Grammar master

Chapter.2 VerbP, AdjP, AdvP, PP, CP – Hongik Univ. English Edu. 신현호 집필

Reference
-The Teacher’s Grammar of English(Cambridge Univ. Ron Cowan)
-Syntax(Arizona Univ. Andrew Carine)

*형용사
: 형용사란? 명사를 수식하는 단어이며 끝이 보통 ‘~ㄴ’으로 끝나며 대부분 명사 앞에 나
타난다.
Ex>preGy(예쁜), excellent(훌륭한), tall(키가 큰)…

*형용사구
: 형용사(Adj)가 핵심인 구(P)
: 구성 : AdjP = (AdvP)Adj
Ex>really preGy(정말 예쁜[부사구 + 형용사])

*부사
: 부사란? 명사 이외의 것을 수식하는 단어. 보통’~ly’가 붙으며 대부분 수식하는 요소 앞
에 등장한다.
Ex>really(매우), quickly(빠르게), carefully(조심스럽게)…

*부사구
: 부사(Adv)가 핵심인 구(P)
: 구성 : AdvP = (AdvP)Adv
Ex>very quickly(매우 빠르게[부사구 + 부사])

*전치사
: 전치사란? 두 대상의 관계를 표현하는 단어 주로 위치관계를 나타낸다
Ex>on(~위에), from(~로 부터), with(~와 함께, ~을 가지고)…

*전치사구
: 전치사(PreposiUon)이 핵심인 구
: 구성 : PP = P + (NP)
Ex>I crashed it [with an axe].
Ex>I blew it [up].

*동사
: 동사란? 주어의 동작이나 상태를 서술하는 단어. 보통 ‘~하다’로 끝이 난다.
(자동사/타동사 , 동작동사/상태동사)
Ex>appear(나타나다), run(달리다), look(보다)…

*동사구
: 동사(Verb)가 핵심이며 동사가 영향을 미치는 범위
: 동사의 특징에 따라 형태가 다르다
1.목적어가 필요 없는 동사(1형식)
VP = (AdvP+) + V + (AdvP+)
Ex>You [le[(떠나다) early].
Ex>You [deliberately le[ early].
Ex>You [deliberately always le[ quickly early].

2.직접 목적어 하나만 필요한 동사(3형식)

*동사와 직접 목적어 사이에는 부사구가 위치할 수 없다.
VP = (AdvP+) + V + (NP) + (AdvP+)
Ex>You [frequently kissed her quietly].

3.간목과 직목이 필요한 동사(4형식)

VP = (AdvP+) + V + (NP) + (NP) + (AdvP+) + (PP+) + (AdvP+)
Ex>I frequently give students the homework.
Ex>I give the homework to students.

4. 2형식, 5형식
: 구성이 복잡하기 때문에 ‘보어’라는 구조로 간략하게 판단한다. ‘보어’가 될 수 있는 구
성성분은 명사, 형용사(현재분사, 과거분사), 동사등이다.
2형식 = V + 보어 + (PP)
5형식 = V + 목적어 + 보어 + (PP)
Ex>He looks handsome!
Ex>I made my car fixed at the center.

Exercise.1 다음 문장의 괄호가 어떤 구(Phrase)인지 판단하고 해당 구가 어떤 구성요소들

로 이루어졌는지 분석하시오.
(A) He [run across the bridge] and [jumped into a red converUble car].

(B) [The very ugly big yellow metal book on the desk] seems very old.

(C) John makes [preGy Chaewon] [a very beauUful flower [by using red paper] in the kitchen].

*절
: 절이란? 주어와 서술관계가 있는 범위.
: TP(절) = NP + VP
Ex>I found it was very interesUng.(‘I’내가 그것이 매우 흥미로움을 찾은 것.)
*주절/종속절
1. 주절 : 홀로 쓰일 수 있는 절.
Ex>I am a boy.

2. 종속절 : 홀로 쓰일 수 없으며 주절이 있어야만 하는 절.

Ex>who is handsome.
Ex>I am a boy who is handsome.

2-1. : 종속절은 종속절은 만들어주는 단어 + 절로 구성된다. 보통 종속절은 명사절로서

기능한다.
: CP(종속절) = (C) + TP(절)
C = 의문사, that….
Ex>I wonder [if] he can win the game.
Ex>She said he loves Jane.
Ex>What I think is the thing you also know.

*종속절은 주어로도 사용이 가능하다.

TP = {CP/NP} + VP

*동사 앞에는 조동사의 등장이 가능하다.

조동사(T) : 동사 앞에서 동사의 속성을 나타내는 동사.
Ex>can(~할 수 있다), will(~할 것이다)…

TP = {CP/NP} + (T) + VP
Ex>That we can use this item will make this game easier.

Exercise.2 다음 주어진 문장을 TP룰에 맞게(TP = {CP/NP} + (T) + VP)나누세요(만약 CP가 문장

의 주어 목적어 보어가 아니면 CP= C+TP로 나누세요).
(A) EvoluUon smiled upon those with a strong need for belongingness. (evoluUon : 진화, smile upon :
~에 화답하다, belongingness : 소속감)

(B) Survival and reproducUon are the criteria of success by natural selecUon. (reproducUon : 생식,
criteria : 기준, natural selecUon : 자연 선택[환경에 맞춘 진화, 적자생존])

(C) Forming relaUonships with other people can be useful for both survival and reproducUon.
(relaUonship : 관계)

(D) Groups can share resources, care for sick members, scare off predators, fight together against
enemies, divide tasks so as to improve efficiency, and contribute to survival in many other
ways.(resource : 자원, scare off : 겁주다, against : ~에 대항하여, divide : 나누다, task : 일,
improve : 향상하다, efficiency : 효율성, contribute : 기여하다)

(E) If an individual and a group want the same resource, the group will generally prevail, so compeUUon
for resources would especially favor a need to belong. (individual : 개인, prevail : 승리하다, 만연하
다, 번창하다, compeUUon : 경쟁, favor : 촉진하다)

(F) Belongingness will likewise promote reproducUon. (likewise : 마찬가지로, promote : 촉진하다)

Exercise.3 똑같은 문장을 이번엔 NP/VP룰에 따라 구성성분을 분해해 보세요.

A) EvoluUon smiled upon those with a strong need for belongingness. (evoluUon : 진화, smile upon :
~에 화답하다, belongingness : 소속감)

(B) Survival and reproducUon are the criteria of success by natural selecUon. (reproducUon : 생식,
criteria : 기준, natural selecUon : 자연 선택[환경에 맞춘 진화, 적자생존])

(C) Forming relaUonships with other people can be useful for both survival and reproducUon.
(relaUonship : 관계)

(D) Groups can share resources, care for sick members, scare off predators, fight together against
enemies, divide tasks so as to improve efficiency, and contribute to survival in many other
ways.(resource : 자원, scare off : 겁주다, against : ~에 대항하여, divide : 나누다, task : 일,
improve : 향상하다, efficiency : 효율성, contribute : 기여하다)

(E) If an individual and a group want the same resource, the group will generally prevail, so compeUUon
for resources would especially favor a need to belong. (individual : 개인, prevail : 승리하다, 만연하
다, 번창하다, compeUUon : 경쟁, favor : 촉진하다)

(F) Belongingness will likewise promote reproducUon. (likewise : 마찬가지로, promote : 촉진하다)

Exercise.4 아래 문제를 풀어보세요.

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

For creatures like us, evolution smiled upon those with a strong need to belong. Survival
and reproduction are the criteria of success by natural selection, and forming
relationships with other people can be useful for both survival and reproduction.
Groups can share resources, care for sick members, scare off predators, fight together
against enemies, divide tasks so as to improve efficiency, and contribute to survival in
many other ways. In particular, if an individual and a group want the same resource, the
group will generally prevail, so competition for resources would especially favor a need
to belong. Belongingness will likewise promote reproduction, such as by bringing
potential mates into contact with each other, and in particular by keeping parents
together to care for their children, who are much more likely to survive if they have
more than one caregiver.

1 skills for the weak to survive modern life

2 usefulness of belonging for human evolution
3 ways to avoid competition among social groups
4 roles of social relationships in children’s education
5 differences between two major evolutionary theories

Exercise.5 추가문제

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3 점]

Although praise is one of the most powerful tools available for improving young
children’s behavior, it is equally powerful for improving your child’s selfesteem.
Preschoolers believe what their parents tell 1them in a very profound way. They do not
yet have the cognitive sophistication to reason 2 analytically and reject false
information. If a preschool boy consistently hears from his mother 3that he is smart and
a good helper, he is likely to incorporate that information into his selfimage. Thinking of
himself as a boy who is smart and knows how to do things 4being likely to make him
endure longer in problemsolving efforts and increase his confidence in trying new and
difficult tasks. Similarly, thinking of himself as the kind of boy who is a good helper will
make him more likely to volunteer 5to help with tasks at home and at preschool.

Exercise.6 추가문제 빈칸에 알맞은 것은?

Someone else’s body language affects our own body, which then creates an emotional
echo that makes us feel accordingly. As Louis Armstrong sang, “When you’re smiling, the
whole world smiles with you.” If copying another’s smile makes us feel happy, the
emotion of the smiler has been transmitted via our body. Strange as it may sound, this
theory states that____________________________________. For example, our mood can be
improved by simply lifting up the corners of our mouth. If people are asked to bite down
on a pencil lengthwise, taking care not to let the pencil touch their lips (thus forcing the
mouth into a smilelike shape), they judge cartoons funnier than if they have been asked
to frown. The primacy of the body is sometimes summarized in the phrase “I must be
afraid, because I’m running.”

1 language guides our actions

2 emotions arise from our bodies
3 body language hides our feelings
4 what others say affects our mood
5 negative emotions easily disappear

Exercise.7 추가문제 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳

As children absorb more evidence from the world around them, certain possibilities
become much more likely and more useful and harden into knowledge or beliefs.
According to educational psychologist Susan Engel, curiosity begins to decrease as
young as four years old. By the time we are adults, we have fewer questions and more
default settings. As Henry James put it, “Disinterested curiosity is past, the mental
grooves and channels set.” ( 1 ) The decline in curiosity can be traced in the
development of the brain through childhood. ( 2 ) Though smaller than the adult brain,
the infant brain contains millions more neural connections. ( 3 ) The wiring, however, is
a mess; the lines of communication between infant neurons are far less efficient than
between those in the adult brain. ( 4 ) The baby’s perception of the world is
consequently both intensely rich and wildly disordered. ( 5 ) The neural pathways that
enable those beliefs become faster and more automatic, while the ones that the child
doesn’t use regularly are pruned away.

groove: 고랑 prune: 가지치기하다