Chapter 4
Uploaded by
Patrick mumbaChapter 4
Uploaded by
Patrick mumbaTechniques of Circuit
Analysis
Qi Xuan
Zhejiang University of Technology
October 2015
Electric Circuits 1
Structure
• Terminology
• Node-‐Voltage
Method
• Mesh-‐Current
Method
• Source
Transforma:on
• Thévenin
and
Norton
Equivalents
• Maximum
Power
Transfer
• Superposi:on
Electric Circuits 2
Circuit
with
Realis:c
Resistors
Sensi&vity analysis: Exploring the effect of a circuit component's
value on the circuit's output.
Electric Circuits 3
Terminology
Planar
circuits:
the
circuits
that
can
be
drawn
on
a
plane
with
no
crossing
branches.
✔
Electric Circuits 4
More
Terms
for
Describing
Circuits
Name
Defini&on
node
A
point
where
two
or
more
circuit
elements
join
essen:al
node
A
node
where
three
or
more
circuit
elements
join
A
trace
of
adjoining
basic
elements
with
no
elements
included
path
more
than
once
branch
A
path
that
connects
two
nodes
A
path
which
connects
two
essen:al
nodes
without
passing
essen:al
branch
through
an
essen:al
node
loop
A
path
whose
last
node
is
the
same
as
the
star:ng
node
mesh
A
loop
that
does
not
enclose
any
other
loops
planar
circuit
A
circuit
that
can
be
drawn
on
a
plane
with
no
crossing
branches
Electric Circuits 5
Example
#1
For
the
circuit
in
Fig.
4.3,
iden:fy:
a)
all
nodes.
b)
all
essen:al
nodes.
c)
all
branches.
d)
all
essen:al
branches.
e)
all
meshes.
f)
two
paths
that
are
not
loops
or
essen:al
branches.
g)
two
loops
that
are
not
meshes.
Electric Circuits 6
Solu;on
for
Example
#1
Electric Circuits 7
Simultaneous
Equa;ons
b:
number
of
branches;
n:
number
of
nodes
Kirchhoff’s
current
law:
n-1
independent
equa:ons
Kirchhoff’s
voltage
law:
b-(n-1)
independent
equa:ons
be:
number
of
essen:al
branches
ne:
number
of
essen:al
nodes
Kirchhoff’s
current
law:
ne-1
independent
equa:ons
Kirchhoff’s
voltage
law:
be-(ne-1)
independent
equa:ons
Electric Circuits 8
Example
#2
Four
essen:al
nodes:
i1 i2
i6
i3 i4
i5
Three
meshes:
Seven
essen:al
branches
Electric Circuits 9
Node-‐Voltage
Method
1 2
v1 v2
Reference node
Node 1:
Node 2:
Electric Circuits 10
Dependent
Sources
Use
the
node-‐voltage
method
to
find
the
power
dissipated
in
the
5Ω
resistor
in
the
circuit.
1 2
v1 v2
Node 1:
Node 2:
Electric Circuits 11
Special
Case
Electric Circuits 12
Supernode
Node 2:
Node 3:
Electric Circuits 13
Example
#3
The
circuit
has
four
essen:al
nodes:
Nodes
a
and
d
are
connected
by
an
independent
voltage
source
as
are
nodes
b
and
c.
Therefore
the
problem
reduces
to
finding
a
single
unknown
node
voltage,
because (ne
-1)-2 = 1
vb vc
Electric Circuits 14
Mesh-‐Current
Method
be=3 ne=2 be-(ne-1)=2
Electric Circuits 15
Dependent
Sources
Mesh
1:
Mesh
2:
Mesh
3:
Constraint:
Electric Circuits 16
Special
Case
Mesh
a:
Mesh
c:
Mesh b:
Constraint:
Electric Circuits 17
Supermesh
Electric Circuits 18
Node-‐Voltage
vs.
Mesh-‐Current
• Does
one
of
the
methods
result
in
fewer
simultaneous
equa;ons
to
solve?
• Does
the
circuit
contain
supernodes?
If
so,
using
the
node-‐
voltage
method
will
permit
you
to
reduce
the
number
of
equa:ons
to
be
solved.
• Does
the
circuit
contain
supermeshes?
If
so,
using
the
mesh-‐
current
method
will
permit
you
to
reduce
the
number
of
equa:ons
to
be
solved.
• Will
solving
some
por:on
of
the
circuit
give
the
requested
solu:on?
If
so,
which
method
is
most
efficient
for
solving
just
the
per:nent
por:on
of
the
circuit?
Electric Circuits 19
Source
Transforma:ons
iL RL
iL RL
Electric Circuits 20
Example
#4
(a) Use
source
transforma:ons
to
find
the
voltage
vo
in
the
circuit.
(b) Find
the
power
developed
by
the
250
V
voltage
source.
(c) Find
the
power
developed
by
the
8
A
current
source.
Electric Circuits 21
Solu;on
for
Example
#4
Electric Circuits 22
Thévenin
and
Norton
Equivalents
• Thévenin
and
Norton
equivalents
are
circuit
simplifica:on
techniques
that
focus
on
terminal
behavior
and
thus
are
extremely
valuable
aids
in
analysis.
• Thevenin
equivalent
circuit:
an
independent
voltage
source
VTh
in
series
with
a
resistor
RTh,
which
replaces
an
interconnec:on
of
sources
and
resistors.
• Norton
equivalent
circuit:
consists
of
an
independent
current
source
in
parallel
with
the
Norton
equivalent
resistance,
Electric Circuits 23
Thévenin
Equivalent
voc VTh = voc
Thévenin voltage VTh equals to
the open-‐circuit voltage in the
original circuit.
isc RTh = VTh/isc = voc/isc
Thévenin resistance RTh is the
ratio of the open-circuit voltage
to the short-circuit current.
Electric Circuits 24
Example
#5
VTh = v1 = 32 V
RTh = VTh/isc = 8 A
Thévenin
Equivalents
Electric Circuits 25
Norton
Equivalent
Electric Circuits 26
More
on
Thevenin
Equivalent
A voltage source is deac:vated by
replacing it with a short circuit.
A current source is deac:vated by
replacing it with an open circuit.
Electric Circuits 27
Maximum
Power
Transfer
Power Transfer
l The first emphasizes the efficiency of the power transfer.
u Power utility systems are a good example of this type because they are
concerned with the generation, transmission, and distribution of large
quantities of electric power.
l The second basic type of system emphasizes the amount
of power transferred. ✔
l Communication and instrumentation systems are good examples
because in the transmission of information, or data, via electric signals,
the power available at the transmitter or detector is limited
Electric Circuits 28
p is maximized when the derivative is zero, thus we have
Electric Circuits 29
Sensi:ve
Analysis
Electric Circuits 30
Summary
• Basic
terms:
node,
essen:al
node,
path,
branch,
essen:al
branch,
mesh,
and
planar
circuit.
• Node-‐voltage
and
mesh-‐current
methods
• Source
transforma:ons
• Thévenin
and
Norton
equivalents
• Maximum
power
transfer
• superposi:on
Electric Circuits 31
