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Pro SQL Server 2022 Wait Statistics: A Practical Guide to Analyzing Performance in SQL Server and Azure SQL Database, 3rd Edition Thomas Larock download

Pro SQL Server 2022 Wait Statistics is a practical guide for analyzing performance in SQL Server and Azure SQL Database, authored by Thomas LaRock and Enrico van de Laar. The book covers foundational concepts of wait statistics, querying methods, and techniques for building baselines and analyzing wait types. It is designed for database administrators and developers looking to optimize SQL Server performance.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
56 views53 pages

Pro SQL Server 2022 Wait Statistics: A Practical Guide to Analyzing Performance in SQL Server and Azure SQL Database, 3rd Edition Thomas Larock download

Pro SQL Server 2022 Wait Statistics is a practical guide for analyzing performance in SQL Server and Azure SQL Database, authored by Thomas LaRock and Enrico van de Laar. The book covers foundational concepts of wait statistics, querying methods, and techniques for building baselines and analyzing wait types. It is designed for database administrators and developers looking to optimize SQL Server performance.

Uploaded by

sasakakoteba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Pro
SQL Server 2022
Wait Statistics
A Practical Guide to Analyzing Performance
in SQL Server and Azure SQL Database

Third Edition

Thomas LaRock
Enrico van de Laar
Pro SQL Server 2022
Wait Statistics
A Practical Guide to Analyzing
Performance in SQL Server and Azure
SQL Database
Third Edition

Thomas LaRock
Enrico van de Laar
Pro SQL Server 2022 Wait Statistics: A Practical Guide to Analyzing Performance in
SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
Thomas LaRock Enrico van de Laar
East Longmeadow, MA, USA Drachten, The Netherlands

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-8770-5 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-8771-2


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8771-2
Copyright © 2023 by Thomas LaRock, Enrico van de Laar
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The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not
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Printed on acid-free paper
This book is dedicated to all the accidental database administrators,
developers, and anyone who has written a database query and
wondered “what the hell is taking so long?”
Also, for Roy, Moss, and anyone else who decided to turn
it off and back on again.
Table of Contents
About the Authors����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv

About the Technical Reviewers�����������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii


Acknowledgments��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xix

Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xxi

Part I: Foundations of Wait Statistics Analysis����������������������������������������������� 1


Chapter 1: Wait Statistics Internals�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
A Brief History of Wait Statistics��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
The SQLOS������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 6
Schedulers, Tasks, and Worker Threads���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
Sessions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
Requests�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
Tasks������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
Worker Threads��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
Schedulers����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
Putting It All Together������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 19
Wait Statistics������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 20
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25

Chapter 2: Querying SQL Server Wait Statistics����������������������������������������������������� 27


sys.dm_os_wait_stats���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 28
sys.dm_os_waiting_tasks���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 31
Understanding sys.dm_os_waiting_tasks���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 31
Querying sys.dm_os_waiting_tasks������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33

v
Table of Contents

sys.dm_exec_requests��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35
Understanding sys.dm_exec_requests��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35
Querying sys.dm_exec_requests������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 36
sys.dm_exec_session_wait_stats���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38
Combining DMVs to Detect Waits Happening Now��������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
Viewing Wait Statistics Using Perfmon��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45
Capturing Wait Statistics Using Extended Events����������������������������������������������������������������������� 47
Capture Wait Statistics Information for a Specific Query������������������������������������������������������ 49
Analyzing Wait Statistics on a Per-Query Basis Using Execution Plans�������������������������������������� 59
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 63

Chapter 3: The Query Store������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65


What Is the Query Store?������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 65
Enabling the Query Store������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 66
Enable the Query Store Using SSMS������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66
Enable the Query Store Using T-SQL������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68
Query Store Architecture������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68
How Wait Statistics Are Processed in the Query Store��������������������������������������������������������������� 69
Accessing Wait Statistics Through Query Store Reports������������������������������������������������������������� 72
Accessing Wait Statistics Through Query Store DMVs���������������������������������������������������������������� 75
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 78

Chapter 4: Building a Solid Baseline���������������������������������������������������������������������� 79


What Are Baselines?������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 80
Visualizing Your Baselines���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 82
Baseline Types and Statistics������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 83
Baseline Pitfalls�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 85
Too Much Information������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 85
Know Your Metrics����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 85
Find the Big Measurement Changes������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 85
Use Fixed Intervals���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 86

vi
Table of Contents

Building a Baseline for Wait Statistics Analysis�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 86


Reset Capture Method����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 90
Delta Capture Method������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 91
Using SQL Server Agent to Schedule Measurements����������������������������������������������������������������� 93
Wait Statistics Baseline Analysis������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 96
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 104

Part II: Wait Types��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 105


Chapter 5: CPU-Related Wait Types���������������������������������������������������������������������� 107
CXPACKET��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 107
What Is the CXPACKET Wait Type?��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 108
Lowering CXPACKET Wait Time by Tuning the Parallelism Configuration Options��������������� 112
Lowering CXPACKET Wait Time by Resolving Skewed Workloads��������������������������������������� 116
Introduction of the CXCONSUMER Wait Type����������������������������������������������������������������������� 117
CXPACKET Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 118
SOS_SCHEDULER_YIELD����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 118
What Is the SOS_SCHEDULER_YIELD Wait Type?���������������������������������������������������������������� 119
Lowering SOS_SCHEDULER_YIELD Waits���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 122
SOS_SCHEDULER_YIELD Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 127
THREADPOOL���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 127
What Is the THREADPOOL Wait Type?���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 128
THREADPOOL Example�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 130
Gaining Access to Our SQL Server During THREADPOOL Waits������������������������������������������� 134
Lowering THREADPOOL Waits Caused by Parallelism��������������������������������������������������������� 135
Lowering THREADPOOL Waits Caused by User Connections����������������������������������������������� 137
THREADPOOL Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 140

Chapter 6: IO-Related Wait Types������������������������������������������������������������������������� 141


ASYNC_IO_COMPLETION����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 141
What Is the ASYNC_IO_COMPLETION Wait Type?���������������������������������������������������������������� 142
ASYNC_IO_COMPLETION Example�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 143

vii
Table of Contents

Lowering ASYNC_IO_COMPLETION Waits���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 144


ASYNC_IO_COMPLETION Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 149
ASYNC_NETWORK_IO��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 150
What Is the ASYNC_NETWORK_IO Wait Type?��������������������������������������������������������������������� 150
ASYNC_NETWORK_IO Example������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 151
Lowering ASYNC_NETWORK_IO Waits��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 152
ASYNC_NETWORK_IO Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 153
CMEMTHREAD��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 154
What Is the CMEMTHREAD Wait Type?�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 154
Lowering CMEMTHREAD Waits�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 156
CMEMTHREAD Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 157
IO_COMPLETION������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 157
What Is the IO_COMPLETION Wait Type?����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 157
IO_COMPLETION Example��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 158
Lowering IO_COMPLETION Waits����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 159
IO_COMPLETION Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 159
LOGBUFFER and WRITELOG������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 160
What Are the LOGBUFFER and WRITELOG Wait Types?�������������������������������������������������������� 160
LOGBUFFER and WRITELOG Example���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 162
Lowering LOGBUFFER and WRITELOG Waits������������������������������������������������������������������������ 164
LOGBUFFER and WRITELOG Summary��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 165
RESOURCE_SEMAPHORE���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 165
What Is the RESOURCE_SEMAPHORE Wait Type?���������������������������������������������������������������� 165
RESOURCE_SEMAPHORE Example�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 167
Lowering RESOURCE_SEMAPHORE Waits��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 172
RESOURCE_SEMAPHORE Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 172
RESOURCE_SEMAPHORE_QUERY_COMPILE����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 173
What Is the RESOURCE_SEMAPHORE_QUERY_COMPILE Wait Type?���������������������������������� 173
RESOURCE_SEMAPHORE_QUERY_COMPILE Example��������������������������������������������������������� 177
Lowering RESOURCE_SEMAPHORE_QUERY_COMPILE Waits���������������������������������������������� 180
RESOURCE_SEMAPHORE_QUERY_COMPILE Summary������������������������������������������������������� 181

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SLEEP_BPOOL_FLUSH�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 181
What Is the SLEEP_BPOOL_FLUSH Wait Type?�������������������������������������������������������������������� 181
SLEEP_BPOOL_FLUSH Example������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 184
Lowering SLEEP_BPOOL_FLUSH Waits������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 186
SLEEP_BPOOL_FLUSH Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 187
WRITE_COMPLETION����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 187
What Is the WRITE_COMPLETION Wait Type?���������������������������������������������������������������������� 187
WRITE_COMPLETION Example��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 188
Lowering WRITE_COMPLETION Waits���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 188
WRITE_COMPLETION Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 189

Chapter 7: Backup-Related Wait Types����������������������������������������������������������������� 191


BACKUPBUFFER������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 192
What Is the BACKUPBUFFER Wait Type?������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 192
BACKUPBUFFER Example���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 195
Lowering BACKUPBUFFER Waits����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 195
BACKUPBUFFER Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 197
BACKUPIO���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 197
What Is the BACKUPIO Wait Type?��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 197
BACKUPIO Example������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 198
Lowering BACKUPIO Waits��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 199
BACKUPIO Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 200
BACKUPTHREAD������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 200
What Is the BACKUPTHREAD Wait Type?����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 200
BACKUPTHREAD Example���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 201
Lowering BACKUPTHREAD Waits����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 202
BACKUPTHREAD Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 203

Chapter 8: Lock-Related Wait Types��������������������������������������������������������������������� 205


Introduction to Locking and Blocking��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 207
Lock Modes and Compatibility�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 207
Locking Hierarchy���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 209

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Isolation Levels�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 211


Querying Lock Information�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 214
LCK_M_S���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 217
What Is the LCK_M_S Wait Type?���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 218
LCK_M_S Example�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 218
Lowering LCK_M_S Waits��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 220
LCK_M_S Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 220
LCK_M_U���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 221
What Is the LCK_M_U Wait Type?���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 221
LCK_M_U Example�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 223
Lowering LCK_M_U Waits��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 224
LCK_M_U Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 224
LCK_M_X���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 225
What Is the LCK_M_X Wait Type?���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 225
LCK_M_X Example�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 225
Lowering LCK_M_X Waits���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 227
LCK_M_X Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 227
LCK_M_I[xx]������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 227
What Is the LCK_M_I[xx] Wait Type?����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 227
LCK_M_I[xx] Example���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 228
Lowering LCK_M_I[xx] Waits����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 230
LCK_M_I[xx] Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 230
LCK_M_SCH_S and LCK_M_SCH_M����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 231
What Are the LCK_M_SCH_S and LCK_M_SCH_M Wait Types?������������������������������������������ 231
LCK_M_SCH_S and LCK_M_SCH_M Example�������������������������������������������������������������������� 232
Lowering LCK_M_SCH_S and LCK_M_SCH_M Waits���������������������������������������������������������� 234
LCK_M_SCH_S and LCK_M_SCH_M Summary������������������������������������������������������������������� 234

Chapter 9: Latch-Related Wait Types�������������������������������������������������������������������� 235


Introduction to Latches������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 235
Latch Modes������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 237
Latch Waits�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 238

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sys.dm_os_latch_stats������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 240
Page-Latch Contention�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 241
PAGELATCH_[xx]����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 244
What Is the PAGELATCH_[xx] Wait Type?����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 244
PAGELATCH_[xx] Example��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 245
Lowering PAGELATCH_[xx] Waits����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 250
PAGELATCH_[xx] Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 255
LATCH_[xx]�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 256
What Is the LATCH_[xx] Wait Type?������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 256
LATCH_[xx] Example������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 257
Lowering LATCH_[xx] Waits������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 262
LATCH_[xx] Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 263
PAGEIOLATCH_[xx]�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 263
What Is the PAGEIOLATCH_[xx] Wait Type?�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 264
PAGEIOLATCH_[xx] Example������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 266
Lowering PAGEIOLATCH_[xx] Waits������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 268
PAGEIOLATCH_[xx] Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 272

Chapter 10: High-Availability and Disaster-Recovery Wait Types������������������������ 273


DBMIRROR_SEND��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 274
What Is the DBMIRROR_SEND Wait Type?��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 277
DBMIRROR_SEND Example������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 277
Lowering DBMIRROR_SEND Waits��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 279
DBMIRROR_SEND Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 280
HADR_LOGCAPTURE_WAIT and HADR_WORK_QUEUE�������������������������������������������������������������� 281
What Are the HADR_LOGCAPTURE_WAIT and HADR_WORK_QUEUE Wait Types?��������������� 281
HADR_LOGCAPTURE_WAIT and HADR_WORK_QUEUE Summary���������������������������������������� 284
HADR_SYNC_COMMIT��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 284
What Is the HADR_SYNC_COMMIT Wait Type?�������������������������������������������������������������������� 284
HADR_SYNC_COMMIT Example������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 285
Lowering HADR_SYNC_COMMIT Waits�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 288
HADR_SYNC_COMMIT Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 291

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REDO_THREAD_PENDING_WORK���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 292
What Is the REDO_THREAD_PENDING_WORK Wait Type?��������������������������������������������������� 292
REDO_THREAD_PENDING_WORK Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������ 294

Chapter 11: Preemptive Wait Types���������������������������������������������������������������������� 295


SQL Server on Linux������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 296
PREEMPTIVE_OS_ENCRYPTMESSAGE and PREEMPTIVE_OS_DECRYPTMESSAGE������������������� 299
What Are the PREEMPTIVE_OS_ENCRYPTMESSAGE and PREEMPTIVE_OS_
DECRYPTMESSAGE Wait Types?������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 299
PREEMPTIVE_OS_ENCRYPTMESSAGE and PREEMPTIVE_OS_DECRYPTMESSAGE
Example������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 299
Lowering PREEMPTIVE_OS_ENCRYPTMESSAGE and PREEMPTIVE_OS_
DECRYPTMESSAGE Waits���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 307
PREEMPTIVE_OS_ENCRYPTMESSAGE and PREEMPTIVE_OS_DECRYPTMESSAGE
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 307
PREEMPTIVE_OS_WRITEFILEGATHER��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 307
What Is the PREEMPTIVE_OS_WRITEFILEGATHER Wait Type?��������������������������������������������� 307
PREEMPTIVE_OS_WRITEFILEGATHER Example������������������������������������������������������������������� 308
Lowering PREEMPTIVE_OS_WRITEFILEGATHER Waits�������������������������������������������������������� 309
PREEMPTIVE_OS_WRITEFILEGATHER Summary������������������������������������������������������������������ 310
PREEMPTIVE_OS_AUTHENTICATIONOPS����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 311
What Is the PREEMPTIVE_OS_AUTHENTICATIONOPS Wait Type?���������������������������������������� 311
PREEMPTIVE_OS_AUTHENTICATIONOPS Example��������������������������������������������������������������� 312
Lowering PREEMPTIVE_OS_AUTHENTICATIONOPS Waits���������������������������������������������������� 314
PREEMPTIVE_OS_AUTHENTICATIONOPS Summary������������������������������������������������������������� 316
PREEMPTIVE_OS_GETPROCADDRESS��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 316
What Is the PREEMPTIVE_OS_GETPROCADDRESS Wait Type?�������������������������������������������� 316
PREEMPTIVE_OS_GETPROCADDRESS Example������������������������������������������������������������������ 319
Lowering PREEMPTIVE_OS_GETPROCADDRESS Waits�������������������������������������������������������� 320
PREEMPTIVE_OS_GETPROCADDRESS Summary����������������������������������������������������������������� 320

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Chapter 12: Background and Miscellaneous Wait Types�������������������������������������� 321


CHECKPOINT_QUEUE����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 322
What Is the CHECKPOINT_QUEUE Wait Type?���������������������������������������������������������������������� 322
CHECKPOINT_QUEUE Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 325
DIRTY_PAGE_POLL�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 326
What Is the DIRTY_PAGE_POLL Wait Type?�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 326
DIRTY_PAGE_POLL Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 329
LAZYWRITER_SLEEP����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 329
What Is the LAZYWRITER_SLEEP Wait Type?����������������������������������������������������������������������� 329
LAZYWRITER_SLEEP Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 331
MSQL_XP���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 331
What Is the MSQL_XP Wait Type?���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 331
MSQL_XP Example�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 332
Lowering MSQL_XP Waits��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 333
MSQL_XP Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 334
OLEDB��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 334
What Is the OLEDB Wait Type?��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 334
OLEDB Example������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 334
Lowering OLEDB Waits�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 335
OLEDB Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 336
TRACEWRITE����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 336
What Is the TRACEWRITE Wait Type?����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 337
TRACEWRITE Example��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 337
Lowering TRACEWRITE Waits���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 341
TRACEWRITE Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 344
WAITFOR����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 344
What Is the WAITFOR Wait Type?����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 345
WAITFOR Example��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 345
WAITFOR Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 346

xiii
Table of Contents

Chapter 13: In-Memory OLTP–Related Wait Types������������������������������������������������ 347


Introduction to In-Memory OLTP����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 347
Checkpoint File Pairs (CFPs)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 348
Isolation������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 352
Transaction Log Changes���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 352
WAIT_XTP_HOST_WAIT������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 353
What Is the WAIT_XTP_HOST_WAIT Wait Type?������������������������������������������������������������������� 353
WAIT_XTP_HOST_WAIT Summary��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 356
WAIT_XTP_CKPT_CLOSE����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 357
What Is the WAIT_XTP_CKPT_CLOSE Wait Type?���������������������������������������������������������������� 357
WAIT_XTP_CKPT_CLOSE Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 358
WAIT_XTP_OFFLINE_CKPT_NEW_LOG�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 359
What Is the WAIT_XTP_OFFLINE_CKPT_NEW_LOG Wait Type?�������������������������������������������� 359
WAIT_XTP_OFFLINE_CKPT_NEW_LOG Summary���������������������������������������������������������������� 360

Appendix I: Example SQL Server Machine Configurations������������������������������������ 361

Appendix II: Spinlocks������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 365

Appendix III: Latch Classes���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 369

Appendix IV: Waits and DMVs������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 381

Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 391

xiv
About the Authors
Thomas LaRock has over 20 years of IT experience holding administrator roles. He is
a Microsoft Certified Master in SQL Server and a Microsoft Data Platform MVP since
2009. LaRock has spent much of his career working with data and databases, which led
to his selection as a Technical Advocate for Confio Software in 2010 for the software now
known as SolarWinds Database Performance Analyzer (DPA).
Currently, he serves as a Head Geek for SolarWinds, a company specializing in
software for enterprise infrastructure monitoring. This role allows for LaRock to work
with a variety of customers, helping to solve questions regarding network, application,
and database performance tuning and virtualization. You can reach Thomas through his
blog (thomaslarock.com/blog) and find him on Twitter (@SQLRockstar).

Enrico van de Laar has been working with data in various formats and sizes for over
15 years. He is a data and advanced analytics consultant for DataHeroes where he helps
organizations optimize their data platform environment and helps them with their first
steps in the world of advanced analytics. He is a Data Platform MVP since 2014 and a
frequent speaker on various data-related events throughout the world. He frequently
blogs about technologies such as Microsoft SQL Server and Azure Machine Learning on
his blog at enricovandelaar.com. You can contact Enrico on Twitter at @evdlaar.

xv
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
walk straight; do you not see that you exact the impossible? I tell
you, ladies, that poor human nature is full of weaknesses, and
having once perceived certain infirmities in your neighbor, keep
them in remembrance, and don't demand a reform in what cannot
be corrected. "Bear ye one another's burdens," said Saint Paul; it is
the rule of true wisdom, of peace and domestic happiness: "Alter
alterius onera portate." [Footnote 217]

[Footnote 217: Galat. vi. 2.]

But, you say, he is thick-headed, I cannot put up with him. Alas!


thick heads we meet with everywhere. Have you not yourselves
sometimes the same complaint? Besides, don't be so hard to please
in servants; you may end by finding none at all. You have one who
pouts, another who is violent; you may have one impertinent,
another pettish; choose between them. The best course, believe
me, is to put up with the evil, provided it is bearable. This world
and all it contains is only one grand misery; accept your share of it;
murmuring and changing those who surround you will do no good.

Well and good, I hear you say. You have just spoken of those who
keep many servants; I am more modest; a nurse, or at most a
cook, constitutes my household. In this case, if you will permit me,
I will find you an establishment where the retainers are numerous
and very difficult to govern. The fathers of the church teach us that
the human soul, in its organization, is a house complete in itself.
We find in it intelligence, the soul properly called, the imagination,
and the senses. Intelligence is the husband, the soul the wife; and
imagination, with its numerous caprices, represents an
establishment of troublesome servants; while the five senses may
portray five grooms at the carriage-ways opening into the street. To
listen to such a world as this, and make it agree, is no easy matter.
Intelligence wishes one thing, the soul another; the husband and
wife are just ready to quarrel. Then imagination comes in with its
thousand phantoms, its fantastical noises, its clatter by night and
by day: can you not believe your household in good condition to
exercise your patience? Then the porters of this castle, the eyes,
the ears, without considering the nerves—a sort of busy battalion
which makes more noise than all the rest. What an interior! what
confusion! what a tower of Babel! Ladies, I will repeat here the
words of Scripture: "Rise early to give work and a portion" to this
establishment of servants; put them in order from the first dawn of
day. Clear up your imagination; it needs more time and care than a
disordered head of hair. See how your ideas fly hither and thither;
how the mad one of this dwelling sings and grows impertinent;
how she reasons, how she scolds, and how absurd she is.
Intelligence would restore her reason; useless to try! time lost! She
cries louder, and becomes longer and more violently nonsensical.
She makes so much noise that it could be called, according to Saint
Gregory, the multiplied voices of several servants, whose tongues
are perfectly sharpened: "Cogitationum se clamor, velut
garrula ancillarum turba, multiplicat." [Footnote 218]

[Footnote 218: Moral, i. I, c. 30, t 1. p. 546, éd,


Migné.]

Here is a beautiful household to organize every morning. You


complain of having no work for it. I have just found you some.
Bring peace into the midst of this distraction; substitute harmony
for confusion, and so adjust this harmony that it shall last
undisturbed until evening, and I will give you a brevet, a certificate,
as an excellent mistress of a house. Formerly, the poor human
head was not subject to such distraction; and why? Because it was
subject to God; and from thence all the powers of man, mind,
heart, will, imagination, senses, all were submitted to the head of
the house, because this head himself was obedient to God. Since
the primitive revolt, all has been upset in man; and our poor nature
has become like a house where all dispute, husband, wife, and
servants, that is, mind, heart, imagination. There is a simple way to
re-establish peace, not quite complete, but at least tolerable, for
this would bring back God into the house: let God be head, the
commander of all; let the thought of him preside everywhere, and
soon order will be entirely restored. In the morning especially, I
know nothing that can pacify us interiorly and calm all around us
better than a look toward heaven, a thought of love directed on
high, and bringing, in return, the peace of God. In the morning, if
the head aches, rest it at the foot of the cross; if the heart suffers,
place it on the heart of our Lord; if the imagination is feverish,
calm it with a drop of the blood of Jesus Christ; and if the whole
being is in ebullition, ask God to send it refreshment in the dew of
heaven! Be faithful to these recommendations, ladies, and you may
repose the length of the day under your vine and your fig-tree;
that is, you will enjoy the intimate happiness that God has
promised his friends, and which is one of the sweetest
recompenses of virtue: "Et sedit unusquisque sub vite suâ, et
ficulneâ, suâ, et non erat qui eos terreret." [Footnote 219]

[Footnote 219: I Mach. xiv. 12.]


A Sister's Story. [Footnote 220]

[Footnote 220: A Sister's Story. By Mrs. Augustus


Craven. Translated from the French by Emily Bowles.
8vo, pp. 539. New York: The Catholic Publication
Society.]

We do not usually go to France for pictures of domestic life; yet,


when we do find a cultivated French family penetrated with the
home instincts which are so much more common on the opposite
side of the channel, and lavishing upon the members of their own
household an affection elevated and sanctified by true piety, there
is a charm about the scene which is apt to be wanting in our own
more commonplace experience. The charm, to be sure, often
asserts itself too boldly; for the Frenchman has a keen relish for
sentiment, and in nine cases out of ten the rapture with which love
fills his heart is only half of it inspired by the object of his passion,
while the other half is an unconscious admiration of the delicacy of
his own feelings. He makes a romance out of love for his father
and mother, and his affection for his sweetheart is an extravagant
poem. Still, unless you analyze it too closely, which there is no
need of your doing at all, the poem is almost always beautiful and
delicate, and sometimes possesses the true poetical aroma. A
Sister's Story is a romance of love, trial, happiness, and death.
Nobody but a French woman could have written it; yet the
sentiment is not what is commonly called "Frenchy," because it is
etherealized by a genuine Christian refinement, and because,
moreover, it is a true history.

The Count de la Ferronnays, who was French ambassador at St.


Petersburg in 1819, and afterward at Rome, had a large family of
children, one of whom, Pauline, married an English gentleman, and
is the author of this book. Another, Albert, is the hero. They all
loved one another with a rare and touching tenderness, and loved
God, too, with a simple and unaffected devotion. The revolution of
1830 deprived the Count of his diplomatic appointment, despoiled
him of most of his fortune, and, as he was a stanch adherent of
the Bourbons, left him without hope of a future career in the
service of the state. The family seem, however, to have accepted
their reverses cheerfully, and to have made little change in their
way of life, except by practising a stricter economy than they had
been used to. They passed most of their time in Italy, mingling with
people of rank and distinction, or travelling in search of health, as
one or another of them showed symptoms of approaching disease.
Albert was a young man of handsome appearance, and, we should
judge, of no mean accomplishments. He was warm-hearted,
remarkably sensitive, somewhat of a dreamer, romantic, poetical,
and pure in heart. The life of a man of society he sanctified with
the piety of a recluse. The revolution which cut short his father's
public career destroyed also the young man's prospects in life, and
left him, just entering manhood, without fixed occupation, and
without much hope of obtaining employment suitable to his rank
and tastes. This enforced idleness, coupled with the delicacy of his
constitution, already perhaps undermined by the pulmonary disease
which was so soon to carry him off, predisposed him to a
melancholy reflectiveness which, though corrected by his devout
aspirations, was nevertheless morbid. The feminine delicacy of his
nature was developed by close intimacy with his sisters, and his
religious elevation was doubtless heightened by his frequent
intercourse with Montalembert, whose sentiments he fully shared,
though he was unable to join in his labors, with M. Rio, whom he
accompanied to various parts of Italy, with the Abbé Gerbet, and
with other distinguished Catholics of that brilliant day.

Among the acquaintances of the Count's family in Rome was the


Countess d'Alopeus, widow of the celebrated Russian
plenipotentiary at Berlin, and afterward wife of Prince Lapoukhyn.
She had a daughter, Alexandrine, a beautiful and amiable girl,
apparently, like Albert, of a pensive turn of mind, and, though a
Lutheran, (her mother being a German,) of a strongly religious
disposition. Albert fell in love with her the first time they met, and
from that time love and religion filled up all the rest of his short
life. It was but a little while before Alexandrine learned to return
the tender sentiment. The intimacy ripened fast; but there were
many difficulties in the way of marriage, and it was only after two
years, marked by severe trials, that they were at last united in
1834. Ten days afterward Albert burst a blood-vessel, and from that
time until his death, in 1836, their happiness was clouded by the
gradual approach of the untimely fate which they could hardly help
foreseeing. The picture which Mrs. Craven, with the help of the
journals and letters of this dear young couple, has drawn of their
courtship, their love, their few hours of happiness, and their
admirable married life, with all its consolations and all its sufferings,
is full of the most delicious beauty. It could not have been so
natural, had it not been drawn from the life; it would not have
been so exquisite, had not the artist been herself a poet.

By the side of her husband's dying bed, Alexandrine was received


into the Catholic Church. She appears to have possessed a stronger
though not a more lovely character than Albert, and in her
widowhood its magnificence was fully developed. During the twelve
years she survived her husband, she learned to the full the great
lessons of self-abnegation, humility, and detachment from all
worldly things. Even in the first days of her sorrow, God rewarded
her with a strength which surprised all who knew her; and this was
succeeded after a while by a completeness of resignation and a
spiritual joy which were no less than saint-like. "We shall see,"
writes Mrs. Craven, in beginning the narrative of these final years,
"by what efforts of resignation, by what self-surrender, she
obtained peace, and entered upon that other period of her life
which she speaks of in her story, and of which she once said, 'Even
before old age and death, faith gave me rest!' This rest, which
went beyond resignation, even beyond peace, which Alexandrine
had soon recovered; a rest which marked the latter part of her life
by a joyousness unknown to her young days, she did not attain till
she had gone through many fresh sorrows. It was God's will that
she should outlive most of those who had proved her firmest
friends and most tender comforters in her widowhood. Almost at
one time she lost her own brother, my father, Eugénie, and Olga,"
(Albert's sisters, to whom she was deeply attached.) "It may be
that this was allowed that, when after such repeated blows she was
still able to say she was happy, no one might mistake the source
whence that happiness sprang." She gave herself up to the service
of the poor and suffering, and in order to make herself more like
the objects of her charity, whom she loved so tenderly, she used to
deprive herself of all the little every-day luxuries and conveniences
which belonged to her station, and in which naturally she took a
particular delight. She made trial of a conventual life, but that was
clearly not the path in which God wished her to walk, and her
director bade her leave it. During the latter part of her life she
resided principally with Albert's mother, in Paris. Here is a picture of
her occupations at that time:

"To meet the deficiency in her resources, she gradually


restricted her own expenditure to the narrowest compass, and
deprived herself of everything short of absolute necessaries.
One day I happened to look into her wardrobe, and was
dismayed at its scantiness. When we, any of us, made this kind
of discovery, she blushed and smiled, made the best excuses
she could find in return for our scoldings, and then went on just
the same, giving away all she possessed, and finding every day
new occasions for these acts of self-spoliation. She had, of
course, long ago sold or given away all her jewels and trinkets,
but, if she ever happened to find among her things an article of
the smallest value, it was immediately disposed of for the
benefit of the poor. For instance, one day she took out of its
frame a beautiful miniature of Princess Lapoukhyn at the age of
twenty, and sold the gold and enamel frame, defending herself
by saying that it was the only thing of value she still possessed,
and did not in the least enhance the value of her mother's
charming likeness. Two black gowns, and a barely sufficient
amount of linen, constituted her whole wardrobe, so that she
had reduced herself, as far as was possible in her position of
life, to a state of actual poverty. Her long errands were almost
always performed on foot, and at dinner-time she came home
often covered with dirt and wet to the skin. One day, when she
was visiting some Sisters of Charity in a distant part of Paris,
one of them looked at her from head to foot, and then begged
an alms for a poor woman much in need of a pair of shoes.
Alexandrine instantly produced her purse and gave the required
amount, with which the sister went away, and in a quarter of an
hour returned, laughing, and bringing with her a pair of shoes,
which she insisted on Madame Albert's putting on instead of
those she was wearing, which were certainly in the worst
possible condition. On her return from these distant excursions,
she usually put on her evening dress and came down to
Madame de Mun's drawing-room, where she found my mother,
who also had often been engaged in similar charitable duties.
During that winter I often joined this little circle, now so thinned
by death, and so soon to break up altogether. For one brief
moment I would fain pause and look back in thought to that
well-remembered room and its long table, at which my mother
and Madame de Mun were wont to sit, with Eugénie's children
playing at their feet; and at the place near the lamp, where
Alexandrine was to be seen every evening, with her head
bending over her work; her brown hair divided into two long
plaits, a way of wearing it which particularly became her, though
it was certainly not chosen on that account. She did not,
however, profess to be free from all thought about her
appearance; on the contrary, she was always accusing herself of
still caring for admiration; and when once she heard that
somebody who had accidentally spoken to her had said she was
pretty, she exclaimed with half-jesting indignation: 'I really
believe that, if I were in my last agony, that would please me
still!' Very pretty certainly she looked on those evenings, in her
simple black dress; always calm and serene, and brightening up
whenever the great interests and objects of life were the
subjects of conversation. Otherwise she remained silent,
occupying herself with her embroidery, or else, taking her little
book of extracts, so full of beautiful thoughts, from her pocket,
she read them over and added new ones from her favorite
books.

......

"Time never hung heavy on Alexandrine's hands. After such trials


and sufferings, she could say as Madame Swetchine did: 'that life
was lovely and happy; and ever, as it went on, fairer, happier, and
more interesting.' The melancholy which was natural to her
character in youth, and which the radiant happiness that for a
moment filled up her life had not been able to overcome—that
melancholy which was the sign perhaps of some kind of softness of
soul, and which so many deaths and such floods of tears could
naturally have increased—had been completely put down and
overcome by the love of God and the poor. One day as I saw her
moving about her room which she had made so bare, with an air of
the greatest gayety, we both of us suddenly recalled the terrible
days of the past, when her grief had been full of gloom, and then
she said, what was very striking to any one who knew how deep
was her unutterable love to the very last, 'Yes, that is all true;
those were cruel and dreadful days; but now, by God's grace, I
mourn for my Albert gayly.'"

Subsequently she was admitted, as a lodger, to the convent of St.


Thomas of Villanova, in Paris, and there she died with the
peacefulness and holy joy which she had merited by her life. By
what austerities she had prepared for and probably hastened her
end, we may judge from this incident:

"One morning at Mass in the convent chapel, a lady happened


to hear her cough, and noticing her pale looks and poor
apparel, she went to one of the sisters, and told her that there
was a lady in the church who was probably too poor to provide
herself with necessaries, and that she should be very happy to
supply her with milk daily, if she had not the means to purchase
it. This kind soul was quite ashamed when the sister told her
the poor lady was Madame Albert de la Ferronnays; but
Alexandrine, much amused, laughed exceedingly at the mistake,
and did not treat herself better than before."

One loving hand which has traced this beautiful story whose
outlines we have thus roughly reproduced, has illustrated it with
many touching reminiscences of the other members of the
charming family circle, of which Albert and Alexandrine are the
central figures. There is an exquisite pathos in every page, and

"The tender grace of a day that is dead"

is delineated with an unaffected delicacy which must move every


heart. Miss Bowles, we should add, has proved herself an admirable
translator, so good a one that her version reads like an original.
Translated From The French.
Breton Legend Of St. Christopher.
As every one knows, St. Christopher had very broad shoulders; so
in former times he was ferryman for the river of Scorff. One bright
day, our Lord arrived at the bank of the river with his twelve
apostles. Christopher made haste to take them in his arms, and
was delighted to pay them every possible respect.

"Well," said our Lord, "what are your wages?"

"Ask for Paradise," whispered St. Peter.

"Let me alone, I have my own ideas. If, my Lord, you desire to


bestow a favor on me, promise that every object I wish for shall be
obliged to enter my sack."

"I will do it," said our Lord, "but on condition that you never ask
for money, and only for those things of which you have need."

So, for a long time, things went well; the sack filled only with
bread, fruits, beans, and other vegetables; and often it was
emptied for the benefit of the poor. But alas! who can say they
may not enter into temptation? One morning Christopher was
passing through the street of a neighboring town, when he stopped
before the shop of a money-changer. He did wrong, for all those
heaps of money excited his curiosity and gave him very bad
thoughts.

"See," said the wicked broker to him, "what you can do with all this
money! You can rebuild the huts of the poor, and make life for
them so happy and desirable. Don't you wish it was all yours?"
Christopher had a moment of weakness, and the money jumped
into his bag. But don't be severe: Christopher was not yet the saint
he afterward became, only a mere mortal man. So this first failing
led to others, and while it must be confessed he was very generous
to the poor, he loved his own good cheer and did not hesitate to
enjoy it. So one day, as he was reposing on the grass after an
unusually good dinner, the devil passed that way, and began to
bully him and crack some of his disagreeable jokes. Christopher
was not remarkably patient, his fists were itching for a fight, so in a
moment he was on his feet and pitched into the devil right royally.
As the forces were pretty equal, the battle lasted two days, and the
end could not be foreseen. The thick grass disappeared from under
their feet, and from afar the noise of the blows resounded like two
hammers falling and refalling one upon the other. They would have
been at it yet if Christopher had not happily thought of his sack.
"Ah cursed devil! by the virtue of our Lord thou shalt enter my
sack." So in he popped, and Christopher was not slow to draw the
cords tight and swing him over his shoulders, while he wondered at
the same time how in the world he would ever get rid of him. A
forge appeared as he walked, and two brawny men were beating
the red fire with tremendous blows. This gave him an idea; so he
addressed himself to the smiths, and said: "I have got a wicked
animal in my bag; I could not pretend to tell you all the villanous
tricks he has played in his life; so, if you will forge him until he is
about as thick as a sixpenny piece, I will give you a crown." They
consented; and, notwithstanding the cries and somersaults of the
devil, they hammered and beat him the whole night long. When
the day dawned, a weak voice cried out, "Christopher, Christopher,
I give up; what shall I do to get out of this?"

"Swear obedience to me for ever, and never trouble me again."

"I swear it."

"Very well; get out with you, and I will not say Au revoir."
From this moment, Christopher entirely changed his life, only
occupied himself in good works, and, when he grew too feeble to
be ferryman for the river Scorff, he retired into the little hermitage,
upon the ruins of which is built the chapel still to be seen. There he
lived in prayer and penitence, and was visited by many pilgrims,
who were attracted by his great reputation of sanctity. However,
when after his death he presented himself to St. Peter, who, we
know, holds the keys of Paradise, he was refused admittance,
because the latter said he had formerly rejected his advice, and he
feared to let him in.

The poor Christopher, very sad, and looking rather snubbed,


wandered about, and in his distraction took the stairs that led to
hell. He descended an unheard-of number of steps, and finally
arrived at a door, where was a very good-looking young man, who
courteously invited him to enter; but Satan happened to pass by,
and, seeing him, cried out nervously: "No, no! not in here; I know
him well. Send him away, he is entirely too cunning for me!"

So Christopher could do nothing but remount to the entrance of


Paradise, where he could at least listen outside to the delicious
strains of heavenly harmony issuing from within, and he felt more
and more desirous to be admitted. He paused and thought; then,
putting his ear as close as possible, "My Lord St. Peter," said he,
"what admirable harmony you have in there! If you would only set
the door ajar, I might at least hear and enjoy it."

St. Peter was kind-hearted, so he did as he was asked; and


instantly St. Christopher threw in his sack, and sprang in after it.
"At home, at last," said he, "and you can't turn me out." St. Peter
conceded he was right, so he has since remained in heaven, and
we must acknowledge he well deserved so comfortable an abode.
[Supplement to the article on "The Sanitary and Moral Condition of
New York City" in our July number.]
The Sanitary And Moral Condition Of New
York City.
The letter which is published below is an evidence that our July
correspondent's observations on the neglected condition of a great
number of children in New York struck a telling blow in the right
direction, and has called forth one response of the right kind,
which, we trust, will not be the only one. A number of our good
friends have shown themselves to be somewhat hurt by the
remarks made in the article alluded to, on the efforts of certain
Protestant institutions among the vagrant children of this city. The
article was not written for the purpose of showing what the small
number of zealous Catholics—who are alive to the duty and
necessity of rescuing this unfortunate class of our own children—
are doing, but of working up the whole Catholic community to an
active co-operation with these pioneers of charity, in undertaking
that which they are not doing, and cannot do, while they are so
feebly sustained. One principal motive for doing this is, the fact
that sectarian philanthropists are forestalling us in the work we
ought to have attended to long ago, and drawing away from the
fold of the church the lambs we have neglected to take care of.
Every one knows, none better than the leaders of every Protestant
sect themselves, that they have no more determined adversaries
than we are in their aggressions on the Catholic religion. At the
same time, we do not feel called upon to deny them all humane
and philanthropic motives, or to denounce them as actuated by
mere hatred against the Catholic religion. They do an irreparable
mischief to the unfortunate children whom they draw away from
the fold of the church; yet, we are willing to believe they do it
ignorantly, and with an intention of doing them good. So far as
their efforts among the young unbaptized heathen of New York are
concerned, they can undoubtedly effect something in reclaiming
them from the wretched condition in which they are. We desire to
confine them to that sphere, and wish them a fair field to compete
with us in, and to show what they are able to accomplish. We
hope, as the result of all philanthropic efforts for the relief of the
degraded classes made by all kinds of institutions, and by
individuals of all kinds of theoretical opinions, that the superiority of
the Catholic Church, and its necessity to our moral and social well-
being, will be demonstrated. We must demonstrate it, however, by
action, and not by mere argument. We must show practically that
we are able to master and subdue the elements of vice and misery
that rage over the turbulent sea of this vast population. In a former
volume of our magazine, we did full justice to the work which the
Catholic Church has accomplished, and is still carrying on among
our own people in this city, in an article entitled "Religion in New
York." The article in our last number may appear to have too much
overlooked the statistics there given respecting the care of Catholic
children. The statement of the whole number of children in the city
was inadvertently cited from Dr. Harris as being the number of
vagrants, although the correct number (40,000) was given in
several other places. Another quotation from a Protestant source,
which was cited for the purpose of showing the small proportion of
children in Protestant Sunday-schools, contains a statement that
125,000 children are without instruction, which also inadvertently
passed uncorrected. The 60,000 children in Catholic Sunday-
schools, and, we suppose, also the Jewish children, as well as
those who are privately taught at home, ought to have been
deducted. There are said to be 95,000 children in Protestant
Sunday-schools. The whole number of children is estimated at
200,000. There is, then, a vague neutral ground between vagrancy
and the Sunday-school domain, occupied by some thousands, more
or less—how many, we cannot correctly estimate. We are
immediately concerned only with Catholic children. It is not possible
to figure up precisely the numbers, every day increasing, of these
children, in every stage of neglected moral and religious education
down to the most complete vagrancy. We know, however, that they
are to be counted by thousands, and would be sufficient by
themselves to people a respectable Southern or Western diocese.
We know that comparatively nothing is doing to reclaim them; and
as for any further practical remarks as to what ought to be done,
we give place for the present to the writer of the letter which
follows, who is sorry for these poor children one thousand dollars.
We trust that her good example will be followed by others, and
shall be happy to receive in trust whatever may be contributed
toward the establishment of an institution such as she
recommends, and of which the Sisters of Charity are ready to
assume the charge whenever the requisite funds are provided.—Ed.
C. W.

"Rev. and Dear Father Hecker: "The article in The Catholic


World, for July, on 'The Sanitary and Moral Condition of New
York City,' has excited in my mind the greatest interest, and, I
may add, self-condemnation.

"It is true I knew the facts mentioned there before, but never
were they so fully brought home to me as in reading that
article. I could say nothing but 'Mea culpa, mea culpa.'

Yes, through my fault, and the fault of every Catholic, these


many thousands of little children are left uncared for; except,
indeed, by those who have been more zealous to spread error,
uncertainty, and darkness than we to give them the true bread
of life. Are we indeed the children of the church? Have we ever
listened to these words of our Saviour, 'Inasmuch as ye have
not done it unto these my little ones, ye have not done it unto
me'? God forgive us, and grant that every Catholic, in reading
that article, may be moved to a true contrition.

"Why cannot the several hundred thousand Catholics in our


great city establish a Central Mission House for these little
neglected ones of the flock? For, of these forty thousand
vagrant and uncared-for children, we cannot doubt that far
more than one half have inherited the Catholic faith. The
burden of supporting this great work of charity should not be
borne by one parish or section of the city, and that the least
able to bear it; but every parish should feel as if this house
demanded its own especial care. And not only every parish in
New York City, but throughout the arch-diocese and the whole
country; for, as the poverty of the Old World finds its first
refuge in our city, so the charity of the New World should be
concentrated here to meet it.

"Father Farrelly is doing a noble work. God bless him for it! And
as to the Reformatory established by Dr. Ives, only God can
know the good it has already done and is yet to do. Catholics
are not accustomed to speak much of what they do, but we
who have done little or nothing cannot shelter ourselves behind
those who, alone and single-handed as it were, have tried to
meet this torrent of poverty and crime. As an act of reparation
on my part for past neglect, I place in your hands a check for
one thousand dollars, ($1000,) as a beginning of this noble
work. The Sisters of Charity or Mercy will surely be ready to
take charge of such a house, for where will they find so true a
work of charity or mercy?

"I beg of you, reverend father, to publish this in your magazine;


for I do not doubt that God has touched other hearts, and that
this little beginning, when known, will grow like a grain of
mustard-seed, and become a great and noble work.

"Yours, etc.,
......"
New Publications
Problems of the Age: With Studies in St. Augustine on Kindred
Topics.
By the Rev. Augustine F. Hewit, of the Congregation of St. Paul.
New York: Catholic Publication House. 1868.

This volume, being chiefly a republication of some of our own


articles, cannot, of course, receive from us an independent and
impartial criticism. We can only state its scope and design, leaving
it to other critics to judge of its merits. The topics which it
discusses relate to the dialectic unity of the natural and
supernatural in the universal order of truth and being. It is
intended to meet the intellectual difficulties of those who cannot
see this dialectic unity, and who, therefore, apprehend a
contradiction between the natural and the supernatural, or, at least,
a chasm between the two, which makes it impossible to explain
their relation to each other on rational principles. It is more
especially adapted to that class of persons who are rather
perplexed by an apparent contradiction between reason and faith,
than to those who are either positive infidels or positive sceptics.
There are many such persons, predisposed to admit a spiritual
philosophy and the truth of Christianity, but still in a state of doubt
respecting both philosophical and revealed truths. The reason of
this is, because the current philosophy of Protestantism is shallow
and sophistical, and the current theology of Protestantism irrational.
It is necessary, therefore, to present a sound philosophy as a cure
for intellectual scepticism, and a sound rational theology as a cure
for religious doubt. The Problems of the Age is a contribution to
this work. It is neither a system of philosophy nor of theology, but
rather a clue to find both the one and the other. It proposes to the
man bewildered in the labyrinth of scepticism a path which will lead
him out into the open day of certitude, and leaves it to him to try
the path or himself, and ascertain by his own examination whether
it be the right one. Protestantism first destroyed theology, and then
philosophy. Rationalism has tried to reconstruct both; but, having
only the débris to use as a material, and no formula to work by,
has failed signally. The author of the volume before us has
endeavored to derive a formula from the works of the best Catholic
philosophers and theologians which gives the principles of
construction, to present an outline of the plan according to which
all true builders always have been working, and always must work,
in the rearing of that temple whose porch is science and whose
sanctuary is faith. The first principles of reason and the first
principles of faith are presupposed as given. The existence and the
attributes of God are briefly demonstrated from the first principles
of reason, as the basis of faith in revealed truths. The connection
between rational knowledge and supernatural faith is exhibited, and
the point of transition from one to the other designated. The
principal mysteries of revelation are then taken up, and their
dialectic relation to the great truths of natural theology, respecting
God as the first and final cause of the creation, is pointed out. As
the perversions of Calvinism represent some of these mysterious
doctrines in such a way that they are irreconcilable with natural
theology, a considerable space is devoted to the clearing away of
these misconceptions. The principal philosophical difficulties in the
way of apprehending certain doctrines are also noticed, and a
solution given. The topics most thoroughly treated are those which
relate to the supernatural destiny of man, his primitive condition,
the fall, original sin, and the final consummation of all things,
including the redemption of the human race through the
Incarnation.

The Studies in St. Augustine is a subsidiary essay intended to


refute the allegation that the Calvinistic doctrines have been justly
deduced from his writings and the authoritative teaching of the
church in his time. In doing this, the evidence is clearly presented
of the fact that several of the chief distinctive doctrines of the
Catholic Church were held by the whole church at the time when
the great doctor flourished. It is also shown that modern Catholic
theology, although far more precise and definite in many points
than the ancient theology could be, is the only true and legitimate
offspring and development of its principles. The drift of the whole
book in both its parts is to present a clear conception of what the
Catholic doctrine is, and to show that this conception is in harmony
with the rational principles on which a spiritual and theistic
philosophy must base itself. It is adapted, therefore, to stimulate
thought and awaken an appetite for truth, much more than to
satisfy the mind. Those who are influenced by its arguments must
desire a more thorough exposition both of the principles of reason
and of those of faith, in order to perceive more clearly the objective
truth, both of philosophy and of revelation, unless they are already
well-informed on both points. The first branch of science has been
handled in the most satisfactory and thorough manner in the
philosophical articles of Dr. Brownson's Review. There are also
some able articles on the same topics to be found in The Catholic
World. It is much to be regretted that these articles are not to be
had in a separate volume, so as to be easily accessible, and that
there is no complete treatise on philosophy, which is sufficient to
meet the wants of our day, written in the English language. The
second branch of science, which embraces the evidence of the
positive truth of revelation, has been more extensively cultivated.
The shortest and most satisfactory way to a conclusion on that
point is, to take up at once the proof of the divine institution and
authority of the Catholic Church. Two things only are necessary to
be proved: First, there is a God; second, God reveals his truth and
law through the Catholic Church. It ought not to require a very
long time, or a very difficult process, to establish these two truths
in any mind not prepossessed by error and prejudice. Those who
are unfortunately so prepossessed have no other choice but to
work their way out the best way they can, and every one who
lends them a helping hand does a great service to his fellow-men.

Parochial and Plain Sermons.


By John Henry Newman, B.D., formerly Vicar of St. Mary's,
Oxford.
In eight volumes. Vol. I. New edition.
Rivingtons, London, Oxford, and Cambridge.
For sale at The Catholic Publication House, New York. 1868.

Truly Anglicanism is a unique phenomenon, or, rather, congeries of


phenomena, and of its phases there is no end. Its newspapers in
this country are rather remarkable for virulent hostility to the
Catholic Church, and offensive language about Catholic persons and
things. Only the other day, the Hartford Churchman, which
professes to be decent, gave currency to the shameless report that
the late unfortunate Cardinal d'Andrea was poisoned. The language
used about Dr. Newman has been frequently vituperative and
insolent in the extreme. The English High Churchmen are usually
far more gentlemanly than their American confrères, and their
tone and language are often far more decorous when they speak of
Catholic affairs. Even in England, however, as well as in this
country, a smattering of Catholicism very frequently produces an
increase of animosity and bitterness against the Catholic Church.
The more nearly some approach her, the more they become
inflamed, like comets approaching the sun, and the attraction is
suddenly turned into a repulsive force, which drives them back into
the dreariness of space. There are some, however, in England,
among those who cling to the Established Church, whose spirit is
kind and loving toward those whom they would fain regard as their
fellow-Catholics, even though these are converts from Anglicanism.
A remarkable proof that the number of these is considerable is
found in the fact that a new edition of Dr. Newman's Sermons is
announced by the Rivingtons, and that the first volume has already
issued from the press, with a preface by the Rev. W. J. Copeland,
rector of Farnham. The typographical execution of the volume is
extremely beautiful. The preface is sad and tender, like the hymn of
a captive Israelite in Babylon. Dr. Newman has, we believe,
consented to this republication. We remember well the delight and
instruction we received from these Sermons when they were first
republished in this country, and the pleasure we experienced in
visiting, a few months ago, the church of St. Mary the Virgin, at
Oxford, where they were preached. We are not able to say whether
they contain anything un-Catholic or not; if so, it cannot be
sufficient to be in any way dangerous, or to detract from their
generally Catholic doctrine and spirit. The editor says that their
author is not to be considered as reasserting all their sentiments,
and that he would undoubtedly wish some parts of them altered or
omitted. They are models of the most perfect English style, and, as
such, of great value to Catholic preachers. Their circulation among
Protestants to as great an extent as possible is something most
devoutly to be wished, and likely to do an extraordinary amount of
good. No doubt the Protestant clergy here, whatever may be the
case in England, will discourage their being read; yet the younger
clergy of all denominations will undoubtedly read them themselves,
and will not be able to hinder great numbers of the most cultivated
among the laity from doing the same. They are wonderful
compositions, the like of which our language does not contain; and
those who are not already familiar with them will deprive
themselves of a very great pleasure if they do not avail themselves
of the opportunity of becoming so. We feel extremely obliged to the
editor and publishers for sending out this new and beautiful edition,
and we hope its influence may be to draw the hearts of our
Protestant friends and brethren nearer to us. We are extremely
anxious that the violent and hostile controversy between us should
cease, and that we might have the opportunity of discussing with
them, in a calm and quiet way, the points of difference which
separate them from ourselves. While their tone and manner are so
discourteous and unfair, this is impossible; and we hope they may
learn a lesson from Mr. Copeland, and others among themselves
who are of like spirit with him, as well as from the ci-devant Vicar
of St. Mary's, who is revived once more in his surplice and hood, to
preach again among his former people, as the prophet of the ten
lost tribes.
Appleton's Short Trip to Europe. (1868.)
Principally devoted to England, Scotland, Ireland, Switzerland,
France, Germany, and Italy; with Glimpses of Spain, Short
Routes in the East, etc.; and a Collection of Travellers' Phrases
in French and German.
By Henry Morford, Author of "Over Sea," "Paris in '67," etc., etc.
New York: Appletons.

This is a very pretty, convenient, and useful hand-book for


travellers, full of useful advice and valuable directions, which we
can cordially recommend to every person about to make a tour to
Europe for the first time, as the best book of the kind we are
acquainted with. There are some allusions and remarks scattered
through the book which seem intended to enliven it and give it a
flavor of humor, and which will doubtless please a certain number
of its readers. Others, however, may perhaps think they detract
from the general good taste evinced by the author, when he
confines himself to a more quiet and simple style of giving
information.

Sidney Smith's coarse pun on the name of St. Peter, and the
author's own very dull attempt at wit in regard to the relics of the
martyrs in the church of St. Ursula, at Cologne, will not render the
book any the more agreeable to Catholic tourists, and we should
think not to any persons of refined taste. The allusions made
occasionally to the supposed vicious propensities of a certain class
of tourists are still more objectionable. They are like whispering
behind the hand, or exchanging nods and winks, in good company.
The guidebooks of Paris are models of the most perfect taste and
elegance in style, and so are those of Baedeker, for the continent,
with the exception of an occasional falsehood or sneer about
something Catholic. In our judgment, these are the proper models
to imitate.

We cannot omit remarking, while we are on the subject of guide-


books, that it would be a work of great service to Catholic tourists,
if some competent person would prepare a guide-book for their
use, with reference to all the places and objects specially
interesting to them as connected with their religion and its history.

Rhymes of the Poets.


By Felix Ago.
Philadelphia: E. H. Butler & Co. 1868.

A very amusing satirical essay upon "allowable rhymes," selected


from the verses of a large number of poets.

Lake George: Its Scenes and Characteristics, with Glimpses of


the Olden Times; to which is added some account of
Ticonderoga; with a description of the route to Schroon Lake
and the Adirondacks. With Illustrations.
By B. F. De Costa,
1 vol. 12mo, pp. 196.
New York: A. D. F. Randolph. 1868.

This is an excellent little book for tourists to Lake George and the
surrounding country. The first white man who saw Lake George
was the Jesuit missionary, Father Jogues, who, having arrived at
that beautiful lake on the eve of the festival of Corpus Christi,
called it "The Lake of the Blessed Sacrament," a name it retained
until changed by the English to its present one. The author takes
pains to correct the many misstatements of other writers with
regard to historical events which occurred in the vicinity of the lake.
The account of the defeat of the English by Montcalm, 1757, is
given; and the reported connivance of that general in the massacre
of the English troops after their surrender is disposed of as one of
the "wild exaggerations of the day." Yet it is only a few years ago
that a distinguished general, while on a visit to the lake, reiterated,
in a speech to his admirers, the terrible cruelty of the French in
allowing the captives to be massacred in cold blood, and asserted
that it was one of the customs of that barbarous age, and therefore
was not prevented by Montcalm. Mr. De Costa says, with reference
to this reported massacre: "That class of writers who furnish what
may be called apocrypha of history, have delighted in wild
exaggerations of this event. Drawing their material from the crudest
sensation accounts of the day, they have not hesitated to record as
facts the most improbable fancies. It is to be regretted that these
accounts have crept into so many of our popular school histories, in
one of which, now extensively used, we are informed that, when
Montcalm went away, he left the dead bodies of one hundred
women shockingly mangled and weltering in their blood. The
account is based upon a supposed letter of Putnam's that was
never written, and is of the same authority as that favorite but now
exploded story of the school-boy, which relates Putnam's descent
into the wolfs den." He also truly says that "national enmity has
had much to do with these misrepresentations of Montcalm, who
was every way a noble and humane man, as well as the ablest
general of his day in all North America." Religious animosity had its
share in it, too, and no small share either. The French were
Catholics; the English, Protestants; and it was only in perfect
keeping with the English literature of the day to paint everything
done by the French Catholics in the darkest colors possible. But this
calumny cannot stand the tests of the critic of to-day, and we are
glad to see a little hand-book like this, which must become popular
with the tourist of the Northern lakes, stamp the fictions which
have crept into history as they deserve, and give its readers the
truth.

The work is printed on good paper, and illustrated with wood-cuts


of the most noted places referred to in its pages.

Democracy in the United States:


What it has Done, What it is Doing, and What it will Do.
By Ransom H. Gillett, formerly Member of Congress from St.
Lawrence County, N.Y.; more recently Registrar and Solicitor of
the United States Treasury Department, and Solicitor for the
United States in the Court of Claims, etc.
New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1868.

This is what, we suppose, will be termed, in the language of the


market, a seasonable book, it being brought out just in time for,
and adapted to, the political campaign upon which the country has
now fully entered. It aims to give a succinct but complete history of
the Democratic party, of its measures and its leading men, from its
beginning down to the present time. We are not ourselves
politicians enough to judge how faithfully or reliably this has been
done. The volume—a compact one of some four hundred pages—is
brought out in the Messrs. Appleton's excellent style of book
publishing, and will, of course, have an extensive sale.

Histoire De France.
Par V. Duruy.
Nouvelle Edition, illustrée d'un grand nombre de gravures et de
cartes geographiques.
Paris: Hachette. (New York: Christern. 2 vols. 12mo.)

This is a part of a course of compendious universal history


prepared by a number of learned writers, under the direction of M.
Duruy. It is a clear and succinct history of France from the earliest
epoch to the year 1815, with an appendix containing a summary of
events from 1815 to 1866. The history of France is of the greatest
interest and importance, and but little known among us, especially
in its Catholic aspects. This book is, therefore, one of the most
useful text-books for the instruction of classes studying the French
language, which can be studied; and most invaluable also for
others, who are able to read French, and who desire to have a
brief but complete exposition of French history.

Besides its numerous and valuable maps, it contains more than 300
remarkably well-executed and artistic woodcuts, which add very
much to its value and interest. The study of the French language
and literature has been too much neglected in our American
colleges and higher schools. Every person of liberal education ought
to read and speak the French language. We recommend this book
to the attention of teachers, parents, and all persons occupied with
the study of French, and also to intelligent tourists, to whom it will
prove an invaluable companion on a visit to La Belle France.

O'Shea's Popular Juvenile Library.


First series. 12 vols. Beautifully illustrated.
New York: P. O'Shea. 1868.

The titles of the volumes in this series are as follows:

The Inquisitive Boy and the Little Ragman;


The Picture and the Country Cousins;
Augusta and Christmas Eve;
The Young Guests, and other stories;
The Page, and other stories;
The Young Artist;
The Gray Woman of Scharfenstein, and other stories;
The Young Painter;
Tailor and Fiddler;
Sobieski's Achievements;
Hedwig of Poland;
The Young Countess.

These tales are taken principally from the German and French, and
are unexceptional in matter.

The Catholic Crusoe.


Adventures of Owen Evans, Esq., Surgeon's Mate, set ashore
with five companions on a desolate island in the Caribbean Sea,
1739. Given from the Original MSS.,
by Rev. W. H. Anderdon, M.A.
New York: D. & J. Sadlier & Co. 12mo, pp. 519.

A notice of Dr. Anderdon's very entertaining story appeared in The


Catholic World for December, 1867. The reprint before us is very
well got up, but lacks an interesting feature of the original edition,
namely, its maps and illustrations.

The Queen's Daughter; or, The Orphan of La Granja.


By the author of Grace Morton, etc.
Philadelphia: Peter F. Cunningham. Pp. 108.

A pleasant tale for young folk, neatly bound, and, in general


typographical execution, a very decided improvement on its
predecessor, Elinor Johnstone.

The Complete Poetical Works of Thomas Campbell, with a


Memoir of his Life.
New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1868.

So far as the paper and binding are concerned, this edition of


Campbell is beautifully got up; but we cannot say as much for the
type, which is the very reverse of beautiful.

A Popular Treatise on the Art of House Painting, Plain and


Decorative.
By John W. Masury. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

A very useful book, on an important subject, for those who would


preserve their houses, and have them tastefully and, at the same
time, economically painted. The mechanical portion of the work is
executed in the Messrs. Appleton's best style.
Celebrated Sanctuaries of the Madonna.
By Rev. J. Spencer Northcote, D.D.
Philadelphia: P. F. Cunningham. 1868.

This is an American edition of Dr. Northcote's work, the English


edition of which we noticed in our July number. It is brought out in
very handsome style, and reflects credit on the taste of the
publisher.

Announcements.—"The Catholic Publication Society" has in press, or


in preparation, the following new works:

1. Symbolism. By Adam Moehler. This will be ready about


August 1st.
2. Second Series of Illustrated Sunday-School Library. Ready
about September 1st, twelve vols., for titles of which see
advertisement on second page of cover.
3. Memorials of those who suffered for the Catholic Faith in
Ireland, in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth
Centuries. Collected and edited from the original authorities, by
Myles O'Rielly. B.A., LL.D. This will be one of the most important
books relative to Ireland ever published in this country. It will be
ready about September 1st.
4. Cradle Lands—Egypt, Palestine, etc. Illustrated. By Lady
Herbert. Ready November 15.
5. Love; or, Self-Sacrifice. By Lady Herbert.
6. Life of Father Ravigan, S.J.
7. Third Series of Illustrated Sunday-School Library.

Books Received.

From P. Donahoe, Boston.

Plain Talk about the Protestantism of To-day. From the French of


Mgr. Segur. 1 vol. 32mo, pp. 253. Price, 60 cents.
From J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia.

Alleghania; or, Praises of American Heroes.


By Christopher Laomedon Pindar.

The Catholic World.


Vol. VII., No. 42.—September, 1868.
The Veneration Of Saints And Holy Images.
The veneration paid to saints by Catholics with the formal
approbation or tacit sanction of the supreme authority in the church
is, together with the use made of their images and that of Christ in
religious worship, under the same sanction, the one feature of the
Catholic system most obnoxious to Protestants. They do not
hesitate ordinarily to qualify it as idolatry, that is, as a rendering of
the worship due to God alone to creatures, both living and
inanimate, similar to that which the heathen system of polytheism
ascribes to its numerous divinities and their images.

We propose to discuss this matter briefly, not with the intention of


proving that the Catholic doctrine and practice are truly a genuine
outgrowth of the Christian religion by extrinsic evidence, but of
showing their intrinsic harmony with Christian first principles, and
refuting the objections derived from these first principles against
them. As the subject naturally divides itself into two distinct parts,
already clearly indicated in our opening paragraph, we shall confine
our remarks at present to the first part of it, or that relating to the
veneration of saints.

The preliminary charge of idolatry, or a direct contradiction to the


monotheistic doctrine of natural and revealed theology, is perfectly
groundless, and, however it may be modified and diminished, there
is not an atom of truth in it upon which any objection to the
Catholic doctrine can be based.

Idolatry, or the worship of the creature instead of the creator,


originates in ignorance or denial of the true conception of the one
living and true God. God is not worshipped, because he is not
known or believed in. By necessary consequence, something which
is not God is conceived as highest, best, most excellent, most
powerful, without reference or relation to God as the author and
sovereign of all that has any existence. The pantheist is an idolater
of all nature, but especially of himself. Even Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle were not free from idolatrous principles, although probably
free from all sin in the matter, since they ascribed to the universe a
certain amount of being not caused by the intelligence and will of
God as creator. Neither are our modern rationalists free from the
same error, since they withhold from God the homage of their
reason, and give it to themselves as to persons possessing
intelligence which is independent of God. Wilful and obstinate
heretics are all likewise in the same category; for, by rejecting a
part of what God has revealed, they, by implication, profess to be
superior to God in intelligence, and substitute an idol of their own
vain imagination in lieu of that eternal truth which is identical with
the essence of God. Idolaters, in the strict sense of the word, or
polytheists, such as the ancient Greeks and Romans were, paid a
formal worship to their gods, as superior beings having a supreme
and irresponsible control over nature and over men. It was a
worship which was a substitute for that originally given to the true
God, totally contrary to it, and an insuperable barrier to the spread
of monotheism as a religion. These false divinities were, therefore,
the rivals of the true God, and filled the place in the religious
worship of the heathen which was filled by him in the worship
established by divine revelation from the creation of mankind. It is
evident, from the very statement of what idolatry is in itself, that a
veneration paid to any creature, which is proportionate to the
degree of excellence which it has received from the creator, is not
idolatrous, and cannot detract from the supreme veneration which
is due to God as the sovereign lord of the universe. Those who
condemn the religious honor paid to created natures by the
Catholic Church cannot therefore lay down an a priori principle
from which to demonstrate in advance that this honor is necessarily
idolatrous, unless they previously demonstrate that the excellence
ascribed to these natures is such that God cannot communicate it
to a creature. The worship paid to the sacred humanity of our Lord
Jesus Christ is that which is apparently the most obnoxious to the
charge of idolatry of any other species of relative worship which the

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