Date: 06/11/2023

Class: #22

Syllabus Topic: Matrices

Title: Equivalent Matrices, Addition and Subtraction, Scalar and Matrix Multiplication

Introduction
3 4
Consider the matrix ( ).
2 𝑥

The elements or members of the matrix are 3, 4, 2 and 𝑥.

row

column

So, elements of the first row are 3 and 4.

Size/Order
The size or order of a matrix is stated in the form: rows by column

2
( )
4

The size is 2 × 1.

3 2
( )
4 1

The size is 2 × 2. This is a square matrix as it has the same number of rows and columns.
 3 1
(1 12)
6 4

The size is 3 × 2.

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

2 5 1
Consider ( ) + ( ).
3 2 0

This is invalid! The matrices are not of the same size. Therefore, it cannot be added
together.

NB: In order to add, matrices must be of the same order/size.

Example 1:

2 1 −1 −5
Evaluate ( )+( ).
0 −3 3 10

Solution:

2 1 −1 −5
( )+( )
0 −3 3 10

2 + (−1) 1 + (−5)
=( )
0+3 −3 + 10

1 −4
=( )
3 7

Example 2:

1 3 6 𝑥
Evaluate ( )+( ).
−2 4 −2 0
Solution:

1 3 6 𝑥
( )+( )
−2 4 −2 0

1+6 3+𝑥
=( )
−2 + (−2) 4 + 0

7 3+𝑥
=( )
−4 4

Example 3:

0 1 3 −3
Evaluate ( )+( ).
−2 4 𝑏 −10

Solution:

0 1 3 −3
( )+( )
−2 4 𝑏 −10

0+3 1 + (−3)
=( )
−2 + 𝑏 4 + (−10)

3 −2
=( )
−2 + 𝑏 −6

Equivalent Matrices

Recall: 𝑥 + 5 = 3 + 5

This implies that 𝑥 = 3.

𝑥 2 0 2
Now, consider: ( )=( )
−1 4 −1 4

∴ Value of 𝑥 = 0
Example 1
2𝑎 −1 −20 −1
( )=( )
4 𝑏 4 6

Find the value of a and b.

Solution:

2𝑎 = −20

−20
𝑎= 2

𝑎 = −10

𝑏=6

Example 2
3𝑥 − 1 4 −13 4
( 𝑦 0) = ( 2 )
2 0

Find the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

Solution:
𝑦
3𝑥 − 1 = −13 =2
2

3𝑥 = −13 + 1 𝑦 = 2×2

3𝑥 = −12 𝑦=4

−12
𝑥= 3

𝑥 = −4
Example 3
2𝑝 0 −11 0
𝐴=( ) 𝐵=( )
𝑞 17 15 4𝑟 + 1

Find the values of 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟 if 𝐴 = 𝐵.

Solution:

2𝑝 = −11 𝑞 = 15 4𝑟 + 1 = 17

11
𝑝=− 4𝑟 = 17 − 1
2

𝑝 = −5.5 4𝑟 = 16

16
𝑟= 4

𝑟=4

Example 4
−𝑚 14 −30 14
( 𝑝 𝑛2 ) = (−30 36)
5

Find the values of 𝑚, 𝑝 and 𝑛.

Solution:
𝑝
−𝑚 = −30 = −30 𝑛2 = 36
5

−30
𝑚= 𝑝 = −30 × 5 𝑛 = √36
−1

𝑚 = 30 𝑝 = −150 𝑛=6
Multiplication in Matrices

There are two subtopics: 1. Scalar Multiplication

2. Matrix Multiplication

Scalar Multiplication

Scalar multiplication involves a matrix being multiplied by a number.

It is of the form 𝒂(Matrix) where 𝑎 is a number or constant.

Example 1
4 6
Evaluate 3 ( ).
2 −1

Solution:

4 6 4×3 6×3
3( )=( )
2 −1 2 × 3 −1 × 3

4 6 12 18
3( )=( )
2 −1 6 −3

Example 2
1 −3 6
Evaluate 2 ( ).
4 −10

Solution:

−3 6
1 −3 6
( ) = ( 24 2
−10) NB: Stay away from decimals!
2 4 −10
2 2

3
1 −3 6 − 3
( )=( 2 )
2 4 −10 2 −5
Example 3
1 −9 0
Evaluate 3 ( ).
4 −3

Solution:

1 −9 0
( )
3 4 −3

−9 0 Note: Keep the improper

3 3
=( 4 −3) fractions. Do not change
3 3 to a mixed number.

−3 0
=( 4
−1)
3

Example: Equivalent matrices with scalar multiplication

1
1 𝑥 1 7
( )=( 2)
2 3𝑦 2 −12 1

Find the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

Solution:

By scalar multiplication,

𝑥 1
1
2 2 7
(3𝑦 )=( 2)
1 −12 1
2

By comparing the equivalent matrices, we get:

𝑥 3𝑦
=7 = −12
2 2

𝑥 = 7×2 3𝑦 = −12 × 2

𝑥 = 14 3𝑦 = −24

−24
𝑦= 3

𝑦 = −8
Matrix Multiplication

( )( )
r×c r×c

The number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the
second matrix.

For example,

3 6 1
( ) ( )
4 −1 2

2×2 2×1

We can multiply these two matrices.

However,
1 3 6
( ) ( )
2 4 −1

2×1 2×2

We cannot multiply these two matrices.

NB: Matrix multiplication is NOT commutative.

CXC has two styles:

2 3 1
Style 1: ( )( ) 2 by 2 × 2 by 1
1 0 4

2 3 1 −2
Style 2: ( )( ) 2 by 2 × 2 by 2
1 0 5 10

Example 1
3 −1 2
Evaluate ( ) ( ).
10 0 4
Solution:

3 −1 2
( )( )
10 0 4

(3 × 2) + (−1 × 4)
=( )
(10 × 2) + (0 × 4)

6 + (−4)
=( )
20 + 0

2
=( )
20

Example 2
1 3 2
Evaluate ( ) ( ).
−2 0 −4

Solution:

1 3 2
=( )( )
−2 0 −4

(1 × 2) + (3 × −4)
=( )
(−2 × 2) + (0 × −4)

2 + (−12)
=( )
−4 + 0

−10
=( )
−4

Example 3
1 −2 3 −1
Evaluate ( )( ).
0 4 5 −2
Solution:

1 −2 3 −1
=( )( )
0 4 5 −2

(1 × 3) + (−2 × 5) (1 × −1) + (−2 × −2)

=( )
(0 × 3) + (4 × 5) (0 × −1) + (4 × −2)

3 + (−10) −1 + 4
=( )
0 + 20 0 + (−8)

−7 3
=( )
20 −8

Example 4
4 1 −3 0
Evaluate ( )( ).
0 2 −1 2

Solution:

4 1 −3 0
=( )( )
0 2 −1 2

(4 × −3) + (1 × −1) (4 × 0) + (1 × 2)
=( )
(0 × −3) + (2 × −1) (0 × 0) + (2 × 2)

−12 + (−1) 0 + 2
=( )
0 + (−2) 0+4

−13 2
=( )
−2 4

Example 5
1 −1 0 7
Evaluate ( )( ).
2 3 4 −2
Solution:

1 −1 0 7
=( )( )
2 3 4 −2

(1 × 0) + (−1 × 4) (1 × 7) + (−1 × −2)

=( )
(2 × 0) + (3 × 4) (2 × 7) + (3 × −2)

0 + (−4) 7+2
=( )
0 + 12 14 + (−6)

−4 9
=( )
12 8