computers in the network and can receive data
sent by other computers.

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 Here’s a list of common dedicated servers:
• File Server: Stores and dispenses files.
• Mail Server: The network’s post office;
handles email functions.
• Print Server: Manages printers on the
network.

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 • Web Server: Manages web-based activities by running
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) for storing web
content and accessing web pages.
• Fax Server The “memo maker” that sends and receives
paperless faxes over the network.
• Application Server Manages network applications.
• Telephony Server Handles the call center and call
routing and can be thought of as a sophisticated
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 • Proxy Server A server that acts as an intermediary
between the request made by clients, and a
particular server for some services or requests for
some resources. The basic purpose of Proxy servers
is to protect the direct connection of Internet
clients and Internet resources. The main reason
people use proxy servers is to hide an IP address.

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 Network media Types

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 Network media is the actual path over which an
electrical signal travels as it moves from one
component to another.

The common types of network media, including

twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and
wireless.

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 Wired Networks

Copper Fiber

Co-axial Twisted-Pair

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 1- Coaxial Cable

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 1- Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable sometimes known as coax cable,

is an electrical cable which transmits radio
frequency (RF) signals from one point to
another. It contains a center conductor made of
copper that’s surrounded by a plastic jacket
with a braided shield over it.
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 Thinnet or 10Base2, is a thin coaxial cable. It is
basically the same as thick coaxial cable except
it’s only about 5 mm, or 2/10″, diameter
coaxial cable. Thinnet cable, you’ve got to use
BNC connectors to attach stations to the
network.

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 An advantage of using coax cable is the braided
shielding that provides resistance to electronic
pollution like electromagnetic interference
(EMI), radio frequency interference (RFI), and
other types of stray electronic signals that can
make their way onto a network cable and cause
communication problems.
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 2- Twisted-Pair Cable

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 2- Twisted-Pair Cable

Twisted-pair cable consists of multiple individually

insulated wires that are twisted together in pairs.
Sometimes a metallic shield is placed around them,
hence the name shielded twisted-pair (STP). Cable
without outer shielding is called unshielded twisted-
pair (UTP).

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 2- Twisted-Pair Cable

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 2- Twisted-Pair Cable

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 2- Twisted-Pair Cable

. The connector used with UTP cable is called RJ-11

(6P4C) for phones that use two pairs (four wires);
RJ-45 (8P8C) has four pairs (eight wires). RJ
(Registered Jack)

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 There is a termination standard set by the
Telecommunications Industry Association
(TIA) indicating how the pinout or pair
assignments should be used in cabling.

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 Standard TIA/EIA-568 sets the standard
for how to match twisted pair wires to a
plug or socket. This is important because if
the conductors do not match on each end
then the cables will not function.

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 2.1- T568A

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 T568A consists of the green pair is used
for pins 1 and 2 but the orange pair is split
to pins 3 and 6, separated by the blue pair.

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 2.1- T568A

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 2.2- T568B

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 T568B consists of the orange pair is used
for pins 1 and 2 but the green pair is split
to pins 3 and 6, separated by the blue pair.

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 2.2- T568B

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 2.3- Straight Through Cable

A straight through cable is a type of

twisted pair cable that is used in local area
networks. This type of cable is also
sometimes called a patch cable.

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 2.3- Straight Through Cable

On a straight through cable, the wired pins

match. Straight through cable use one wiring
standard: both ends use T568A wiring
standard or both ends use T568B wiring
standard.
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 2.3- Straight Through Cable

Straight through cable is an alternative to

wireless connections where one or more
computers access a router through a wireless
signal. It is used to connect different type of
devices.

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 2.3- Straight Through Cable

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 2.3- Straight Through Cable

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 2.4- Crossover Cable

Cross over or swap on its way when coming

from one end to the other. Unlike patch
cable, crossover cable uses two different
wiring standards on both end.

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 2.4- Crossover Cable

One end uses the T568A wiring standard, and the

other end uses the T568B wiring standard. Both side
(connector A and connector B) of crossover cable have
wire arrangement with different color, and the wires
that come out of the connector A should match the
correct pin at the connector B.

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 2.4- Crossover Cable

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 2.4- Crossover Cable

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 2.5- Rolled Cable

Rollover cable also known Console cable is

a cable that is used to connect a computer
terminal to a router's console port. This cable
is typically flat (and has a light blue color) to
help distinguish it from other types of network
cabling.
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 2.5- Rolled Cable

It gets the name rollover because the

pinouts on one end are reversed from the
other, as if the wire had been rolled over
and you were viewing it from the other
side.
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 2.5- Rolled Cable

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