Reference from Optogenetic Manipulation of Activity and Temporally Controlled Cell-Specific
Ablation Reveal a Role for MCH Neurons in Sleep/Wake Regulation Tomomi Tsunematsu, Takafum
Ueno, Sawako Tabuchi, Ayumu Inutsuka, Kenji F. Tanaka, Hidetoshi Hasuwa, Thomas S.
Kilduff, Akira Terao and Akihiro Yamanaka, Journal of Neuroscience 14 May 2014, 34 (20) 6896-
6909; https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5344-13.2014
Title: Science of Sleep
Introduction: Welcome to the world of sleep! Sleep is a vital process that allows our bodies and
minds to rest and regenerate. It is during sleep that our brains solidify memories, analyze
information repair tissues, and regulate hormones.
Main section: Sleep process,
Importance of sleep ( include; brain waves during sleep, cognitive function)
Stage 1 (Light
Sleep)
Acts as a transition between wakefulness and
Tips for better sleep sleep.
Stage 2 (Deeper Light
Sleep)begins processing
Brain
information.
Sleep spindles occur, aiding in stabilizing new
Visuals: memories.
Stage 3 (Deep Sleep or Slow-Wave
Sleep)
Vital for consolidating declarative memory (facts,
Conclusion: knowledge).
The brain strengthens important memories and
clears unnecessary ones.
REM
Sleep
*Sleep spindles are brief bursts of brain activity for Dreaming and emotional
memory consolidation. processing.procedural memory (skills, habits) and creative
Consolidating
*K-complexes are long, slow brain waves that help thinking.
Strengthens neural connections, making learning more flexible and
Neural maturation
maintain
1.
sleep
Facilitation of learning or memory
2.
adaptive.
3. Targeted erasure of synapses to "forget" unimportant information that might
clutter the synaptic network
4. Cognition
5. Clearance of metabolic waste products generated by neural activity in the awake
brain
A typical night's sleep consists of 4 to 5 sleep
6. Conservation of progression
cycles, with the metabolic energy
of sleep stages in the
following order: N1, N2, N3, N2, REM.[15] A
complete sleep cycle takes roughly 90 to 110
minutes.
In conclusion, sleep is essential for effective learning, immune system, body functions, and memory. Non-REM sleep, particularly deep sleep, consolidates factual knowledge
and filters important information, while REM sleep enhances emotional processing, creativity, and skill learning. Together, these stages ensure a well-rounded integration of
knowledge and skills, making quality sleep critical for optimizing learning outcomes.
Patel AK, Reddy V, Shumway KR, et al. Physiology, “Sleep Stages”. [Updated 2024 Jan].
In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available
from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526132/
National Institutes of Health • Department of Health and Human Services, “Good Sleep
for Good Health”. [Updated 2021 April]. Available from:
https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2021/04/good-sleep-good-health
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Erik-Roberts/publication/
https://ja.pikbest.com/png-images/qiantu-cartoon- https://pngtree.com/
cute-drawing-stormy-style-moon-illustration- freepng/cartoon-line-
vector-elements_2536711.html
https://pngimg.com/ drawing-
image/314 brain_15500473.html
https://www.pngwing.com/
https://pngtree.com/freepng/hand-drawn- en/free-png-vuabe
magnifying-glass-illustration-science-magnifying-
glass_5382315.html https://pngtree.com/
freepng/pegasus-
silhouette-
illustration_6951517.html
Sleep Myths and
Truths
adults need less sleep as they Older adults still need the same
get older amount
One bad night’s sleep and a nap, or sleeping longer the next night
you can “catch up” on your can
But benefit you worth of little sleep, you can’t catch up on
with week’s
days off
the weekends
if you’re sleeping more than nine hours a night and you still don’t feel refreshed, there may be some
underlying medical issue
Getting a Better Night’s Sleep
Stick to a sleep schedule. Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on the weekends.
Get some exercise every day. But not close to bedtime.
Go outside. Try to get natural sunlight for at least 30 minutes every day.
Avoid nicotine and caffeine. Both are stimulants that keep you awake. Caffeine can take 6–8 hours to wear off completely.
Don’t take naps after mid-afternoon. And keep them short.
Avoid alcohol and large meals before bedtime. Both can prevent deep, restorative sleep.
Limit electronics before bed. Try reading a book, listening to soothing music, or another relaxing activity instead.
Create a good sleeping environment. Keep the temperature cool if possible. Get rid of sound and light distractions. Make it dark.
Silence your cell phone.
Don’t lie in bed awake. If you can’t fall asleep after 20 minutes, get up and do a relaxing activity until you feel sleepy again.
See your health care provider if nothing you try helps. They can determine if you need further testing. They can also help you lear
new ways to manage stress.
Stage 1 (Light
Sleep)
Transition between wakefulness
and sleep.
Getting a Better Night’s Sleep Stage 2 (Deeper Light
Sleep schedule. Sleep)
Begins processing
Exercise. But not close to bedtime. information.
Sleep spindles, stabilizing new
Go outside. Sunlight is essential for good memories.
night’s sleep Stage 3 (Deep Sleep or Slow-
Avoid nicotine and caffeine. Wave Sleep)
Consolidating declarative memory (facts,
No naps after mid-afternoon. knowledge).
Avoid alcohol and large meals before Strengthens important memories
bedtime. and clears unnecessary ones.
Limit electronics before bed.
REM
Good sleeping environment.
Sleep
Creative
Don’t lie in bed awake.
thinking. and emotional
Dreaming
processing. neural connections,
Strengthens
making learning more flexible and
adaptive.
Script
Introduction Main Body Conclusion
Sleep, a fundamental process in Sleep, a fundamental process in our
our daily life often overlooked, daily life often overlooked, especially
especially during hectic times like during hectic times like exam periods.
exam periods. Even though it is Even though it is crucial for learning we
crucial for learning we always end always end up sacrificing our sleep in
up sacrificing our sleep in order to order to study, finish our assignments
study, finish our assignments and and reports. This poster is focused on
reports. This poster is focused on the science behind sleep, its stages and
the science behind sleep, its functions.
stages and functions.
Science of Sleep
Bumchin Dolgormaa
School of Science, Nagoya
University
Introduc
tion
Sleep, a fundamental process in our daily life often
overlooked, especially during hectic times like exam
periods. Even though it is crucial for learning we always
end up sacrificing our sleep in order to study, finish our
assignments and reports. This poster is focused on the
https://dailybruin.com/2023/01/12/ucla-study-
posits-connection-between-rem-sleep-body-
temperature
science behind sleep, its stages and functions. https://sleepopolis.com/education/sleep-
and-the-brain/
Stages of The Importance of
Sleep
・ Wake/ Sleep
Alert
EEG(electroencephalogram) recording:
beta waves - highest frequency,
lowest amplitude (alpha waves are
According to a study on
・seen
NREM 1(light
during sleep wakefulness)
quiet/relaxed
Cognitive Function: Sleep is
Physical Health: Sleep helps to
mouse: While REM sleeping
5%) regulate hormones that control
EEG recording: theta waves - low essential for memory the brain repeats the same
appetite, metabolism, and
voltage. This is the lightest stage of consolidation, learning, and activities with induced speed
growth.
sleep with the length of 1-5 minutes and problem-solving. of roughly 10 times.
begins when more than 50% of the Sleep stages are overally just like cooking. Just like we get our
waves are low-amplitude mixed- groceries we gather information when we are awake. After we
・ NREM 2(LAMF)
frequency (deeper sleep
activity. have bought our groceries we wash our hand to get ready to
45%) cook. Stage 1 non-REM sleep or light sleep is just like washing
our hand it prepares our body. After washing our hands we
EEG recording: brief bursts of brain begin to decide what vegetables to use or to use rice or pasta
activity for memory consolidation, or chicken or pork. Stage 2 non-REM sleep or deeper light
long, slow brain waves that help sleep does this job dor us. When light sleeping our brain
maintain sleep, and temperature processes our memories, stabilizes new ones and decides
decrease. which parts to use for our delicious soup. Stage 3 or Deep
With length of 25 minutes in the first sleep. This is where the real cooking begins. Here we cut and
sleep cycle and gets longer in later cycles, clean our vegetables chop up our meat and start frying them
・ NREMup3about
making (Deepest
45% of Non-REM
total sleep time. all up. While deep sleeping our incredibly smart brain cleans
sleep25%)
EEG recording:
Teeth delta waves
grinding occurs during- lowest
this stage. unnecessary information and consolidates facts and
frequency, highest amplitude. Slow- knowledge. This is where we actually gain knowledge, not by
wave sleep, large, slow waves are called running around the university. Last but not least we have our
delta waves. Difficult to wake up, feel REM sleep. Where we start traveling the dream world on our
groggy when waken up. During deep sleep, pegasus. Here we decide the main thing. The flavour, spicy?
your body repairs itself, builds muscle, and Sweet? Sour? Bitter? Mild? This is where everything makes
strengthens the immune system. This is sense. Our brain starts making sense of all the gathered
also when sleepwalking, night terrors, and knowledge and information and decides to get creative about
・ REM
bedwetting occur.
(25%)
REM sleep is associated with dreaming.
Conclusi
it. So now our soup is ready, spicy or sweet I bet its delicious.
In conclusion, sleep is essential for effective learning, immune
Although your brain is very active during on system, body functions, and memory. Non-REM sleep,
REM sleep, your body is almost completely particularly deep sleep, consolidates factual knowledge and
paralyzed. REM sleep is important for filters important information, while REM sleep enhances
learning and memory consolidation. emotional processing, creativity, and skill learning. Together,
Nightmares, vivid dreams occur. As the these stages ensure a well-rounded integration of knowledge
night progresses, REM sleep cycles and skills, making quality sleep critical for optimizing learning
become longer and more frequent. outcomes.
Sleep Myths and
Truths Older adults still need the
Adults need less sleep as
they get older One bad
same night’s sleep and a nap, or sleeping longer the next
amount
You can “catch up” on your But with
night canweek’s
benefitworth
you of little sleep, you can’t catch up
days off onhours
the weekends
If you’re sleeping more than nine a night and you still don’t feel refreshed, there may be
some underlying medical issue
Referen
ces
