Integrated Energy Management and Control Strategy for
High-Efficiency Single-Stage PV/Battery Hybrid Systems
Dr. S. Antony raj, Boppudi Kumar Siva Nagaraju, Avvaru Manoj Babu, Katturi Gowri Venkat Kiran,
Mahammad Sahil
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, St. Ann’s college of engineering and technology,
nayana palli village, chirala, Andhra pradesh
Abstract— Proportional–integral (PI) energy strategy (EMS) These control methods include a PID control, a classic
and microgrid operations are proposed to work independently proportional integral (PI) control, and an equivalent
of the grid in this research paper. the photovoltaic system It decoupling (EMC)
delivers exactly what is needed. It uses DC/DC and DC/AC
converters in addition to power tracking to maximise the PV
energy. Classical PI control involves controlling parameters
like state of charge (SOC). The three different scenarios are to
take the maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) benefit into
account for power distribution and battery
charging/discharging. The Matlab/Simulink simulation shows
the performance of the proposed power generation system in
various operating conditions, with the corresponding control
algorithms enabled.
Keywords— DC microgrid; energy management; hybrid
power system; energy efficiency, Induction motor drive, EV
Application
I. INTRODUCTION
In power grids, the microgrid is defined as the distributed
Figure 1. Configuration of DC microgrid
energy system (IDES), which includes energy storage like
batteries and supercapacitors to balance generated power and
consumed power. Together and separate for small areas, all of
Alternative current microgrid (ACMG) and direct current
these items are used as a single grid [6,7]. Generally,
microgrid (DCMG) were discussed by Manoj et al. [13].
microgrids are considered a collection of grids as shown in
(DCMG). The DCMG has some advantages over the ACMG,
Figure 1. using a utility grid for power distribution has some
such as higher e ciency, easier DC bus communication, and
drawbacks, such as loss of electricity in transmission, air
device reliabilities. They confirmed that power disturbance is
pollution from the generation phases, and global warming due
influenced by three factors in DCMGs: power exchange
to conventional sources Microgrids offers a solution to these
fluctuation, power variance between the storage system and
issues. Microgrids can lessen the loss, reduce CO2 emissions,
the power sources, and quick changes in the DC bus load.
especially when using renewable energy for power generation.
Ravichandrudu et al. [14] developed a renewable-energy-
There are a few advantages, too, such as reducing the risk of
based MG system that has the advantages of using renewable
outages, selling power to national grids or net metering.
energy sources and reducing transmission losses by using
besides storage elements, the overall system efficiency is
wind and hydro.
maximised when using renewable power sources [9–11] An
energy management system (EM) controls the microgrid
(MGR). it employs many techniques to improve performance
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II. MODEL OF PV CELL
When light is shined on the solar cell, it will generate
(4)
voltage. They are shown in the Fig1
Where the reverse saturation current is given by
(5)
Where Eg = Energy Gap of PV material =1.12ev
The shunt current is given by
(6)
The number of cells to be connected to form an array is
Fig1:mathematical model of PV cell considered by taking a practical PV Panel electrical data Table
1.The I-V and P-V characteristics of the modeled PV panel
PV panel is modelled using mathematical equations (1)-(6) as conform to the manufacturer data.
given below
The current from PV panel is given by III. ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN DC MICROGRID
In the following figure, the PV/battery distributed system is
shown. This is a three-port device connecting a PV and a
DCload. It serves as a buffer, which means it can be charged
(1) or discharged to ensure equalise the battery power output. as
Where Ipv = Current from PV panel shown in Fig. 2,the power-density system utilises the
Iph = Photo generated Current integrated topology to do the DC-to-to-V and V-to-B
Id = Diode current buck/boost converters.
Ish =Shunt current
The Photo generated current is given by
(2)
2
Where G = Irradiation (w/m )
Isc = Short circuit Current
Ki = Temp.Coefficient of Isc (2.2*10-23)
Top = Operating Temperature in 0C
Tref = Reference Temperature (25 0C)
The diode current is given by
(3)
FIGURE 3.2. The proposed PV/battery hybrid distributed
Where Is = Saturation Current
power generation system.
Vpv = PV Panel output voltage
Rs = Series resistance (0.01 Ω)
Vt = Thermal Voltage =
n = Ideality Factor (1-2)
C = Total no. of Cells
Ns = No. of cells in series
Q = Charge of an electron = 1.602*10-19 C
K = Boltzmann Constant = 1.38*10-23
The saturation current is given by
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FIGURE 3.3. Modulation strategy of the full bridge with the
phase shiftangle’ and the duty cycle D.
This bridge utilises a modified phase shift modulation, as
shown in Fig. 3. the two switching leg-to-limbs of the primary
bridge are offset In addition, the duty cycle of switch A on the
right leg 1 can be decreased, while the other cycles at 50
percent
Here, the primary side of the HF transformer's
bidirectionalium-boost converter is highlighted in Fig. 2 FIGURE 3.4.Flow diagram of the proposed control algorithm.
Bidirectional topology makes the leg A battery and capacitor
redundant. when the battery is charged to positive Ib, the
topology isin When the voltage is reduced to IB< 0, the
topology remains active Thus, two-way power is available for IV. PROPOSED THREE PORT CONVERTER FED INDUCTION
the battery charging/discharging can be applied The proposed MOTOR
control flowchart in Fig. 3.4 is outlined The three-phase machine is the most widely used machine in
industry. A motor is almost always used for induction because
it is the inadvevise choice. By itself, single-phase induction
motors are quite common in consumer purposes.
It can be obtained using either the stator voltage control or the
rotor resistance variation. However, they result in poor
efficiency at low speeds The most effective speed control
method is to vary the supply frequency. As a result, this results
in wide spectrum of speed.
As long as the machine is not running at full speed, the ratio
v/f remains constant. This keeps the engine's
horsepower/torque output at a constant. However, torque
drops off at lower frequencies and this has to be made up for
by applying higher voltage.
46
Fig.4.3 (a). Speed Torque Characteristics of Induction Motor
with frequency variation
The above curve suggests that the speed control and Fig:4.3 (c). Block Diagram Schematic of V/f control of VSI
braking operation are available from nearly zero speed to fed 3-phase Induction Motor drive
above synchronous speed. The block diagram of a V/f regulation of a VSI fed three phase
induction motor drive is shown in Fig.4.3 (c). The reference
frequency (f*) and reference voltage (V*) commands are
determined according to the reference speed input command
(Nr*) so that the V/f ratio remains constant. The SPWM
generator receives the reference commands V* and f*, which
produce 6-PWM pulses for the three-phase voltage source
inverter, which drives the three-phase induction motor.
Fig.4.3 (b).voltage and frequency variation in VSI
fed Induction motor
It can be shown in Fig.4.3 (b) that V is held constant above
base speed while freq. increases. Because of the following
characteristics, variable frequency control provides good
running and transient performance:
(a) From zero to above base speed, speed control and braking
are possible. Fig.4.3(d). Modes of operation and variation of is, ωsl,, T and
(b) The operation can be carried out at full torque with Pm with per unit frequency
reduced current during transients (starting, braking, and speed
reversal), resulting in good dynamic response.
(c) Copper losses are minimised, and efficiency and power
factor are high since the operation is performed at all
frequencies between synch. speed and maximum torque.
(d) The speed drop from no load to full load is minimal.
47
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
(d) PV reference voltage Vref;
Fig 5.1 Diagram of Proposed System
FIGURE 5.2 Steady state simulation results of operation
scenario 2. (a) DCbus voltage Vbus; (b) PV voltage VPV; (c)
PV current IPV; (d) PV reference voltage Vref; (e) Batter
charging current ib.
Figure 5.2 depicts the operation's steady-state simulation
(a) DC bus voltage V bus;
performance. The following are the simulation conditions: The
load power PL D 10 kW is based on a 1000 W/m2 irradiance
and a temperature of 25°C. The DC bus voltage Vbus is
regulated at the current value Vbus D 500 V, which is shown
in Fig. 5.2, by controlling the phase shiftangle ' via a PI
controller (a). Since the MPPT loop is activated in this
scenario, the PV operates at full capacity, with VPV controlled
near the ideal value VMPP D 435 V and IPV controlled near
the ideal valueIMPP D 22 A, as shown in Fig. 5.2 (b), 5.2 (c),
and 5.2 (d). The battery, as shown in Fig. 5.2(e), is in the
discharging mode and supplies a portion of the load capacity.
(b) PV voltage VPV;
(a) DC bus voltage V bus;
(c) PV current IPV;
48
load power PL D 8 kW is based on a 1000 W/m2 irradiance
and a temperature of 25°C. As shown in Fig. 5.3, the DC bus
voltage Vbus is operated at the current value Vbus D 500 V.
(a). The MPPT loop is also allowed in this case, as shown in
Fig. 5.3 (b), 5.3 (c), and 5.3 (d), and the PV operates at the
highest power point, with VPV controlled near the ideal value
VMPP D 435 V and IPV controlled near the ideal valueIMPP
D 22 A. In this case, the battery works in the charging mode,
and the excess power from the PV can be retained in the
(b) PV voltage VPV; battery, as shown in Fig. 5.3 (e).
.
(c) PV current IPV; (a)
(d) PV reference voltage Vref;
(b)
(c)
(e) Battery charging current ib.
FIGURE 5.3. Steady state simulation results of operation
scenario 4. (a) DCbus voltage Vbus; (b) PV voltage VPV; (c)
PV current IPV; (d) PV referencevoltage Vref; (e) Battery
charging current ib.
Figure 5.3 illustrates the operation's steady-state simulation
performance. The following are the simulation conditions: The
49
(d) (c)
FIGURE 5.4 Steady state simulation results of operation
scenario 5. (a) DCbus voltage Vbus; (b) PV voltage VPV; (c)
PV current IPV; (d) Batterycharging current ib
the steady state results of the operation are shown in Fig. 5.
Simulation is asfollows: The irradiance at 1000 W/m², the
temperature of 25 C It is equal to the value in Fig. 4 as shown
in Figure 5 (a). In this scenario, the maximum charge current I
is set to 30A, and the MPPT charger is set to 0, which is (d)
illustrated in Fig. 5 (d). From Fig. 5.4 (b) and Fig. 5.4 (c), the
PV would not be operating at the maximum power in this case
(e)
FIGURE 5.4. Simulation results with irradiance dropping from
1000 W/m2to 500 W/m2 at t D 2 s. (a) DC bus voltage Vbus;
(b) PV voltage VPV; (c) PV current IPV; (d) PV reference
voltage Vref; (e) Battery charging current ib.
(a)
the dynamic performance shown in Fig. 5, where irradiance
decreases from 1000 W/m2 to 500 W/m2 at time "t" Other
simulation rules are: Temperature: 25 C, the load: 8 kW
during the voltage transition to bus 5 as shown in Fig. 5 (a).
When in this situation, the MPPT always controls the duty
cycle the PV voltage rises from Fig. 5. 4.4 (d) From Fig. 10
(b) and Fig. 10 (c), MPPT is accomplished with PV operating
near its maximum power points From Fig. 10 (e), the
irradiation incident can be considered to occur as a transition
from scenario 4 to scenario 2, because the battery is first in
(b) charge and then after use.
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FIGURE 5.5. Simulation results with load power rising from 8
kW to 10 kWat t D 2 s. (a) DC bus voltage Vbus; (b) PV
voltage VPV; (c) PV current IPV;(d) PV reference voltage
Vref; (e) Battery charging current ib.
The dynamic system output power from 8 kW to 10 kW at
time D 2 is shown in Figure 5. Other simulation rules are:
(Virradiance 1000 W/m2, Temperature 25°C) In Fig. 5, the
DC bus voltage does not fluctuate (a). Fig. 5 shortens from
Fig. 5. b to Fig. 5 (d). This can be thought of as the result of
(a)
the load rising from Scenario 5 to Scenario 2 in Figure 5 (e).
(b)
Fig 5.6 Simulink diagram of Proposed System power
converter with Induction Motor drive
(c)
Fig 5.7 Simulation waveforms of Induction motor drive stator
current characteristics
(d)
Fig 5.8 Simulation waveforms of Induction motor drive speed
characteristics
(e)
51
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