IOT assignment

Unit-2
Q-1:What is sensor? Explain heart-beat sensor.

1
IOT assignment

2
IOT assignment

3
IOT assignment

4
IOT assignment

5
IOT assignment

6
IOT assignment

7
 IOT assignment
Q-2: What is Sensor ? list diff. type of sensors used to
develop IOT.

8
IOT assignment

9
 IOT assignment

Q-3:Write Ardino code to identify PH value of soap.

Tap water & lemon juice using PH sensor.
#define SensorPin A0 // pH sensor connected to analog pin A0

#define Offset 0.00 // Calibration offset, adjust if needed

#define SamplingInterval 20

#define ArrayLength 40 // Number of readings for averaging

float voltage, phValue;

int pHArray[ArrayLength]; // Store sensor readings

int pHArrayIndex = 0;

10
 IOT assignment
void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication

pinMode(SensorPin, INPUT);

void loop() {

static unsigned long samplingTime = millis();

if (millis() - samplingTime > SamplingInterval) {

samplingTime = millis();

pHArray[pHArrayIndex++] = analogRead(SensorPin); // Read sensor value

if (pHArrayIndex == ArrayLength) {

pHArrayIndex = 0;

// Calculate average reading

int avgValue = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < ArrayLength; i++) {

avgValue += pHArray[i];

avgValue /= ArrayLength;

// Convert analog value to voltage

voltage = avgValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);

11
 IOT assignment
// Convert voltage to pH value (assuming sensor output ranges from 0-14 pH)

phValue = 3.5 * voltage + Offset;

Serial.print("pH Value: ");

Serial.println(phValue);

// Identify substance based on pH range

if (phValue >= 9.0 && phValue <= 11.0) {

Serial.println("Substance: Soap (Alkaline)");

} else if (phValue >= 6.5 && phValue <= 8.5) {

Serial.println("Substance: Tap Water (Neutral)");

} else if (phValue >= 2.0 && phValue <= 3.0) {

Serial.println("Substance: Lemon Juice (Acidic)");

} else {

Serial.println("Unknown Substance");

Serial.println("--------------------");

delay(1000); // Wait 1 second before next reading

Q-4: What is ARM? Explain special features of ARM &

also explain CSPR in ARM.

12
 IOT assignment

What is ARM?

ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) is a family of Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) architectures
developed by ARM Holdings. ARM processors are widely used in embedded systems, smartphones,
tablets, IoT devices, and even some computers due to their high efficiency and low power consumption.

Special Features of ARM:

ARM processors have several unique features that make them popular in various applications:

1. RISC Architecture

o Uses a simplified instruction set that allows for faster processing compared to Complex
Instruction Set Computing (CISC) architectures.

2. Low Power Consumption

13
 IOT assignment
o Designed for energy efficiency, making them ideal for mobile devices and embedded
systems.

3. Thumb and Thumb-2 Instruction Sets

o Supports Thumb mode, which allows 16-bit instructions, reducing memory usage while
maintaining performance.

4. Pipelining

o Uses multi-stage pipelining to improve instruction execution speed.

5. Multiple Register Banks

o ARM processors have large register sets, which reduce the need for memory accesses.

6. Load/Store Architecture

o Data processing operations only work with registers, and memory is accessed using load
and store instructions, improving efficiency.

7. Support for Multiple Operating Modes

o Includes different modes like User Mode, Supervisor Mode, and IRQ Mode, providing
better control and security.

8. Hardware Security (TrustZone)

o Some ARM processors have TrustZone technology, which allows running secure and
non-secure applications separately.

9. Vector Processing (NEON)

o Some ARM processors support NEON technology, which enhances multimedia and
signal processing tasks.

10. Scalability

• ARM processors range from simple microcontrollers (ARM Cortex-M series) to powerful
processors (ARM Cortex-A series) used in smartphones and computers.

CSPR in ARM

CSPR stands for Current Program Status Register in ARM architecture. It is a key register that stores
system status and control information.

Functions of CSPR:

14
 IOT assignment
1. Condition Flags

o Stores flags (N, Z, C, V) that reflect the result of arithmetic or logical operations:

▪ N (Negative) – Set when the result is negative.

▪ Z (Zero) – Set when the result is zero.

▪ C (Carry) – Set when there is a carry in an addition or borrow in subtraction.

▪ V (Overflow) – Set when an overflow occurs in signed arithmetic.

2. Mode Bits

o Determines the processor's operating mode (User, Supervisor, FIQ, IRQ, etc.).

3. Interrupt Disable Bits

o Controls the enabling and disabling of IRQ (Interrupt Request) and FIQ (Fast Interrupt
Request).

4. State Bits

o Defines whether the processor is operating in ARM (32-bit instructions) or Thumb (16-
bit instructions) mode.

Types of Status Registers in ARM

ARM has two key status registers:

1. CPSR (Current Program Status Register) – Stores the current execution state.

2. SPSR (Saved Program Status Register) – Used to save CPSR values when switching between
modes (like interrupts).

Q-5:Explain pinMode() , diitalRead() & digitalWrite()

function of ardino.
1. pinMode(pin, mode)

The pinMode() function is used to configure a specific digital pin as an input or output.

Syntax: pinMode(pin, mode);

• pin → The pin number (e.g., 2, 3, 4, …).

15
 IOT assignment
• mode → The mode of operation, which can be:

• INPUT → Sets the pin as an input.

• OUTPUT → Sets the pin as an output.
• INPUT_PULLUP → Sets the pin as an input with an internal pull-up resistor.

Example:

void setup() {

pinMode(7, OUTPUT); // Set digital pin 7 as an output

pinMode(2, INPUT); // Set digital pin 2 as an input

pinMode(3, INPUT_PULLUP); // Enable internal pull-up resistor on pin 3

2. digitalRead(pin)
The digitalRead() function reads the value from a digital input pin and returns HIGH (1) or
LOW (0).

Syntax: int value = digitalRead(pin);

• pin → The digital pin number to read from.

• Returns:
o HIGH (1) → If the voltage is 5V (or 3.3V in some boards).
o LOW (0) → If the voltage is 0V (GND).

Example:

void loop() {

int buttonState = digitalRead(2); // Read the state of pin 2

if (buttonState == HIGH) {

digitalWrite(7, HIGH); // Turn on an LED connected to pin 7

} else {

digitalWrite(7, LOW); // Turn off the LED

16
 IOT assignment
}

3. digitalWrite(pin, value)

The digitalWrite() function sets a digital output pin to HIGH (5V) or LOW (0V).

Syntax:

digitalWrite(pin, value);

• pin → The digital pin number.

• value → The output state:

• HIGH → Sets the pin to 5V (or 3.3V in some boards).

• LOW → Sets the pin to 0V (GND).

Example:

void loop() {

digitalWrite(7, HIGH); // Turn on LED on pin 7

delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second

digitalWrite(7, LOW); // Turn off LED

delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second

17
 IOT assignment
Q-6:Explain 80851 Architecture with various register
set.

18
IOT assignment

19
IOT assignment

20
IOT assignment

21
 IOT assignment
Unit-3
Q-1: What is IP addressing? Explain with dia. IPV4
Header format.
What is IP Addressing?

IP (Internet Protocol) addressing is a system used to identify devices on a network. Each device
connected to a network (such as a computer, smartphone, or router) is assigned a unique IP address
that allows it to send and receive data.

22
IOT assignment

23
IOT assignment

24
IOT assignment

25
IOT assignment

26
 IOT assignment
Q-2:Draw & Explain IPV6 Header format.

27
IOT assignment

28
IOT assignment

29
 IOT assignment
Q-3:Compare IPV4 & IPv6

30
 IOT assignment
Q-4:Differentiate COAP & MQTT

31
 IOT assignment
Q-5: Explain MQTT Broker & client

32
IOT assignment

33
IOT assignment

34
IOT assignment

35
IOT assignment

36
 IOT assignment

Q-6: what is COAP & MQTT ? List out the key features
of COAP.
What is CoAP & MQTT?
1. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)

CoAP is a lightweight web-based protocol designed for low-power IoT devices that operate in
constrained environments. It follows a client-server model and is similar to HTTP but optimized
for IoT.

Example Use Case:

• Smart home devices (e.g., smart bulbs, sensors).

• Industrial IoT networks with limited bandwidth.

2. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)

37
 IOT assignment
MQTT is a publish-subscribe messaging protocol designed for reliable, real-time
communication between IoT devices. It uses a broker to manage messages between devices.

Example Use Case:

• IoT cloud platforms (AWS IoT, Google Cloud IoT).

• Remote monitoring of devices (e.g., weather stations, smart agriculture).

Key Features of CoAP

CoAP is designed specifically for constrained devices and networks with the following key
features:

1. Lightweight Protocol
o Uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) instead of TCP, reducing overhead and
latency.
2. Request-Response Model
o Works like HTTP, allowing devices to GET, POST, PUT, DELETE resources.
3. Low Power Consumption
o Optimized for battery-powered IoT devices.
4. Supports Asynchronous Messaging
o Devices can send responses later if processing takes time.
5. Built-in Reliability Mechanisms
o Uses Confirmable (CON) and Non-confirmable (NON) messages to ensure
message delivery.
6. Multicast Support
o Allows one-to-many communication, reducing network load.
7. Security via DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
o Provides encryption and authentication for secure communication.
8. Interoperability
o Works with RESTful APIs and integrates easily with HTTP-based systems.

38
 IOT assignment
Q-7: What is BLE? Explain components of BLE

39
IOT assignment

40
IOT assignment

41
IOT assignment

42
IOT assignment

43
IOT assignment

44
IOT assignment

45