Unit 2 assignment: Chemical reactions and stoichiometric

relationships
1. a. _ KClO 3 →_ KCl+ _ O 2

b. _ AlBr 3 + _ K 2 SO 4 →_ KBr+ _ Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3

c. _ FeCl 3 + _ NaOH → _ Fe(OH) 3 + _ NaCl

2. Write and balance the skeleton equation for each of the following chemical reactions: [6 marks]
a. Potassium metal and chlorine gas combine to form potassium chloride.

b. Sodium phosphate and calcium chloride react to form calcium phosphate and sodium chloride.

c. Zinc and lead(II) nitrate react to form zinc nitrate and lead.

3. Identify each of the following reactions as synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, or double displacement: [6
marks]

a. sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride

b.

3 Ca(OH) 2 + 1 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 → 3 CaSO 4 + 2 Al(OH) 3

c. 2 PbSO 4 → 2 PbSO 3 + 1O 2

ammonium chloride + mercury(I) acetate →

d. ammonium acetate + mercury(I) chloride

e. 3Mg + 1 Fe 2 O 3 → 2Fe + 3 MgO

f. 2 NH 3 + H 2 SO 4 → (NH 4 )2 SO 4

4. Complete each of the following neutralization reactions. Word equations should be completed as word equations, and
chemical equations should be completed as balanced chemical reactions. [4 marks]

a. H 2 SO 4 + NH 4 OH →

b. aluminium hydroxide + sulf uric acid →

5. Complete and balance each of the following combustion reactions for pentane (C 5 H 12 ), one of the fuels in
gasoline: [4 marks]

a. Complete combustion: C 5 H 12 + O 2 →

b. Incomplete combustion: C 5 H 12 + O 2 →

6. For each of the following chemical reactions, identify the type of reaction based on the reactants present. Write
chemical formulas for the expected products and state one qualitative observation that an observer would expect to
see. (In all cases, a reaction will occur. There is no need to balance these chemical reactions.) [10 marks]

Type of reaction Reactants Products Potential qualitative evidence

Mg (s) + O 2(g) →

Zn (s) + HCl (aq) →

NaCl (aq) + AgNO 3(aq) →

CH 4(g) + O 2(g) →

7. Use both the metal and the halogen activity series to predict whether each of the following reactions will occur. Write
the formulas for the products and balance the equation if the reaction does take place. If the reaction does not occur,
state that the reaction does not occur. [8 marks]

a. Ca + AgCl →

b. Fe + CuSO 4 →

c. Li + Cu(NO 3 ) 2 →

d. CaF 2 + Br 2 →

8. Many iron-containing alloy parts, such as ductwork in your home, mufflers on your vehicle, and hardware used in
construction, are galvanized (coated with zinc).

a. What is the purpose of galvanizing these parts? [2 marks]

b. In one or two sentences, explain your answer to question 8a using the activity series. [2 marks]

9. In Ontario, some electricity comes from coal-burning generators. Coal is a natural form of carbon that has a large
amount of sulphur mixed in with it. Here are the balanced equations for the combustion of coal and sulfur:

carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide C + O 2 → CO 2

sulphur + oxygen → sulphur dioxide S + O 2 → SO 2

Answer the following questions based on the burning of coal to produce energy:
a. In what way is the combustion of sulfur harmful to the environment? [1 mark]

b. Write the word equation and balanced chemical equation for the reaction that produces this harmful
environmental effect. [2 marks]

10. Recently, the European Union considered labelling crude oil from the oil sands in Alberta ‘dirty,’ as it produces more
greenhouse gases in obtaining it. This would make Alberta oil less welcome in European refineries. A reduction in
European Countries purchasing oil from the oil sands would be a blow to the industry. Use electronic sources to
research this issue. Do you agree or disagree that the oil should be labelled as ‘dirty’? Explain your position. [10 marks]
Marking guide:

Opinion is stated clearly

At least two relevant supporting facts or ideas are discussed

At least two references are provided using the appropriate (APA) format

Accurate spelling and grammar are used

11. When methane (CH 4 ) is burned in oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide and water. Write a balanced equation for
this reaction and identify the mole ratios between methane and oxygen and between methane and carbon dioxide. [4
marks]

12. When hexane (C 6 H 14 ) is burned in oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide and water. What mass of carbon
dioxide is produced by the complete combustion of 32.0 g of hexane? [6 marks]

13. Use mole ratios to identify the limiting reagent in the following reaction: 2.10 mol of sodium mixes with 1.05 mol of
water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. [2 marks]

14. Determine the number of excess moles of the excess reagent in the following reaction: 2.40 mol of magnesium mixing
with 1.65 mol of oxygen gas, making magnesium oxide. [2 marks]

15. Answer the following questions:

a. Distinguish between the terms “actual yield” and “theoretical yield.” [2 marks]
 b. Explain why the percent yield cannot be higher than 100%. [2 marks]

16. Ammonium nitrate is a very effective fertilizer due to its high nitrogen content but producing it can be very dangerous.

1. If 145 g of hydrogen nitrate (nitric acid) were mixed with 55 g of ammonia, how much ammonium nitrate could be
produced? [6 marks]

2. If the actual yield is only 181 g, what is the percent yield? [3 marks]

17. Case study: The Bhopal disaster

On the night of December 2, 1984, in the town of Bhopal in central India a horrible disaster occurred at the Union
Carbide chemical plant. The plant was producing a pesticide called carbaryl (C 12 H 11 NO 2 ), commercially
known as Sevin. One of the steps in the manufacture of carbaryl requires the use of a chemical called methyl
isocyanate (C 2 H 3 NO). Methyl isocyanate is a clear, colourless liquid that has a sharp odour. Used in the
production of pesticide, rubber, and adhesive, it is highly flammable. Methyl isocyanate is soluble in water, yet it also
reacts with water to produce carbon dioxide and a dangerous urea compound.

Methyl isocyanate is extremely toxic to people. It can cause damage through inhalation, ingestion, and contact in very
small quantities. Symptoms of exposure include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, asthma, irritation of the
eyes, nose, and throat, as well as skin damage. Methyl isocyanate is very reactive, and so has important storage
requirements. It can be stored safely only in stainless steel or glass containers at temperatures below 40°C. It should
also be stored in small quantities, such as in an oil drum rather than a large chemical storage tank.

On the tragic day in Bhopal, large amounts of water entered one of the methyl isocyanate. storage tanks. This tank
contained 42 tonnes of methyl isocyanate. When it reacted with the water, the temperature inside the tank increased to
over 200°C. The high temperature served only to boil the methyl isocyanate and increase the rate of the reaction. This
created high pressure inside the tank and forced emergency venting. Large amounts of gases had to be released into
the atmosphere. A mixture of poisonous gases flooded the city of Bhopal in the middle of the night.

People woke up to burning sensations in their lungs and thousands died immediately. As people woke and tried to flee,
panic ensued and many people were also killed in the rush to get away. Over time, as more people were exposed to the
gases, it is estimated that almost 30 000 people died because of this incident. Union Carbide, an American company,
agreed to pay $470 million in compensation in 1989. In 2009, an Indian court re-issued a warrant for the arrest of the
president of the company. He did not return to India to face trial and died in 2014 at the age of 92. After the disaster, a
full investigation into the cause was initiated. Although the water that entered the tank caused the reactions and the
subsequent gas leak, many different contributing factors were identified.

One factor was the use of methyl isocyanate in the first place. Pesticides can be manufactured without the use of
methyl isocyanate, but Union Carbide had decided to use it because it is less expensive than other compounds. In the
1980s, reduction of other chemical processes led to a buildup of unused methyl isocyanate, so it was also readily
available.

Another factor was storage: the company was storing methyl isocyanate in large tanks rather than using many smaller
oil drums. The storage tanks had alarms on them, but the alarms were not working. The tanks also had the ability to
cool the methyl isocyanate to 4.5 °C, but the refrigeration was not being used in order to reduce costs, so the
temperature was around 20 °C. Refrigeration likely would have prevented the disaster completely. The tanks were
connected to valves and pipes not made of stainless steel. Over time, corrosion in the pipelines resulted in exposed
iron. The iron acts as a catalyst, speeding up the isocyanate reactions.

On the night of the disaster, a leaking valve had been discovered, allowing water to get into the storage tank. It was not
repaired because it was believed to be too time-consuming and expensive.

People also played a factor. The plant was located too close to a densely populated area. Staff was not always trained
properly, and there were many complaints by the workers and union about the unsafe working conditions and the
harmful effects of the chemicals. Operation manuals were only in English, even though most of the workers did not
have a strong grasp of the language.

Throughout the investigation, many examples were found of safety systems not being used or not functioning properly.
Systems had been shut down to save money and no action plans for incidents like the one that happened had been
developed. The company had been trying to save money and had been reducing monitoring, inspections, and
maintenance.
 a. Use the following reaction to determine how much of each product would be released if 42 000 kg (42 tonnes) of
methyl isocyanate reacted with excess water: [5 marks]

methyl isocyanate + water → 1, 3 − dimethyl urea + carbon dioxide

2C 2 H 3 NO + H 2 O → C 3 H 8 N 2 O + CO 2

b. Create a list of mistakes that led to the Bhopal disaster; you should be able to find at least 8. Evaluate the list of
mistakes. Identify the three mistakes you think were most significant in causing the disaster and justify your
choice in a short (2-3 sentence) statement. [3 marks]

c. What are some reasons it would have been safer to store the methyl isocyanate in smaller containers? Identify at
least three reasons. [3 marks]

18. For this question you will be writing a properly formatted lab report with headings for two sections. Your task is to
rewrite the procedure and purpose in your own words based on the experiment. (Note: You do not need to perform any
calculations) [4 marks]

Reaction stoichiometry and percent yield experiment

Purpose:

The objective of this laboratory is to experimentally determine the mole-to-mole ratios and masses between the reactants
and products in the following double displacement reaction:

sodium carbonate + aqueous hydrochloric acid →

aqueous sodium chloride + carbon dioxide gas + liquid water

Materials:

solid sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 )

Procedure:

1. Measure and record the mass of your clean dry evaporating dish.

2. Measure approximately 0.5 g of solid sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) and record the exact mass. Then carefully
add to the evaporating dish. Then measure and record the mass of the evaporating dish, the watch glass, and the
Na 2 CO 3 .

3. Using your dropper pipette, add the hydrochloric acid (HCl) drop by drop to the sodium carbonate in the evaporating
dish. Use approximately 5 mL of HCl. Note: The reaction will be evident by the bubbling that takes place. Continue
adding HCl until the bubbling stops and all of the Na 2 CO 3 has reacted. This indicates that the reaction is
complete.

4. Assemble the stand, ring clamp and wire gauze apparatus for heating. Cover the evaporating dish with the watch glass
and place it on the wire gauze.

5. Gently heat the solution in the evaporating dish over Bunsen burner flame. This step is required to remove the water
generated in the reaction (as well as any excess HCl present).

6. Continue heating until the contents are completely dry. (When you think its dry, heat it 2 more minutes! – stop if white
salt starts to turn brownish).

7. After allowing the evaporating dish to cool to room temperature, measure and record the mass of the evaporating dish
residue (NaCl).
8. The waste from this experiment may be disposed of in the sink.