Chapter - 01

Sources of Medieval Indian History

Sources of early Sources of Mughal

Introduction
medieval history History

Literary Archaeological Literary Archaeological

1. Persian and Arabic 1. General

2. Description of 2. Description of
foreign travelers foreign travelers
3. other literature
 1.1) Introduction

1. Such literary and archaeological sources which give information about events of past are called historical sources.
2. Medieval historical sources are distinct from ancient historical sources, as the focus was on systematic
historiography.
3. In this period systematic history, biography of rulers, administrative correspondence, accounts of foreign travelers
etc. are the major literary sources. Whereas major archaeological sources include inscriptions, monuments, forts,
buildings, coins etc.
4. Most of the texts of this period were written in Persian languages. Although literature was also composed in
Hindi, Sanskrit and local languages.
5. Evaluation :-
♀ In literary sources, political history predominates, meanwhile lacks the description of cultural condition.
♀ Most of the historians were patron historians, due to this a biased view is seen in literary sources.
♀ However, due to a judicious study of this material, valuable and useful material has been obtained in
sufficient quantity.
 1.2) Arabic and Persian literary sources

1.2.1) Tehqeeq-e-Hind/Kitabul Hind/Tarikh-ul-Hind

1) Book in Arabic by Al-Biruni

2) Description of Mahmud Ghaznavi's

invasion of India and political, social and

economic disorder of 11th century India

3) Translate –

♀ Hindi :- Rajinikanth Sharma

♀ English :- Edward Sachau

 NOTE
‡ Al-Biruni was a contemporary of Mahmud Ghaznavi, the ‡ In his book, he has presented a neutral account
ruler of Ghazni. of the weaknesses and shortcomings of the
‡ In 1018-19, Mahmud came to India with Ghaznavi. Indian character, due to which they suffered
‡ The main purpose of Alberuni was to get information humiliation at the hands of the invaders.
about the religions, literature and science of India. ‡ He writes that the caste system was so strong
‡ In Kitab-ul-Hind, He praised the works of ponds and water that if two Brahmins sat down to eat, they
harvesting, especially at holy places. would keep a white cloth in the middle.
‡ He referred to Brahmagupta's 'Brahma-siddhanta' ‡ According to him there were no inter-caste
Varahamihira's Brihatsamhita, Kapil's Samkhya and marriages and widows were shaved
Patanjali's Yoga etc. to know the Indian conditions and ‡ He has mentioned 8 types of Chandalas :-
cultures. cobblers, fishermen, hunters, basket makers,
‡ The Bhagavad Gita, Vishnu Purana and Vayu Purana street sweepers, etc.
have been quoted from place to place.
‡ Alberuni was the first Muslim to study the Puranas
 Formation Author Language Other
1) Chachnama unknown Arabic ▪ Mention of Sindh conquest of Arabs (Muhammad bin Qasim)
▪ Ali kufi translated it into Persian in 1226.

2) Tajul Masir Hasan Mix of ▪ Description of the events of the sultanate (slave dynasty) from 1192
Nizami Arabic and to 1228
Persian ▪ Poetry and prose
▪ Description of the early history of the Delhi sultanate

3) Taarikh-e- Ziauddin Persian ▪ Information about the history of 6 years from balban to firoz shah tughlaq
firozshahi Barani ▪ English translation :- Elliot and Dawson
▪ The description of Alauddin market system

4) Taarikh-e- Shams-Siraj- Persian ▪ After Ziauddin barani, he extended the Taarikh-e-firozshahi.

firozshahi afiq ▪ Information - detailed description of Timur's invasion in India and
works of Firoz shah Tughlaq

5) Fatwa-e- Ziauddin Persian ▪ Sultanate religious policy

Jahandari Barani ▪ Model muslim rulers / political code information
1) Ziauddin Barani, in his book Tarikh-e-Firozshahi, described Muhammad
Tughlaq as "When he got the power, he was quite independent of the
rules and ideals of Shariat." He calls the Sultan both kind and cruel
2) He severely criticized Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. Because he had given
high posts to the low and new Muslims.
3) He admires Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Barani considered him the ideal and best
sultan. He said that after Nasiruddin Mahmud, Firoz Tughlaq was the
most compassionate, generous and generous ruler.
4) Barani has described the support of the Ulema class as the main reason
for peace and prosperity in the rule of Firoz Tughlaq. Because he did
what the Ulema liked. He made all the posts hereditary according to the
ulema and strictly followed the Shariat.
 Book Author Lan Other
6) Tabaqat-e- Minhaj al- Persian ▪ Sequential description of events in Sultanate history
Nasiri Siraj ▪ Information - Rise of Islam, Caliphate regime, Turkish and Mongol invasions
in India, establishment of Delhi Sultanate and information up to Razia Sultan
▪ Dedicated to Nasiruddin Muhammad - described as the ideal sultan

7) Futuhat-e- Firuz Shah Persian ▪ Firoz Shah Tughlaq described himself as an ideal Muslim ruler
Firozshahi Tughlaq ▪ Autobiography of Firoz Shah Tughlaq

8) Futuh-us- Abu Bakr Persian ▪ Dedicated to Alauddin Bahman Shah, the founder of the Bahmani kingdom
salatin esami ▪ Poetic history from the Ghaznavi dynasty to the time of Muhammad Tughlaq
▪ He called Muhammad bin Tughluq wise fool.

9) Tarikh-a- Abu'l- Arabic ▪ History of Subuktgin and Mahmud Ghaznavi till 1020
Yamini Husain Utbi ▪ Other Name :- Kitab-ul-Yamini

10) Tarikh-a- Baihaki Persian ▪ The royal writer of Mahmud Ghaznavi

subuktgin ▪ Len pool called him the Papias of East
 Book Author Lan Other
11) Tareekh-e- Yahya bin Persian ▪ Dedicated to Mubarak Shah of Sayyid dynasty
mubarakshahi Ahmad Sirhindi ▪ Information about the history of the Sayyid dynasty

12) Waqiat-e-Mushtaqi Sheikh Rizqullah Persian ▪ Lodi and Sur dynasty information
Mushtaqi ▪ Afghan dynasties of Malwa and Gujarat

13) Adabul Herb ya Adab Fakhr-i Persian ▪ Description of Iltutmish's administration and martial arts
Us Salatin Mudabbir ▪ First Indian Muslim saga

14) Siyasatnama Nizam al-Mulk Persian ▪ Iqta system information

15) Shahnama Abul-Qâsem Persian ▪ The most influential poets of Persian literature
Ferdowsi Tusi ▪ History before the Arab conquest of modern Iran
▪ Shahnama is the national epic of Iran

16) Gulrukhi Sikandar Khan Persian ▪ Sikandar Lodi wrote poems under the name Gulrukhi
Lodi

17) Insha-e-mahuru Ayn al-Mulk Persian ▪ Compilation of letters from Alauddin Khilji to Firoz Shah
Multani Tughlaq
 1.2.2) Amīr Khusrau

1) General Information :- 2) Important work :-

♀ Full Name - Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn ♀ Inventor of sitar and tabla
Khusrau ♀ Inventor of Kabbali and Ghazal
♀ Born - 1253 Etah, Uttar Pradesh style of music.
♀ Original name - Muhammad Hassan ♀ Father of Khari Boli and Urdu
♀ Reign of eight sultans (Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
Literature
from Balban - Balban, Kaiqubad, Mumars,
♀ First Muslim poet who used
Alauddin Khilji, Jalaluddin Khilji, Mubarak Khilji,
Hindi words along with Persian
Khushravshah and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq)
♀ Invention of new ragas by
♀ Guru - Sufi Saint Nizamuddin Auliya
mixing Indian and Persian ragas -
♀ Titles -
Iman, Zilf, Sajgari
▪ Turkullah (Saint Nizamuddin Auliya)
♀ New Poetry Style - Sabb e Hind
▪ Tuti-e-Hind
(Hindustani)
 Book Description

1) Kiran-us- Khusro's poetic composition. It was created in the year 1289. In this work, Khusrau has discussed the
saden mutual meeting of Sultan Kaiqubad and Bengal's Subedar Bugra Khan

2) Mifta-ul- It was composed in the year 1291. In this work, Khusrau has described the rebellion of Malik Chhajju and
Futuh some of the military campaigns of Jalaluddin Khilji in poetic style.

3) Khazainul It is also known as Tarikh-e-Alai. It describes the events of the first sixteen years of the reign of Alauddin
Futuh Khilji. there is mention of Alauddin Khilji's military campaigns in South India and his conquests of Gujarat,
Chittor, Malwa and Warangal. According to Amir Khusrav, the game of chess was invented in India.

4) Ashika 'Aashiq' is also a poetic composition of Khusrau. This work describes the love of Devladevi, daughter of
Karna, the ruler of Gujarat, and Khizr Khan, son of Sultan Alauddin Khilji. Apart from this, the victory of
Alauddin Khilji in Gujarat, the capture of Amir Khusrau by the Mongols, his escape from captivity, the fall
of Khizr Khan, etc. have been described.

5) This is the last historical Masnavi of Amir Khusrau. In this there is a description of the diplomacy and war
Tughlaknama between Khusrav Shah and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and the acquisition of the throne of Delhi by
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. This book is in poetic style.
 6) Noah-siphar In this, the sycophancy of Alauddin Khilji's son Mubarakshah Khilji has been described
with sycophancy. In this book, Amir Khusrau has given interesting details of the
victories of Mubarak Khilji as well as the climate, animals and birds of India and
religious life. In this book, Amir Khusrau compared India with the gardens of heaven.

7) Ejaz-e-khusrvi It contains information about religious and cultural life, especially related to Sufism.

8) Khazan-ul- Khazan-ul-Futuh' has been composed in prose style. This work of Khusrau details the
Futuh events of Alauddin Khilji's reign which took place in the first sixteen years.

None of the above-mentioned texts of Khusro comes under the category of historical texts. But there are
some incidents which can be called historically useful. But Khusro described the events in a sequential
manner. For this reason, his texts are important means of knowing medieval history even though they are
not historical texts.
 1.3) Delhi Sultanate :- details of foreign travelers

1) Ibn Battuta (Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn 2) Marco Polo :-

Battutah) :- ♀ A Venetian (Italy) traveler who traveled to Central

♀ Moroccan resident who came to India in 1333 Asia from 1271 to 1295

during the reign of Mohammed bin Tughlaq ♀ Books - The Travels of Marco Polo

♀ Muhammad bin Tughlaq appointed him as the Qazi ♀ Journey to India especially the South where he
of Delhi. mentioned Indian prosperity, the port city of Kayal

♀ In 1442, Mohammad bin Tughlaq sent him to China (Kerala) etc.

as his messenger.
♀ Notable work – Rihla (In Arabic)
▪ Information - Information about the reign of
Ghiyasuddin and Muhammad bin
Tughluq(intelligence and postal system) and
Indian flora and birds etc.
 Foreign Information
travelers

3) ▪ Abdurrajjak came to India in 1442 AD.

Abdurrajaak ▪ The social and economic life of the Vijayanagara Empire has been described in detail.

4) Mahoon ▪ In 1405 AD, a team of Chinese army came to India, in which there was also a Muslim
minister named Mahon.
▪ Mahoun has described in detail about Bengal and Malabar.

5) Niccolò de' ▪ Niccolò de' Conti was a traveler from Italy.

Conti ▪ He came to India in 1520 AD.
▪ From his writings, valuable material of the customs, living, etc. of the then Indian society
is obtained.

6) Domigoda ▪ Domingoda Peiz was a Portuguese traveler.

pies ▪ He had traveled to South India.
▪ He has described the Vijayanagara Empire in detail.
 1.4) Delhi Sultanate :- Other Literary Sources

1) Much information about the history of the Sultanate 10) Chandbardai:- Prithviraj Raso’
period comes from the literature of Hindi, Sanskrit and 11) Sharangdhar :- We get information about Rana
local languages.
Hammir of Ranthambore from 'Hammir Raso' and
2) Ramanuja :- Commentaries on 'Brahma Sutras’
Hammir Poetry.
3) Parthasarthi :- Shastradeepak
4) Jayadeva :- ‘Chandra loka’, Geet Govind and Prasanna
Rāghava
5) Somadeva:- Lalit Vigrahraj
6) Vigraharāja IV :- Harakeli
7) Vijnaneshwara :- Mitakshara (famous hindu law book)
8) Jagnik :- Alha Khand (This gives information about the
history of two brave chieftains named Alha-Udal.)
9) Bhashkaracharya, a famous scholar of astrology, wrote
commentaries on 'Yoga Vaisheshik' and 'Nyaya Darshan'.
 1.5) Delhi Sultanate :- archaeological sources
1) There is no evidence of the development of any art other than
architecture in this period.
2) Its style was a mixture of Indian and foreign styles.
3) First of all, Qutbuddin Aibak built mosque named Qutub-ul-Islam
in Delhi.
4) The second building of Aibak is a mosque called Dhai Din Ka
Jhopra in Ajmer.
5) Its third artwork was the Qutub Minar which is a specimen of
Turkish architecture.
6) Among the buildings of this period, the Lal Mahal of Balban, the
Jamaiya Khana Masjid built by Alauddin Khilji and the Alai
Darwaza are famous.
7) Among the buildings of Tughlaq period, Tughlaq Shah's tomb,
Tughlaqabad city and Kotla Firoz Shah are famous. The
buildings of this period were not magnificent
 1.6) Sources of Mughal History

1) Mughal 2) Details of 3) Archaeological

Literature foreign travelers instrument

पुस्तक लेखक भाषा र्णवन

1) Bāburnāma or Babur's Turkey ╚ Information about the current political condition of India, vegetation,

Tuzk-e Babri) Autobiography birds etc.

╚ Mention of Vijayanagara (Krishnadevaraya) and Mewar (Rana Sanga)
╚ India is called the country of artisans
╚ Praise of Gwalior State
╚ Persian translation:- Payanda Khan and Abdurrahim Khane Khana
╚ English translation- Madam bebbies

2) Humayun- Gul Badan Begam Persian ╚ Information about the life and struggle of Humayun

nama (sister) ╚ The description of Humayun and Kamran's war

 Book Writer Language Information
3) Tarikh-e-Rasidi Mirza Muhammad Persian Description of the events of the last days of Babur and the rule of
Haider Humayun and Sher Shah

4) Tarikh-i-Sher Abbas Khan Persian Sher Shah Suri

Shahi Sarwani

5) Tarikh-e-Daulat- Hassan Ali Khan Persian Sher Shah Suri

e-Shershahi

Akbarnama Abu'l-Fazl Persian ╚ Major sources of Mughal history

╚ 3 parts
❑ I - Taimur to Humayun
❑ II - Akbar
❑ III – Akabr (Ain-i-Akbari)
╚ Ain-e-Akbari - Detailed information of administration, society,
department, royal court

7) Tabaqat-i- Nizamuddin Persian ╚ Humayun and Akbar

Akbari Ahmad ╚ It was praised by the firisthah
 Book Writer Language Information

8) Tarikh-e- Abdul Qadir Persian ╚ appointed as Imam by Akbar

Badayuni Badayuni ╚ Translation of Ramayana, Mahabharata, Rajatarangini, Throne
Battisi into Persian it has 3 parts
❑ I - Subuktagin to Humayun
❑ II - Akbar's reign till 1594
❑ III - Information about contemporary scholars and saints
╚ Opposition to Akbar's Religious Policy

9) Tuzuk-i- Autobiography Persian ╚ Moutmid Khan and Mohammad Hadi completed

Jahangiri of jahangir ╚ Information about the first 17 years of Jahangir
╚ Information about the society and art of the time

10) Iqbalnama Mutamid khan Persian 3 Parts :-

❑ I - Timur, Babur, Humayun
❑ II - Akbar
❑ III - Jahangir
 Book Writer Language Information
11) Padshahnama Muhammad Amir Persian ╚ History of Shahjahan
Kajwini + Abdul ╚ The part of Abdul Hameed Lahori is called Badshahnama.
Hameed Lahori +
Mohammad Baris

12) Inayat Khan Persian

Shahjahannama

13) Muntakhab-ul- Hashim Khafi Khan Persian History of 15 years from Babur to Muhammad Shah I
Labaab

14) Alamgir Nama Muhammad Kazim Persian Aurangzeb

15) Maasir-e- saki mustaid khan Persian Mughal era gazetteer

Alamgiri

16) Fatwa-e- Sheikh Persian Largest Digest of Islamic Law in India

Alamgiri Nizamuddin
Ahmed
 Book Writer Language Information

17) Nuskha-E- Bhimsen Persian History of South India and Aurangzeb era
Dilkusha

18) Khulasat-ut- Sujan Rai Persian History of padavas of Mahabharata to Aurangzeb

Tawarikh

1.6.1 Description of Foreign Travelers

1) Grant Oof : History of Marathas

2) Colonel James Tod,: History of Rajputs
3) Ralf Finch : Akbar – describe Agra and Fatehpur Sikri to be bigger than London
4) William Hawkins : Jahangir
5) Trevinier (France) : Description of Shahjahan and Kohinoor
6) Niccolao Manucci : shahjahan
7) Bernier : shahjahan
 1.6.2) Archaeological Instruments 1.6.3) Other

1) During the Mughal period, there was an extreme development of 1) Mahesh Thakur of Darbhanga has
architecture, painting and music.
written the history of Akbar's reign in
2) Many forts, monuments, palaces, tombs etc. were built in this period.
Sanskrit during Akbar's reign.
3) The most advanced architecture was made during the Mughal period.
2) Siddhi Chandra Upadhyay :- Bhanuu
4) A mixture of both indigenous and foreign styles is visible on Mughal
architecture. chnadra charitra
5) The buildings of this period include Sher Shah's Tomb, Humayun's 3) Dev milan :- Hari saubhagya
Tomb, Agra's Red Fort, Fatehpur Sikri Buildings, Aitmaddaula's 4) Jagannath Pandit wrote texts named
Tomb, Taj Mahal, Red Fort of Delhi, Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-i-Khas,
Rasgangadhar and Gangaalhari during
Sheesh Mahal, Moti Masjid, Khas-Mahal, Jama Masjid etc. are
the time of Shah Jahan.
famous
6) Among them the Taj Mahal is a world-famous building. This is a poem
5) Tulsidas's Ramcharitmanas and Surdas's
from the point of view of art Sursagar are very famous books.
7) The greatest development of painting took place during the period of
Jahangir.
 Chapter - 02
Rise of Islam

Islam is an Arabic word which means “Devotment to Allah".

02 04
Prophet, Hazrat Pillars of Quran Khalifa
Muhammad Sahab islam
01 03
 2.1) Prophet Hazrat Muhammad Sahab

1) The founder of Islam religion was 'Hazrat Muhammad 6) In 610 AD, Hazrat Muhammad got knowledge through
the Prophet', who was born in Mecca in 570 AD. the angel Gabriel in a cave named 'Hira' in Mecca.
2) The childhood name of Hazrat Muhammad was 'Al 7) Hazrat Muhammad gave his first sermon to his wife
Amin'. In the Qur'an, he is called by the name of 'Khadija'
'Muhammad' and 'Ahmad'. 8) When Muhammad condemned the superstition and
3) Hazrat Muhammad's father 'Abdullah' had died before idolatry prevalent in Arabia, attempts were made to
his birth, while mother 'Amina' died when Hazrat assassinate him in Mecca.
Muhammad was only six years old. 9) On 16 July 622 AD, Hazrat Muhammad moved from
4) Hazrat Muhammad was brought up by his uncle 'Abu Mecca to Medina, which was called Hijrat (transfer).
Talib'. Hazrat Muhammad was married to a widow 10) 'Hijri Samvat' started from 16th July 622 AD
named 'Khadija'. 11) He died in Medina in 632 AD.
5) He had a daughter 'Fatima', who was married to 'Hazrat
Ali', the nephew of Muhammad.
 2.2) Pillars of Islam 2.3) Quran

The most important principles of Islam are considered to 1) Quran is the most important and holy book of Islam
be five, on which the entire Islam religion is based. :- religion.
♀ Kalma - Believing in Allah and His Messenger. 2) Hazrat Muhammad had attained knowledge from
♀ Namaz - Reading Namaz 05 times a day. 610 AD till his death in 632 AD, whose knowledge he
♀ Zakat - Voluntary donation (2.5%) had given to his followers.
♀ Roza - Fasting 3) After the death of Hazrat Muhammad, the first
♀ Hajj - travel to Mecca compilation of the Quran was done in 633 AD, while
the last compilation of the Quran was done by 'Zaid
ibn Thabit' in 653 AD.
4) Originally the Quran was composed in the Arabic
language. There are a total of 114 surahs (chapters) in
the Quran.
 2.4) Khalifah

1) ‘Khalifa is an Arabic word which means successor.

2) In Islam, the successor of Hazrat Muhammad was called Khalifa.
3) The first Caliph in Islam was 'Hazrat Abu Bakr', whose capital was Medina (Saudi Arabia). Next came Hazrat Umar,
Hazrat Usman (Uthman) and Hazrat Ali Khalifa respectively. Hazrat Ali established the capital at Kufa (Iraq).
4) The first four caliphs are called 'Rashidun Khalifa' and 'Holy Khalifa', because they ruled according to the principles
of Islam.
5) After the Rashidun Caliphs (632-661 AD), the Umayyad dynasty (661-750 AD), the Abbasi dynasty (750-1517 AD) and
the Ottoman dynasty or the Ottoman dynasty (1517-1924 AD) ruled respectively, At whose time the capital was
Damascus (Syria), Baghdad (Iraq) and Cairo (Egypt) respectively.
6) On 03 March 1924 AD, the first President of Turkey 'Mustafa Kemal Pasha' finally abolished the post of Caliph. The
last caliph in Islam was 'Abdul Majid II'.
 Chapter - 03
Muslim Invasion in India

Arabic invasion Turkish invasion

1) Condition 2) Arabic
Muhammad ibn -Qasim of India Invasion : Mahmud Ghaznavi
before the Introduction (971-1030)
Arab
invasion
Muhammad Ghori
(1149-1206)
3) Arabic 4) 5) Arabic
Invasion : Expansion Invasion :
Cause or Impact
Purpose
 3.1) Condition of India before the Arab invasion

1. Political Condition :-:- 3. Social condition :-

♀ Lack of unified supreme power ♀ Strengthening of the caste system
♀ Many small independent states – ♀ Inter-caste marriage completely prohibited
Hindushahi (Sindh), Mlechchha ♀ Prevalence Child marriage and the practice of Sati
dynasty (Assam), Vardhan (Uttar ♀ Increase in untouchability, polygamy and superstition
Bharat and Kannauj) ♀ Most people are vegetarians
2. Religious condition :- ♀ Widow remarriage prohibited

♀ Decline in the influence of Thus, the Hindu society of the time could not
Buddhism withstand the external invaders due to mutual jealousy and deep

♀ Jainism in the Southern States horizontal and vertical divisions.

♀ Most of the rulers followed 4. Economic condition :-

Hinduism but were tolerant of ♀ Financially prosperous
other religions.
♀ Most of the people lived in villages and produced surplus agricultural produce, which were exported
♀ Demand for Indian spices, sandalwood etc. for abroad
♀ Presence of rural small-scale industries (rope weaving, nugget weaving etc.)
♀ Economic inequality
 3.2) Arabic Invasion on India: Introduction and Background

1) The first successful Muslim (Arabic) invasion of ╚ Abbasid empire(750 to 1248) Baghdad (Iraq)
India was carried out by Muhammad bin Qasim on ╚ Ottoman Empire (1248 to 1924) – Cairo(Egypt)
Sindh (ruler Dahir) in 712 AD, the background of ♀ Highest rank– Khalifa
which is as follows :- 2) Muhammad bin Qasim :-
♀ 610 – Unitfication of Arab tribes after ♀ Leader of the first successful Arab Muslim invasion of
establishment of islam India
♀ 632 - Establishment of Arab Muslim Empire ♀ Son-in-law of Iraq's Subedar Al-Hajjaj, appointed by
(Arabian Peninsula +Iran +Iraq +Syria +Spain Caliph al-Walid I, head of the Umayyad dynasty
+North Africa) ♀ On the orders of Al-Hajjaj, Mohammed bin Tughlaq
♀ Four dynasties ruled this empire -- attacked Dahir, the ruler of Sindh.
╚ Rashidun Caliphate (632 to 661) - Kufa 3) An independent state was established in Sindh in the 8th
(Iraq) century by “Chach” whose capital was Deval. “Chach” was
╚ Umayyad dynasty (661 to 750) - succeeded by his son “Dahir”.
Damascus (Syria)
4) Information about the Arab invasion of Sindh in 712 is found in the Arabic book Chachnama, which was translated
into Persian by Abu Bakr Kufi under the name Fatahnama during the reign of Nasiruddin Qubacha.

NOTE
‡ One waterway and three land routes to enter India from the west
‡ Of the three land routes, one was in the valley of Haber, the other in the valley of Bolan and the third along the
banks of Makran.
‡ Arabs used these four routes to attack India
‡ Before Mir Qasim's invasion of Sindh, a campaign was sent for the conquest of Thana near Bombay in 636 during
the time of Caliph Umar, but it was unsuccessful. During this campaign, the people of India first came in contact
with Islam, after which many Arab traders settled on the Malabar beach (west coast) of India.
‡ The second campaign was carried out in the time of Caliph Osman in 644 under the leadership of Abdullah bin
Umar in western Sindh of Makran by land route. Defeated the rulers of Makran and Sindh, but even after the
conquest of Sindh, did not consider it appropriate to merge it into his kingdom.
‡ Finally, in the beginning of the eighth century, the Arabs conquered Balochistan or Makran, thus paving the way
for the conquest of Sindh.
 3.3) Arab invasion of India : Reasons

1) India's Wealth
2) The ambitious expansionist policy of the Arab rulers, under which they already conquered Syria,
Palestine, etc.
3) Propagation of Islam
4) Robbery of royal Arabian ship by robbers on Dewal coast (Sindh) and non-fulfillment of demand for
compensation by King Dahir of Sindh
 3.4) Important events

1) Deval (712) :- Attack, massacre and loot on the port city of Dewal via Makran
2) Nirun :- Surrender of Buddhist monks
3) Sehwan :- Surrender of Dahir's cousin
4) Battle of Rewar or Rawad (20 June 712) :- Between Muhammad bin Qasim and Sindh ruler Dahir in
which Dahir died
5) Brahmanism :- A fierce battle with Dahir's son Jai Singh but Kasim's victory (Kasim took Surya Devi and
Parmaldevi - Dahir's daughter captive)
6) Multan :- Qasim got so much gold from Multan that he called Multan as the Golden City.
The Arabs ruled Sindh and Multan till 871 AD. During this time the Arabs made 'Mansoura'
their capital in Sindh. Arabs could not control other areas of India. When Arab invaders tried to enter the interior
areas of India, they were defeated by Lalitaditya, the ruler of the Karkot dynasty of Kashmir, Nagabhatta I of the
Pratihara dynasty of Kannauj and Pulakeshin II, the ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Badami.
 ♀ Lack of freedom of women - complete ban on inter-
3.5) Effects of Arab Invasion on India
caste marriage, practice of child marriage and purdah

The contacts between India and Arabia started in the system etc.

seventh century itself, but the political relations ♀ The use of arches and domes in temple construction

established during the Sindh invasion in 712 had the ♀ Monsoon Words and Cartography

following effects of the arrival of the Arabs in India - 2) Influence on arabs :-

1) Impact on Indians :- ♀ Great wealth

♀ The advent of Islam in India ♀ Arabic translation of books on indian astrology,

♀ Camel farming and date palm farming in India mathematics, science, literature etc.

♀ The use of the word "Hindu" by the Arabs ╚ Alfazari arabic translation of brahmasiddhanta

♀ Arabs started circulation of coin called "Dirham" and khandakhadya

╚ Translation of panchatantra into arabic as kalila-damna
in Sindh
♀ Decimal system
♀ Introduction of non-Muslim tax called "Jaziya"
In this way, the political impact of the arab invasion on
by Muhammad bin Qasim
india was negligible, but it remained very important from the
♀ Court etiquette, drinking, non-vegetarianism
point of view of culture and civilization.
and dress (kurta-pyjama)
 अध्याय – 04 || Chapter - 04
भारत में महमूि गजनर्ी (तुकी) का आक्रमण || Mahmud Ghaznavi (Turkish) invasion of India

Turks, Turanis, Uzbeks, and Turkmans were each other's neighboring tribes. They came from Uzbekistan (Tashkent,
Samarkand and Bukhara), Turkmenistan, China's Xinkiang province (Yarkand, Kashgar and Khohan), and the Balkh and
Bahrushan regions of Afghanistan. The Turks embraced Islam after the Arabs conquered Central Asia in the ninth century.
[Alptegīn(962-963) Subüktigīn(977-997) Mahmud Ghaznavi(998-1030) Muhammad Ghori(1192-1206)]

1) Condition of india 3) Objective of Ghaznavi's attack 5) Effect / result

2) Background and introduction 4) Major attack 6) Other information

 4.1) India's position at the time of Turkish invasion

1) There was complete lack of political unity in north india

2) At this time small states existed in the country.
3) Internal strife made them weak, and it was not possible for them to effectively resist foreign invasions.
4) Both multan and sindh were conquered by the arabs in the early 8th century.
5) The Indoshahi dynasty was a vast hindu kingdom in north-west india, whose border extended from
kashmir to the hindukush. Mahmud attacked its capital vahind. Whose rules was jaipal, who committed
suicide after being defeated.
6) The region of kashmir located in northern india was plagued by political disorder since the time of
mahmud ghaznavi's invasion. The real ruler here was kshetragupta's wife didda.
7) The economic base of the states was weak, as a result of which the military base was also weakened.
 4.2) Background and introduction

1) Ghazni dynasty (Yamini dynasty) 2) Shansbani dynasty (Gor dynasty)

1) Alaptagin (962-68) 1) Muhammad Ghori (1192–1206)

2) Subuktigin (977-997)
3) Ghaznavi (998-1030)

1) The first Muslims to enter India were Arabs, although the credit of establishing Muslim power in India is
given to the Turks.
2) The Turks were originally a non-Muslim tribe of Central Asia who later became mercenaries of the Abbasi
Empire and defenders of Islam. These new Muslims were more cruel and fanatic than the Arabs
3) At the end of the 9th century, Transoxiana, Khorasan and parts of Iran were ruled by the Samani dynasty,
while the position of the Abbasi Caliphate (750 to 1246) weakened.
 4.2.1.1) AlpTigin (933-963)
▪ Muslim Turks (Iranian)
Conflict
▪ Non muslim 1) A Turk slave of Abdul Malik, the Samani ruler of
Bukhara
Rise of the mercenary and religious protector Ghazi class (Turkey)
2) Appointed governor of Khurasan in 956
3) After the death of Abdul Malik in 962, succession
Alaptagin :- Turk slave of Bukhara ruler Abdul Malik war broke out between his brother and uncle.
4) Fearing future punishment, he left for Ghazni
Establishment of Ghaznavi / Yamini dynasty in Afghan territory
(Raj.-Ghazni) and established the Ghaznavi dynasty there.
5) Alaptagin made Ghazni his capital
▪ First Turkish Muslim to invade India 6) At this time the Hindushahi dynasty ruled in the
Subüktigīn
▪ Alaptagin's slave north-west of India, it extended to the
Son Hindukush ranges.
7) Therefore, the boundaries of Ghazni and
Mahmud Ghaznavi Hindushahi dynasty started colliding with each
other, as a result, war was inevitable.
 4.2.1.2) Subüktigīn (977-999) 4.2.1.2) Mahmud Ghaznavi (998-1030)

1) Became the ruler in 977, who was the slave and son-in- 1) The son of the ruler of Ghazni, Subuktigin and his
law of Alaptagin. successor
2) The ruler of the Indoshahi dynasty, Jayapala, attacked 2) In 998 he defeated his younger brother Ismail and
the kingdom of Subuktagin, but Jayapal was defeated, became the Sultan of Ghazni.
and he was forced to make a treaty. 3) The first Ottoman ruler to hold the Title of Sultan,
3) Jayapala did not pay war damages according to the although on coins he is referred to as "Amir Mahmud"
treaty, so Subuktagin attacked the Indoshahi dynasty 4) After conquering Hirat and Khorasan, the Caliph of
and succeeded in conquering some territory. Baghdad conferred on Mahmud the titles of Yamin-ud-
4) Thus, the first Turk to attack India was Subuktigin Daulah (right arm of the empire) and Amin-ul-Millat
5) Before his death, Subuktigin had included the whole of (protector of religion).
Afghanistan, Khorasan, Balkh and the northwestern 5) At the same time, he vowed to attack the country of
border of India in his empire. the infidels more and more and according to Eliot
6) In 998 AD, Subuktagin's eldest son Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked India 17 times.
killed Ismail and got the throne. 6) During the Indian invasion, Mahmud gave the slogan
"Jihad" and described himself as "Butshikan and Ghazi".
 4.3) Objectives/reasons of Mahmud
Ghaznavi's invasion of India

1) Gaining money :- Money was needed for his empire to

prosper and expand, for which he attacked prosperous India.
This view is supported by Prof. Habib, Hable and Jafar did
2) Spread of Islam religion :- Ghaznavi was fanatic in nature,
who hated the infidels. He invaded India with the aim of
getting support from the Caliph and the Muslims. His
historian Utbi describes jihad by the Sultan in Tarikh-i-Yamini.
3) Other reason :-
♀ He never want to establish empire in india
♀ getting elephants
♀ obey the orders of the caliph
 4.4) Major Invasion of Mahmud Ghaznavi on India

According to the historian Eliot, Mahmud Ghaznavi ❑ Fourth (1005) and Eighth (1010) Invasions :- The
attacked about 17 times between 1000 and 1027 for the ruler of Multan attacked Abdul Fatah Daud (Karmathi,
loot of Indian wealth and the propagation of Islam in Shia sect). He asked Anandapala for help, but
India. In which the following are the main attacks :- Mahmud had already defeated Anandapala. Then
❑ First Invasion (1000) :- Fort situated on the border Mahmud defeated Dawood and captured Multan.
area of Indoshahi dynasty . Dawood revolted as soon as he returned to Ghazni. In
❑ Second invasion (1001) :- After defeating Jayapala, 1010, Mahmud attacked and took Dawood captive
the ruler of Indoshahi dynasty near Peshawar, looted and included Multan in the kingdom of Ghazni.
the capital Waihind (Udbhandpur). Jayapala ❑ Fifth invasion (1007) :- Mahmud Ghaznavi appointed
committed suicide by handing over his rule to Jayapala's grandson Sukhpal on Ohind in Punjab and
Anandapal. Among the Hindu states of North India, accepted Islam, but after Ghaznabi's departure,
the Indoshahi dynasty was first attacked by Sukhpal declared independence. So Ghaznabi
Ghaznavi, and it was he who resisted Ghaznavi the attacked to punish Sukhpal.
most.
❑ Sixth Invasion (1008) :- Although Mahmud had ❑ Twelfth Invasion (1018) :- Attack on the governor
defeated the Indoshahi rulers , they were still of the Gurjara Pratihara dynasty (Kannauj).
powerful. and prepared a united front with the Ghaznabi's first attack in the Ganges valley where
help of Khokhar of Punjab). After this there was a he damaged the temples of Mathura and
war between Mahmud and Anandapal near Vrindavan. The governor surrendered without a
Peshawar in which Anandpal was defeated and fight. After the return of Mahmud of Ghaznabi,
Ghaznavi looted Bhimnagar and got immense Raja Vidyadhar of the Chandela dynasty of
wealth. Anandapal ruled under Mahmud for some Kalinjar, with the cooperation of the Raja of
time, but in 1020 AD Mahmud took control of Gwalior, killed the governor.
Punjab. ❑ Fourteenth invasion (1019-20) :- Invasion to
❑ Seventh Invasion (1009) :- On Nagarkot, the hilly punish Vidyadhar, the ruler of Chandela dynasty
region of Kangra, from where he got a lot of of Kalinjar. Vidyadhar ran away in the middle of
money. the war.
❑ Ninth Invasion (1014) :- Robbery of Chakraswamy
Temple of Thaneshwar (Haryana).
❑ Sixteenth Invasion (1025) :- In 1025-26 AD, he attacked the Somnath temple of Gujarat, which was the
most famous attack of Mahmud. At that time the ruler there was Bhimdev (Chalukya dynasty). After
looting immense wealth from the Somnath temple, he demolished it. The capital of Gujarat was
Anhilwara.
❑ Seventeenth attack (1027) :- The last attack of Mahmud Ghaznavi was carried out against the Jats of
Sindh.
Thus, Mahmud attacked India 17 times. Showing his military might, he trampled the areas from
Gujarat to eastern Uttar Pradesh. Even after these successes, he did not establish his power in India because
his aim was not to build an empire but to plunder wealth. The only permanent result of his invasion was the
annexation of Punjab, Sindh and Multan into the Ghazni Empire. The most important effect of Mahmud
Ghaznavi's invasion was the exposure of India's political and military weakness. Mahmud Ghaznavi died in
1030 AD.
 4.5) Effects of Invasion on India 4.6) Other facts

1. Ghaznavi received a lot of money from India, which 1) सेना में वतलक नामक त्रििंदू सेनापवत

was used to expand the empire in Central Asia 2) संस्कृत व अरब मुिा लेख के साथ चांदी के ससक्के (त्रदरिम)
3) प्रमुख सात्रित्यकार :–
2. Islam was propagated only till Sindh and Multan by
1. अलबरूनी - तिकीक ए त्रििंद (अरबी)
Arab invasion, but Islam spread to the Ganges valley
2. हफरिौसी - 1. शािनामा (मिान िारसी ग्रंथ)
due to Ghaznavi's invasion.
2. पूवण का िोमर
3. The entire Northwest Frontier Province, Punjab,
3. कश्मीर को पृथ्वी का स्वगण किा
Sindh and Multan were included in the Ghazni Empire. 3. उत्बी - दरबारी इवतिासकार
4. Loss of India's wealth and destruction of art 1. तारीख ए यावमनी / (अरबी)
5. The military and political weakness of the frontier 2. इवतिासकार
rulers of India was manifested, the result of which was 4. बैहाकी

the success of Mohammad Ghori and later the 1. तारीख ए सुबुक्तगीन

2. पूवी पेप्स
establishment of a permanent Muslim empire in India.
 Chapter - 05
Muhammad Ghuri (Turkish) invasion of India

The real founder of the Muslim Empire in India was Muizuddin Muhammad bin Sam or Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghuri.
or Muhammad of the Gaur dynasty

01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Assessment of
Erstwhile
Major attack muhammad
indian state ghori

Reasons for Because of

Impact on
Background the invasion the victory
india
of india of the turks
 5.1) Background

1) Gore :- The agricultural area situated between

Ghazni and Herat
2) It was ruled by the Shansbani dynasty, a Turkic
tribe who came from eastern Iran.
3) In 1009 Ghaznabi captured Ghor.
4) After the death of Mahmud of Ghaznavi in ​1030, the
Ghazni Empire began to decline and the Ghor
dynasty got an opportunity to increase its power.
5) In 1050, Alauddin Hussain Shah, the ruler of Gor,
attacked Ghazni and destroyed it.
6) In 1173 it was given to his brother Shihabuddin who
came to rule Ghazni under the name of Muizuddin
Muhammad bin Sam or Muhammad Ghuri..
 2) Situation in North India at that time

Even after the invasions of Bin Qasim and Ghaznavi, the situation of political fragmentation and internal strife in India
remained the same. Also, the social condition was pathetic. The whole country was divided into the following states :-

State Rulers and dynasties Other

1) Punjab (Lahore) Khusrau Malik(Ghazni) Ghuri captured in 1186

2) Sind Khumra caste (Shia Muslim) Conquered by Ghuri in 1175

3) Multan Karmadhi caste (Shia) Ghuri's right in 1175

4) Gurajat (Ahinlawada) Mularaja II (Chalukya) Ghuri's first defeat (1178-79)

5) Delhi and Ajmer Prithviraja III(Rai Pithora) ♀ almighty ruler

♀ Tarain I (1192) and Tarain II(1193)

6) kannauj Jaichand (Gaharwal) ♀ Jaichand's daughter Sanyogita

♀ Gauri's right in 1194
 State Ruler and dynasty Other

7) Bundelkhand Paramardidev (Chandela ♀ Capital - Kalinjar

(jejakabhukti) dynasty) ♀ War with Malwa, Kalchuri, Parmar
♀ Gauri in 1202

8) Kalchuri Karna (Chedi dynasty) war with garhwal

9) Malwa Parmar Dynasty Conquered by Alauddin Khilji in 1305

10) Bengal Pala and Sen dynasty Invasion by Bakhtiyar Khilji

3) Cause of Gauri's invasion of India

1) Ambition of empire expansion

2) Elimination of ghazni empire from punjab
3) Propagation of islam
4) Receipt of money
5) Establishment of muslim empire in india
 4) Major Invasions of Gauri

Gujarat/Patan/Ahi
Multan and Sindh Punjab/Peshawar
lwara/Naharwala Tarain - I (1191)
(1175) (1179)
(1178-79)

Bundelkhand Bayana and Kannauj/Chandaw

Tarain – II (1192)
(1202-03) Gwalior (1195) ar (1194)

The Last Khokhar

Bihar (1202) Bengal (1205) Tibet (1205)
(1206)
 1) Multan and Sindh (1175) 2) Lahore was captured by defeating the ruler of
1) Ghori's first invasion of India in 1175 Punjab, Khusrau Malik.
2) Entering India through Gomal Pass 3) On the instigation of Raja Chakradev, the ruler
3) Defeated the Shia Muslim rulers of the Karmati caste over of Jammu, Ghauri took full control of Lahore in
Multan and the rulers of the Sumra caste over Sindh. 1192.
2) Invasion of Gujarat (1178-79) 4) First Battle of Tarain (1191)
1) Attack on Anhilwara in 1178-79. 2) Between Prithviraj Chauhan III of Chauhan
2) Ruler of Chalukya dynasty ruler Mularaj II (Bhima II) in dynasty and Mohammad Ghuri in Tarain in
Gujarat modern Haryana in 1191.
3) Mularaj II, led by his widowed mother Nayika Devi, 3) Reason :- The capture of Bhatinda (Taberhind)
defeated Gauri at a place called Qadra near Abu Dhabi. by Mohammad Ghori and the annexation of
4) Gauri's first defeat in India. the borders of Ghori and Delhi after the
3) Attack on Punjab (Peshawar) conquest of Punjab.
1) After being defeated by Mularaj II, he entered India 4) Mohammad Ghuri returned to Punjab after his
through the Punjab route. second defeat in India.
 5) Second Battle of Tarain (1192) 2) Jaichand was defeated in the battle between Kannauj
1) War between Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan and Etawah at Chandavar.
in 1192 to avenge the first defeat of Tarain 7) Attack on Bayana and Gwalior (1195)
2) In this war, Ghazni was accompanied by Yalduz, 2) War between Bayana's ruler Kumarpal and Mohammad
Qabacha and Aibak. Ghori
3) It was a decisive battle which almost ensured the 3) Ghori appointed Bahauddin as Subedar of Bayana
establishment of Turkic power in India. 4) After making a treaty with the Raja of Gwalior, the fort
4) According to the book Taj-ul-Masir by Hasan Nizami, of Gwalior was also got by the Turks.
after the defeat in this war, Prithviraj Chauhan 8) Bundelkhand invasion (1202-03)
remained the ruler of Ajmer under the control of Ghuri 2) War between King Parmardidev of Bundelkhand and
for some time. The proof of which is the coin, which has Qutubuddin Aibak, the slave of Ghori
Prithviraj Chauhan on one side and Mohammed bin 3) After the Kalinjar conquest, Aibak occupied Mahoba
Sham engraved on the other side. and Khajuraho.
6) Attack on Kannauj (Battle of Chandawa) 4) Prime Minister Ajaydev continued the protest for some time.

1) War between Jaichand and Mohammad Ghori, the 5) Chandela left the fort of Kalinjar and went to the fort of
rulers of the Garhwal dynasty of Kannauj in 1194. Ajaygarh.
 9) Invasion of Bihar (1202) 11) Tibet Expedition (1205) :-
1) Ghulam Mohammad Bakhtiyar Khilji of 1) It was the mistake of Bakhtiyar Khilji, where he suffered a lot
Ghori planned the conquest of Bihar and and was killed by his Sardar Ali Mardan Khilji in 1206.
Bengal 2) Meanwhile, Khwarizmi Shah defeated Mohammad Ghori in
2) In 1202, he attacked Odantapuri, the capital the Battle of Andkhudin Central Asia.
of Bihar, whose ruler was Induman Bhiru. 12) Khokhar (1206)
3) Bakhtiyar Khilji destroyed Buddhist Bihar, The last Indian campaign of Mohammad Ghori was against the
Nalanda and Vikramshila University etc. Khokhar caste of Punjab in 1205.
10) Invasion of Bengal (1204-05) :- On his way back from India, in 1206 AD, he was
1) Bakhtiyar Khilji attacked Nadia, the capital murdered by some warring castes near the Indus river. Thus, Ghori
of Lakshmana Sena, the ruler of the Sen established the Turkish Empire in India on the strength of his
dynasty. ability, ambition and vision. After his death, Qutbuddin Aibak
2) Khilji made Lakhnauti his center to rule became the ruler of the Turkish Empire in India, he established the
Bengal and Bihar. slave dynasty in India, which later came to be known as Delhi
Sultanate.
 5) Reasons of the victory of the Turks and the defeat of the Rajput rulers

1) Lack of political unity/integration ♀ Turkman horses were superior to Indian

2) conflict and internal strife horses
3) Faulty military operation and organization ♀ Turk horses used an iron cord, while Indian
♀ excessive use of elephants horses were more prone to injury and death
♀ Lack of new strategies for war due to non-use of cord
4) Lack of security of frontier areas ♀ Turks knew how to use bow and arrow better
5) Lack of economic and military resources due to ♀ The swords of the Turks were lighter than
feudal system those of the Indian swords.
6) Rigid division of society into caste and varna
7) Other reason :-
♀ Lack of mobility in the army due to its
dependence on elephant forces
 6) Assessment of Muhammad Ghori

1) Ghori proved to be more superior than Mahmud Ghaznavi in ​terms of permanent results.
2) Ghori had the ability to understand the circumstances and act accordingly.
3) He was a good connoisseur of human character, knew how to find and employ worthy persons.
4) He patronized scholars:- Fakhruddin Raji and Najami Uruji were associated with his court.
5) Mohammad Ghori had got coins in the shape of a Hindu goddess issued. After taking over Delhi,
Muhammad Ghori had introduced Indian currency in Delhi like the coins of Chauhans.
6) After the conquest of Kannauj, he inscribed the images of Lakshmi, Nandi etc. on his coins in the manner
of gold coins of Gahadavalas, on which Muhammad Binsam was inscribed in Devanagari script.
7) Mohammad Ghori had issued a 56-grain coin named Delhiwala.
 7) Impact on india

1) After the Ottoman conquest in the political field, a 8) Promotion of urbanization :- Muhammad Habib has
Muslim state was established in India, which was called the arrival of Turks in northern India as 'Urban
known as Delhi Sultanate. revolution'.
2) Political unity was established in northern India under 9) When the lower classes started accepting Islam, the
Muslim rule. Bhakti movement against the Indian caste system
3) Decentralized governance system was replaced by started.
autocratic monarchy and ultracentralized system of 10) In the cultural field, a new Indo-Islamic architectural
governance. style developed due to the synthesis of Hindu style and
4) New land revenue system in the economic field Muslim style.
5) With the end of the feudal system, internal commerce 11) The use of leather genes and iron cords in horses
and trade developed. 12) Similarly, the increase in paper production led to an
6) Development of urdu language increase in the number of written works.
7) Changes in the production of military material led to
fundamental changes in the method of warfare
 8) Other facts

1) Goddess lakshmi picture on coins

2) Coins in the name of prithviraj and ghori
3) Iqta/aqta system in North India
4) 4 main slaves
❖ Qutubuddin Aibak :- Lahore & Delhi
❖ Yaldoz – Ghajini
❖ Qabacha - Kutch and Sindh
❖ Bakhtiyar Khilji - Bengal & Bihar
 Major ancient universities

1. Takshshila -
2. • Present Pak's Punjab
2. Nalanda-
3. • World's first university 3. Vikramshila -
• Present Bihar (Rajgir) 4. Vallabhi -
4. • 700BC - 800BC • Present Bihar (Bhagalpur) • Saurashtra (Gujarat)
• The oldest of present-day
5. • Kautilya, Panini, Prasenjit • Pala ruler Dharmapala(783- • Administrative Education
India
820) Center
6. • Center for Ayurveda
• Kumaragupta • Chinese traveler It Sing
Science • Demolished by Bakhtiyar
• 413 AD • Buddhist Education Center
7. • Grand Trunk Road Khilji (circa 1193 AD)
• Oxford of Mahayana
8. • UNESCO in 1980
 8) Possible question

Very Short Question :- 12) Jagnik

1) Ain-i-Akbari 13) Marco polo
2) Akbarnama 14) Firdausi
3) Ibn battuta 15) Bakhtiyar khilji
4) Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi 16) Muhammad of Ghor
5) Amir Khusrow 17) Mahmud of Ghazni
6) Chach Nama 18) First battle of tarain
7) Tajul Maasir 19) Battle of chandawar
8) Fatwa-i-Jahandari 20) Mohammed bin qasim
9) Al-Biruni 21) Utbi
10) Kitab-Ul-Hind or Tahqiq-i-Hind . 22) Battle of patan
11) Prithviraj Raso 23) Mahmud ghaznabi's attack on Somnath temple
Short Question :-
1) Discuss the sources of medieval history.
2) "The work started by the Arabs was completed by the Turks." Briefly explain this statement in the
context of Muslim invasion of India.
3) Comment on Amir Khusro.
4) Explain the reasons for the Arab invasion of Sindh.
5) What were the effects of the Arab conquest of Sindh on India?
6) What were the objectives of Mahmud Ghaznavi's invasion of India?
7) Mention the reasons for the defeat of the Rajputs and the Turkish conquest.
8) Why is the Arab conquest of Sindh a mere event? Briefly explain.
9) Briefly discuss the social, economic and religious condition of India at the time of Muslim invasion.
 Chapter - 06
Rise of Delhi Sultanate: Slave Dynasty or Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)

General
1 introduction
5 Razia Sultan

Introduction to the
2 Mamluk Dynasty
6 Nasiruddin Mahmood

3 Qutb ud-Din Aibak 7 Ghiyas ud din Balban

4 Iltutmish 8 Other rulers and facts

 1) General introduction

1) Direct result of Turks invasion - Delhi Sultanate

2) From 1206 to 1526, the state of 5 Muslim dynasties on India is called Delhi Sultanate.

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Slave dynasty Khalji dynasty Tughlaq dynasty Sayyid dynasty Lodi dynasty
(1206-1290) (1290-1320) (1320-1414) (1414-1450) (1450-1526)
Qutb ud-Din Aibak Jalal-ud-din Khalji Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Khizr khan Bahlol lodi
(11 Ruler) (5 Ruler) (9 Ruler) (4 Ruler) (3 Ruler)

Turkish Afghani

Tughlaq (94) Slave (84) Lodi (76) Sayyid (36) Khalji (30)
 1) Slave/Mamluk Dynasty (1206 – 1290) :- General Introduction

1) After the death of Ghori in 1206, the empire was divided into three parts. :-
♀ Yaldoz - Ghajini
♀ kubacha - Sindh
♀ Qutbuddin Aibak - Indian Territory
2) Dynasty that ruled northern India from 1206 to 1290 :- Slave Dynasty (Founder - Aibak)
3) Naming :-
♀ Slave Dynasty - Since it was founded by Ghulam Aibak of Ghori. However, only 3 sultans (Aibak,
Iltutmish and Balban) out of 11 were slaves and were freed from slavery before taking power.
♀ Ilbari Dynasty - Aibak was not Ilbari Turk and Minhaj Siraj also did not consider Aibak as Ilbari
Turk. The first Ilbari Ottoman ruler was Iltutmish.
♀ Mamluk Rulers - Mamluk means a lineage descended from parents freed from the bondage of
slavery. The most appropriate name proposed by the historian Habidullah
1) Kutubi Qutb ud-Din Aibak (1206-1210) Capital - Lahore

Aram Shah (1210)

Iltutmish (1210-1236) Capital - Delhi

Rukn-ud-din Firuz (1236)

2) Shamsi Raziya al-Din (1236-1239)

Muizuddin Feroz Shah (1236) Gulam dynasty (11 rulers)

Ulauddin Bahramshah (1240-46)

Nasiruddin Mahmud shah (1246-65)

Gyasuddin Balban (1266-1287)

Moinuddin Kaikubad (1287-1290)

3) Balbani

Cummers (1290)
 1) Background and General Introduction

Aibak (Turkish word - god of the moon) slave of Mohammad Ghori and founder of Delhi Sultanate (slave dynasty)

Fakhruddin Quran
recitation in Amir-e-Akhoor
Born - Abdul Aziz Gauri bought
Training melodious (commander of
Turkistan Bought by in Ghajini
voice (Quran cavalry)
kuki Khan)

1) First phase of Aibak (1192–1206) :- ♀ 25 June 1206 - Aibak's coronation

♀ Gauri's representative ♀ 1208 - Received emancipation letter from Ghori's
♀ Role in the Battle of Tarain and Chandawar nephew Mahmud
♀ Defeated King Parmardidev of Bundelkhand in ╚ Never holds the title of sultan
1202 ╚ Ruled with the title of malik or Sipahsalar
♀ In fact, Gauri's policy of India expansionism was ╚ Neither got coins in his name issued nor got
implemented by aibak. khutba read in his name.
2) Phase II (1206-1210) :-
♀ sultanate
 2) Aibak's difficulties

At the time of his accession in 1206, there were many problems in front of 4) Problem of Bengal - After the death
Qutubuddin, which he successfully faced. He was a capable soldier and of Bakhtiyar Khilji, there was chaos in
administrator but after 1206 he solved the problems with political tact and Bihar and Bengal and the crisis of
patience. He had the following problems :- breaking the relations of these regions
1) Yaldauj and Qabacha - At the time of the death of Ghori, with Delhi had arises.
Qabacha was an independent ruler of Multan and Sindh, while 5) Security of the North-West Frontier -
Yaldauj was the independent ruler of Ghazni. Both of them were There was always a possibility of the
strong rivals of Qutb ud-Din Aibak . attack of the Shah of Yalduj and
2) Ambition of the Shah of Khwarism - The Sultan of Khwarism, the Khwarizm on the North-West Frontier.
kingdom of Central Asia, had his eyes on Ghazni and Delhi.
❖ Donar of lakhs - Lakhbakhsh
3) Opposition to Rajput Kings - Many Rajput states were conquered ❖ Donor of Elephants – Pil baksh
by the Turks. Most of these states were those who were trying to ❖ Highly philanthropic - Hatim II
achieve independence by rejecting the slavery of the Turks. This ❖ Melodicious recitation of Quran - Quran

was an internal problem before Qutb ud-Din Aibak . Khaan

 3) Settlement of problems 4) Problem of Bengal :- In Bengal, the Khalji
chieftains revolted and imprisoned Alimardan
1) Yaldoz's problem :- In 1208, Yaldoz attacked
Khan and he sought help from Qutubuddin Aibak.
Punjab. Aibak campaigned against Yaldoz and
The army sent by Aibak occupied Bengal and
maintained control over Ghazni for 40 days, after
Alimardan Khan was made its Iqtadar.
which Yaldoz could not dare to attack Punjab
5) Protection of the North-West Frontier :- During
again.
the reign of Aibak, the ruler of Khwarism wanted
2) Problem of Qubacha :- Aibak established friendly
to take over Ghazni. If Ghazni had become the
relations with Qubacha. He married his sister to
possession of Khwarizm Shah, he could have
qubacha, ending the enmity between the two.
claimed Delhi as well. But nothing like this
3) Opposition to Rajput states :- Qutbuddin Aibak
happened during the reign of Qutubuddin Aibak.
once again tried to conquer Rajput states, such as
Thus, Qutbuddin Aibak was beset with
Kalinjar, Gwalior, Badaun and Farrukhabad, but
problems during his four-year reign. But he faced
due to the sudden death of Qutbuddin Aibak, he
them with military and political tact.
could not win these states decisively.
 4) Aibak's achievements

1) Literature :- The then scholars Hasan Nizami and Fakr-e-Mudabbir had his patronage. Hasan Nizami
composed Tajul Masir and Fakr-e-Mudabbir wrote Adab-ul-Harsha and Alsujata.
2) Architecture :-
❖ Between 1195 and 1199, the Quwbat-ul-Islam Mosque was built in Delhi. It is considered to be the
first mosque built on the Islamic system in India. Which is built on the place of the fort of Prithviraj
III, Raipithoragarh. It is said that this mosque was built on the ruins of 27 Jain temples.
❖ The second mosque is Adhai Din Ka Jhopra which is located in Ajmer. It was also built by Aibak. He
started the construction of Qutub Minar in Delhi in 1199 in memory of Sufi saint Khwaja Qutbuddin
Bakhtiyar Kaki but could not get it completed due to sudden death, which was completed by
Iltutmish in 1230-31 AD.
❖ The construction of Qutub Minar paved the way for the development of a new architectural style in
northern India.
 5) Aibak's evaluation 6) Aram Shah : 1210-1211 AD

1) Qualified general :- Qutbuddin Aibak was a capable general, an 1) After the death of Aibak, the
infallible archer and a talented person. Rising from the status of a slave Amirs of Lahore made Qutubuddin
to the position of Sultan was an introduction to his ability and talent.
Aibak's son Aram Shah the ruler.
2) Generous and generous:- Qutbuddin was a generous ruler. Therefore,
2) The Amirs of Delhi invited Aibak's
because of his generosity, he was called 'Lakhbakhsh’ (Donar of lakhs).
slave Iltutmish to become the
3) Lover of literature and art :- He got two mosques Quwwat-ul Islam
Sultan.
(Mehrauli, Delhi) and Aadhai Din Ka Jhopra (Ajmer) built. He laid the
foundation of Qutub Minar in Delhi in the memory of famous Sufi saint 3) Iltutmish attained the throne by

Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, which was later completed by defeating Aram Shah in the Battle
Iltutmish. of Jud (1211) near Delhi. Thus, the
4) Diplomacy of Administration :- His diplomatic success can be seen in reign of Aram Shah ended in just 8
the cases of Yaldauj and Qubacha, his biggest was that he laid the months.
foundation of a practically independent Delhi Sultanate by severing ties
with Ghazni and prepared its outline.
 4) Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1211-36)

Iltutmish, the Turk of the Ilbari tribe and the slave and son-in-law of Aibak, on the strength of his
ability, foresight and talent, actually established the Delhi Sultanate.

General introduction 1 6 Iltutmish's successor

Iltutmish's problems 2 5 Evaluation

Military achievements of
Iltutmish/Solution of 3 4 Achievements of Iltutmish
problems
 ♀ First Sultan of Delhi to receive the title of Sultan
4.1) General introduction
from Khalifa al-Billah of Baghdad in 1229
1) Iltutmish :- Lord of the Empire
♀ Abbasi issued the coins of the Caliph and called
2) Son of a Turk chieftain of the Ilbari tribe
himself the messenger of the Caliph.
♀ Brothers sold as slaves in market out of jealousy
♀ Delhi was made the capital in place of Lahore.
♀ Gauri banned his purchase and sale in ghazni
4) Titles :-
♀ Aibak bought iltutmish and tamgaj by paying one
♀ Slave of slave
lakh jital in delhi.
♀ Father of tombs – Built first tomb of india
♀ Infinite courage in suppressing the khokhars in
♀ Sultan-e-azam - by caliph
1205 :- ghori ordered aibak to free iltutmish from
♀ Amir-ul-umra - by aibak
slavery.
5) 26 years of Iltutmish's reign -
♀ Aibak made him iqtadar of badaun
♀ 1210 to 1220 - Suppression of Opponents
3) After defeating Aramshah in the battle of Jud, he
♀ 1222 to 1229 - Mongol Invasion
became the sultan of the slave dynasty in 1211.
♀ 1229 to 1226 - Consolidation of power
♀ First Ilbari Ottoman ruler and sultan
6) Death :- 1236
♀ The beginning of the Shamsi dynasty
 4.1) Problems before Iltutmish 4.3) Solving problems or military achievements

1) Yaldoz and Kubacha's ambition After getting the throne, Iltutmish faced problems like
2) Revolt of Rajput Kings :- The Rajput rulers of Ajmer, Yaldoz, kubacha, Mongol invasion, rebellion of Rajputs and
Gwalior, Bayana, Jalore and Ranthambore again rulers of Bengal, which he successfully solved in the
declared independence. following way :-
3) Governor Ali Mardan declared independence in 1) In the Third Battle of Tarain in 1215-16, Yaldoz was
Lakhnauti, the capital of Bengal. defeated and executed at Badaun. After this victory,
4) The constant conspiracy of the Qutbi and Muizzi Amirs the Delhi Sultanate lost contact with Ghazni forever.
of Lahore against Iltutmish, the main reason for this 2) Iltutmish attacked the areas of Qubacha many times
was the appointment of 40 trusted officers like Lahore, Sindh, Uchch etc. As a result, in 1228,
(Chahalgani or Dal Chalisa) by Iltutmish in the place of Qubacha committed suicide. Sindh and Multan were
these Amirs. annexed into the Delhi Sultanate.
5) The threat of Mongol invasion of Genghis Khan
6) The dilapidated condition of the administrative and
economic system of the Sultanate.
3) The leader of the Mongols, Genghis Khan alias Temuchin, 4) Resolved the internal problem by retaking
gathered all the barbaric tribes of the Gobi Desert and Ranthambore, Jalore, Bayana, Ajmer, Nagaur etc.
trampled China, Turkestan, Central Asia and Persia. 5) Malay Verma, the Parihar ruler of Gwalior,
Jalaluddin Mangbarni, the son of the Persian ruler Khawariz defended the city valiantly for 11 months, but in
Shah, came to Iltutmish to seek refuge. Iltutmish humbly the end, he had to accept defeat.
refused to protect the Delhi Sultanate from the Mongol 6) He attacked Malwa and destroyed many temples
invasion. and Mahakal temple in Ujjain.
4) Ali Mardan became the governor of Bengal with the support 7) In the Doab region (Badayun, Kannauj, Banaras,
of Qutbuddin Aibak, but after the death of Aibak, he Rohilkhand), the Pirthu of Awadh provided a
declared himself independent, later Ghiyasuddin Aibak Khilji tough competition to Iltutmish and killed about
occupied Bengal and Bihar. Iltutmish's son Nasruddin one lakh Turks.
defeated Evaj and made Bengal and Bihar the diocese of the 8) Iltutmish proceeded to Bamiyan in 1236 where he
Delhi Sultanate. Under the leadership of Malik Ikhtiyār, the made his last campaign against the Khokharos. He
Khilji Amirs revolted in Bengal in which Nasruddin was died in Delhi on 30 April 1236.
killed. Finally, in 1230, Iltutmish himself ended this rebellion
and made Malik Alauddin Jani the Subedar of Bengal.
 4.4) Achievements or Reforms of Iltutmish

After becoming the ruler, Iltutmish had inherited the scattered territories, disorderly governance
and incomplete construction related works, which he resolved in the following ways :-

1. Administrative and
economic reforms 4. Artistic achievements

2. Religious policy 3. Literary achievements

 2) Persian kingship and tradition :-
4.4.1) Administrative and economic reforms
♀ Iltutmish adopted the monarchical tradition and
1) Monetary reforms :- nobility of Iran
♀ The first Ottoman ruler to issue pure Arabic ♀ He was probably inspired by Iranian tradition
coins in the Sultanate even when he declared Razia as his successor.
♀ By standardizing the currency, coins called 3) Delhi was made the capital in place of Lahore.
'Tanka' (175 grains) of silver and 'Jital' of copper 4) Judicial reform :-
were issued. ♀ Emphasis on fair and speedy justice
♀ Introduced the tradition of writing the name of ♀ Hierarchy - Sultan - Qazi ul Qujat - Amir-e-Dad
the mint on the coins ♀ A person seeking speedy justice could get
♀ Coins depicting Caliph, mighty emperor, Shiva's justice by wearing red clothes or by ringing the
Nandi, Chauhan horseman etc. justice bell in Delhi.
♀ Later on, Balban issued the gold tanka and 5) Military administration :-
Sikandar Lodi issued the copper tanka. ♀ Military training and competency
♀ Result of Currency Reforms - Business Expansion
 ♀ Supreme Commander - Sultan ➢ Intent - Iqta (land) was provided by the Sultan in
♀ Shortage - Lack of permanant army lieu of salary. The concerned person (Mukta or
6) Turkan-e-Chahalgani (Corps of Forty) Wali), collected revenue from the land provided
♀ 40 eligible chieftains of the Shamsi dynasty were to him and gave it to the Sultan and took the
appointed to the main posts like in the cabinet system. responsibility of administration and army.
♀ Reason - Loyal, helpful and protection from state ♀ Type -
intrigues ➢ Chhoti Iqta - Village Level (Military Service
♀ The challenge to the influence of the Sultans after the Only)
death of Iltutmish ➢ 12 big iqtas/provinces - their
7) Iqta system :- muqtas/governors used to provide revenue
♀ General Information - collection as well as law and order operations
➢ "Iqta" is an Arabic word which means land. and military service.
➢ Iltutmish started systematically iqta system in ♀ Properties -
India ➢ Unlike the feudal system, the post of Mukta was
➢ Information - The book politics of Nizam al-Mulk temporary and non-hereditary.
Tusi ➢ Sultan could move and remove Mukta
 ➢ Appointment and pay fixation of Muktas by ➢ Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq had separated the personal
Sultan expenditure of the iqtedar, and the expenditure of
➢ The Mukta, after deducting his expenses from the soldiers placed under him, so that the iqtedar
the revenue received from the Iqta, sent the could not reduce the salary of the soldiers.
remaining money (Fawazil) to the Sultan ➢ Muhammad bin Tughlaq divided the land revenue
annually. collection and administrative functions. During his
Iltutmish implemented this system mainly in the time two types of officers were appointed in each
Doab, which strengthened the economic position of the iqta, Amir or Muqta (head of military and
Sultanate. At the same time, it strengthened the central administration) and Wali-ul-Kharaj (chief of revenue).
administration by ending the feudal system of North India. ➢ Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq had appointed an officer
♀ Reforms/changes in Iqtadari system - named 'Amil' to oversee the income expenditure of
➢ Balban appointed an officer named 'Khwaja' in the the Iqta and also made a provision to pay the salary
Iqta to control the Iqtadars, who used to assess the of the soldiers of the Iqtadar from the central
income of the Iqta. treasury, so that corruption could be stopped. This
➢ Alauddin Khilji had emphasized on the transfer of was the reason that most of the rebellions took place
Iqtadars. during his reign.
 ➢ Firoz Shah Tughlaq made the post of Iqtadar ♀ Negative impact :-
hereditary. During his reign, soldiers were being ➢ During the time of weak and incompetent
provided villages in lieu of salary. Such villages sultans, the Iqtadars became the reason for the
were called 'wajah' and those who held them disintegration of the empire.
were called 'wajahdar'. ➢ Having military and revenue power with the
➢ Large iqtadars or muqtas could not be iqtadar encouraged the tendency of local
transferred by the sultans of the Lodi dynasty. exploitation.
♀ Positive impact :- ➢ There was a lack of cooperation and
➢ The Delhi Sultanate expanded. coordination in the military organization.
➢ Effective control of the Sultan was established ➢ Corruption in determination of Fawazil by
over the remote areas. Iqtadars
➢ The Sultanate started getting revenue in the Thus, Iqtadari was more progressive than the feudal
form of 'Fawazil' even from remote areas. system. However, in the later period when the posts of
➢ The Sultan could get a large army if needed Iqtadars became hereditary, then this system proved to
without spending any money. be the main reason for the decline of Delhi Sultanate.
 4.4.2) Religious policies 4.4.3) literary achievements

1) In personal life, Iltutmish was a man of very 1) Patronage to scholars like Minhaj Us Siraj (Book -
religious inclination. Tabaqat e Nasiri), Tajuddin, Nasiri
2) He respected Sufi saints like Qutbuddin 2) Delhi was called "Hazrate Delhi" in contemporary
Bakhtiyar Kaki, Qazi Hamimuddin Nagori, literature.
Sheikh Jalaluddin Tavreji, Sheikh Bahauddin 3) Establishment of "Madrasa-e-Muibji" in Delhi
Zakaria and Sheikh Naqsavi.
4.4.4) Architectural achievements
3) He used to satisfy the Ulema class by
organizing religious meetings in the court. 1) Completed the construction of Qutb Minar in 1231-32

4) Iltutmish did not follow the policy of religious 2) Atarkin's door in Jodhpur

intolerance, he said "India is not Arab, it is 3) Sultangarhi (India's first tomb) was built in Delhi in

practically not possible to convert it to Darul 1231 on the tomb of his son Nasiruddin.

Islam". 4) Constructed Hauz-e-Shamsi and Shamsi Idgah in

Badaun
 4.5) Assessment and Limitations 4.6) Iltutmish's successor

1) Turkan-i-Chahalgani emerged as a challenge before the later 1) Iltutmish declared his daughter Razia as the
Sultans. successor of the Sultanate according to Iranian
2) Did not make permanent arrangements for protection from tradition.
Mongol invasion. 2) After the death of Iltutmish, the Turkic nobles placed
3) Lack of permanent army and expansion of empire his incompetent son Ruknuddin on the throne in
In conclusion, Iltutmish took many appropriate decisions for place of Razia.
the stability of the newly created Turkish Sultanate, but his policies 3) During his reign, the real power of the Sultanate was
became the reason for the destruction of his dynasty after his death, in the hands of his mother Shahturkan. She was a
but still he was the first Sultan who paid attention to the very ambitious and ruthless woman, due to which a
administration and consolidation of Delhi. Iltutmish completed the situation of rebellion and anarchy arose in the state.
work started by Aibak to build the Delhi Sultanate. By his hard work 4) Taking advantage of the chaos prevailing in the
and proper policies, he was able to organize his empire. This is the state, Razia sought justice by wearing red clothes in
reason why he is called the real founder of Delhi Sultanate. According front of the public, as a result, Ruknuddin was
to P. Tripathi, “The real beginning of Muslim sovereignty in India is imprisoned and Razia was made the Sultan of Delhi.
from him. ,
 5) Razia Sultan (1236-40)

Razia Sultan was born to Iltutmish, the ruler of Delhi Sultanate. Razia is also known in history by Razia al-
Din and Jalalat ud-din Razia. Razia Sultan was the only and most capable of the three brothers. Razia
Sultan's childhood name was Hafsa Moin.

General introduction 1 6 Razia's successor

Reasons for the decline

Razia's difficulties 2 5 of Razia

Main work of Razia 3 4 Decline of Razia

 5.1) General introduction 5.2) Razia's difficulties

1) The first and last female Muslim ruler of the 1) Provincial Iqtadars and Amirs protested :- The provincial

Sultanate (Mamluk dynasty) in 1236 with the Iqtadars considered it their right to choose the Sultan and
they elected Ruknuddin as their Sultan, but the rebels made
support of the people of Delhi
Razia Sultan, making them opponents of Razia.
2) Influenced by the Iranian tradition, Iltutmish
2) Revolt of Rajputs :- Taking advantage of the instability of
made a daughter his successor in place of his
the Turks, the Rajputs again declared independence.
son.
3) lack of support :- Apart from the general public and the
3) He got the title "Umdat-ul-Niswan" inscribed rebel officers, Razia lacked support. Prime Minister Junaidy
on his coins. and other Turk chieftains always opposed Razia.
4) The main event of Razia's reign was the 4) Razia being a woman :- Because of Razia being a woman,
week's struggle between the Sultan and the many Turkic nobles did not want to live under her rule. The

Amirs. fanatical Muslims were also strongly opposed to this

because it was against Muslim sentiments for a woman to be
the Sultan.
 5.3) Major work of Razia 5.4) Decline of Razia

Razia, showing her ability and intelligence, did the 1) The Turk nobles started a rebellion by spreading
following things :- rumors about the relationship between Razia and
♀ Abandoning the purdah system, rule by Yakub.
wearing Kuba (coat) and Kulah (cap) like 2) The first rebellion was done by Altunia of
men in the court Bathinda, to suppress Razia moved towards
♀ The revolt was suppressed by dividing the Bathinda, but after killing Yakub, Razia was
Iqtadars of Lahore, Multan, Badaun and Hausi. imprisoned.
♀ Changes in Iqtas and appointment of 3) Aitgeen, the Mukta of Badaun, made Iltutmish's
officers:- Aitgeen was made Iqtadar of son Bahram Shah the Sultan.
Badaun, Altunia was made Iqtadar of Sirhind 4) Razia married Altunia and attacked Delhi
(Bhatinda) and Jamal ud-Din Yaqu was made unsuccessfully.
Amir-e-Akhur (Head of the cavalry ). 5) Razia and Altunia were killed by some bandits
♀ Attempts to quell Rajput rebellion near Kaithal (Haryana) in 1240.
 5.5) Reasons for the decline of Razia 5.6) Razia's successor

1) Conservative masculine mentality, which could not 1) Muiz ud-Din Bahram(1240-1242 AD) :-
accept Razia just because she was a woman ♀ The rebellious nobles of Delhi conspired to make
2) The ambition and rebellion of the Ottoman chieftains Iltutmish's third son Bahram Shah the Sultan of the
and officials Sultanate on April 21, 1240, AD.
3) Razia appoints non-Turks to Iqta and for senior ♀ The Amirs established a new post Naib-i-Mamlakat
positions which was the owner of all rights. It was a kind of
4) Survival of Iltutmish's sons guardianship.
5) Revolts and Conspiracy of Altunia and Aitgeen ♀ Thus, there were now three claimants to the real
Thus, despite being an able ruler, not only Razia but power and authority – Sultan, Naib and Vazir.
also the Shamsi dynasty came to an end due to the ♀ First Naib-e-Mumlakat :- Aitgeen
ambition and conservative mentality of the Turkic nobles. ♀ For the first time in the Sultanate, in 1241, the
Mongols attacked India under the leadership of 'Tair',
their first attack was on Multan.
2) Ala ud-Din Masud(1242-1246 AD) :-
6) Nasiruddin Mahmood (1246-66)
♀ After the death of Bahramshah, Ala ud din Masud
Shah, the grandson of Iltutmish, became the 1) The son of Iltutmish's son Rukn-ud-din Firuz and the last
Sultan, but he was made the Sultan on the ruler of the Shamsi dynasty
condition that he would not use his own power 2) He was a nominal ruler, who handed over real powers
but through his 'naib'. to his father-in-law and Naib-i-Mamlakat, Balban
♀ During the reign of Ala ud din Masud Shah, all the 3) Appointed Minhaj-us-Siraj to the post of Qazi :-
power was in the hands of Turkan-i-Chahalgani, a ♀ Siraj called him the ideal sultan
group of forty amirs. ♀ Dedicated his book Tabaqat-e-Nasiri to Mahmud
♀ During his reign, Balban was appointed to the post 4) Very simple lifestyle :-
of Amir-e-Hajib. ♀ Living by imitating the Quran and wearing a cap
♀ On June 1246 AD, after 4 years of rule, Masud Shah ♀ highly religious
was removed from the throne and Nasiruddin 5) Balban became Sultan after his death in 1266.
Mahmud was made the ruler.
 7) Ghiyas ud din Balban (1266-87)

Balban was a Turk of Ilbari caste, a slave of Iltutmish and a member of Dal Chalisa. Who ruled for
20 years as Naib and 20 years as Sultan.

General Major work of Balban's

introduction balban theory of
kingship

Balban's Causes and

Administrativ evaluation of
e Reforms the fall of
Balban
 7.1) General Introduction

1) Ilbari Turk Balban's original name was Bahauddin

2) After the Gwalior conquest, Iltutmish bought Balban and included it in
the Corps of Forty or Turkan-e-Chahalgani .
3) He was appointed as Amir-i-Shikar, Amir-e-Akhur and Amir-e-Hajib and
Naib-i-Mamlakat during the reigns of Razia, Bahram Shah, Alauddin
Masood Shah and Nasruddin Mahmud respectively.
4) Nasruddin Mahmud conferred the title of "Ulug Khan".
5) After the death of Nasruddin Mahmud, Balban assumed the title of
"Ghiyasuddin" and became the next Sultan of Delhi.
6) Balban was an iron-willed sultan who strengthened the power of the
Turks and the administrative machinery of Delhi.
 7.2) Major works of Balban

He was such a person of the Sultanate who was enjoying the power of sultan being nayab. He served 20
years as a nayab and 20 years as Sultan.।

Work

As a nayab As a sultan

1) Repression of non-Turk nobles 1) Propounded principle of kingship

2) Security from Mongols 2) Suppression of Turkan-e

invasion Chahalgani

3) Control over regional rulers 3) Suppression of internal rebellions

(Bengal, Malwa, Rajputana, 4) Administrative reforms like

Mewat etc.) formation of intelligence

department
 As a nayab ♀ Construction of military posts and repair of old
fortifications to protect the north-west borders
1) Repression of non-Turk nobles ♀ Deputing his son Mohammad (died at the time of
♀ Some members of Dal Chalisa and the Turkic Mongol invasion) and Bughra Khan to guard the
nobles of the court revolted out of jealousy. north-west frontier
♀ Mainly Rehan, Qutlug Khan and Kishlu Khan ♀ Abandon the policy of expansion of empire
revolted ♀ Thus, the Mongols could not move ahead
2) Mongol Invasion/Mongol Policy of Balban :- beyond the Vyas river during the reign of Balban.
Mongol invasions of India were happening from the 3) Control over regional powers :-
time of Iltutmish. But this danger increased more during ♀ Arsala Khan's independent authority in Bengal
the time of Balban. Although he protected the ♀ The rule of Chandel rulers Trelokya Varma, Veer
Sultanate from Mongol invasion by following policies :- Verma and Hammir Verma in Bundelkhand
♀ Sending ambassador to the court of the Mongol ♀ Control over Malwa even after being defeated by
rulers Chahar Dev, the ruler of Gwalior
♀ Formation of a centralized army and establishment
of a military department called "Diwan-e-arz"
♀ Suppression of Doab As a sultan
and Kalehar Rebellion.
♀ Repression of 1) Suppression of Turkan-e-Chahalgani :-
♀ Balban abolished the group of 40 chieftains formed by Iltutmish.
Mewatis - The
♀ Reason - Preventing possible rebellion and establishing an autocratic monarchy
Mewatis were Bhatti
♀ Procedure-
Rajputs of the Mewat
❖ When Balban became the ruler, most of the members had died naturally.
region. They used to
❖ The most capable and powerful chieftain was his cousin Sher Khan, who was
loot government
poisoned and killed.
supplies and treasury.
❖ Balban had his nobles punished most harshly for any mishap, including severe
Balban brutally treatment of their own slaves. One of his nobles, Malik Baqbaq, the governor
suppressed the of Budaun, was punished for ordering one of his slaves to be beaten to death and
Mewatis. In 1260, the Awadh Iqtadar Amin Khan was hanged at the gate of Ayodhya due to the failure of

Mewati leader Malka Bengal campaign.

Thus, Balban ended Dal Chalisa by using the policy of blood and iron, which could
was imprisoned and
establish his autocracy over the monarchy.
subjected to many
tortures.
2) Separating the Ulemas from Politics
3) suppression of internal rebellions :- Balban faced the
problem of Mewati dacoits, Kateharo rebellion in Rohilkhand,
Bengal rebellion and Salt Range rebellion. which he resolved
through the following military campaigns :-
♀ He recruited a fort and 3,000 Afghan soldiers in Gopalgiri
to suppress the Mewati bandits who committed robbery in
the area adjacent to the capital Delhi.
♀ Tugril Khan of Bengal had declared himself an independent
ruler, who had to go to Balban himself in 1280 to suppress.
♀ Brutal repression of Kateharos in the region of Badaun and
Amroha.
♀ After suppressing the revolt of the Salt Range, Balban got a
huge number of horses.
♀ To secure the route to Awadh, he established outposts at
Bhojpur, Patiali and Jalali.
 7.3) Balban (Theory of Kingship)

Balban was the first Sultan of Delhi, who propounded the principle of kingship on the basis of Persian rules for the
prestige of the post of Sultan and the establishment of autocratic rule.

1) Meaning :- The principle of rules made to restore the ╚ Sultan comes after Prophet
╚ He issued coins in the name of the Caliph and
prestige of the office of the Sultan
called himself an assistant to the Caliph.
2) Objective :-
╚ Prohibition of dance, music, humor and drinking in
♀ Restore the prestige of the sultan
social gatherings and courts and Stopped meeting
♀ Reducing the influence of the Turkic nobles with petty chieftains and amirs
♀ To restore trust of the public for the sultan ╚ Emphasis on the dutifulness and justice of the
♀ To put an end to internal rebellions and court emperor

intrigue B) Royal descendants -

3) Three main features of kingship theory were :- ╚ Claims to be a descendant of Iranian ruler

A) Divine principle- Afrasiab

╚ The kingship is called Niyamat-e-Khudai (given by ╚ Emphasis on purity of blood and Turkish
God) and the king as Jill-e-Ilahi (shadow of God). racist policy
C) Iranian ideals and policy of rigidity -
╚ Beginning of the practice of sijda (bowing
salute) and paibos (step kissing) according to
Iranian tradition
╚ Iranian New Year festival 'Nauroz' begins
╚ Suppression of the rich, Mewatis, rebels by
force under the policy of blood and iron
Thus, Balban's principle of kingship was based on
prestige, justice and rigidity.
 7.4 Administrative Reforms of Balban

Formation of army Establishment of spy department Judicial system

1) Formation of army 2) Establishment of spy department

♀ Formation of powerful centralized army to deal ♀ To control the power and keep an eye on his
with internal unrest. officers, the Intelligence Department was formed.
♀ Formation of a military department named 'Diwan- ♀ Detectives were called 'Barid'
i-Arz': - Its main function was to recruit soldiers, ♀ The spy were paid in cash and were under direct
arrange food and transport for soldiers, keep control of the Sultan.
record of soldiers and horses and conduct military ♀ A well-organized intelligence system was the
inspections. He supervised the soldiers of the mainstay of Balban's autocratic rule.
Iqtadars.
♀ To deal with robbers and rebels, the policy of iron
and blood was adopted.
3) Judicial system :- 7.5) Evaluation
♀ Balban laid great emphasis on justice.
1) Balban did not pay attention to the expansion of the
♀ He used to give harsh punishment to the
empire, but he emphasized the imperative of fair
criminals.
justice and the principle of kingship.
♀ He himself used to do justice in the case
2) He strengthened the internal and central
of the major crimes.
administration. Balban died in 1286 AD. Balban
♀ He did not take the side of his relatives
became famous as the builder of the Delhi Sultanate.
and servants.
3) Only three years after his death, the Delhi Sultanate
became a victim of political instability, due to which
the slave dynasty collapsed and the rule of the Khiljis
was established over the Delhi Sultanate.
 8) Slave dynasty:- Other facts
8.1) Kaikubad (1287-1290)

1) Balban had declared his grandson Kaikhusro (son of Muhammad) as his successor during
his reign, but Kotwal Muhammad, after the death of Balban, conspired to make his
second grandson Qaiqabad (son of Bughra Khan) the Sultan.
2) Qaiqabad was a very luxurious man, as a result there was chaos in the administration.
3) Qaiqabad appointed the non-Turkic chief Jalaluddin Khilji as his general and gave him the
rank of 'Ariz-i-Mumalik' and the title of 'Shaista Khan'.
4) Jalaluddin Khilji killed Kaiqubad and threw him into the Yamuna and declared his three-
month-old son Kayumars as the Sultan under his protection, but three months later in
1290 he also killed Kayumars and laid the foundation of the Khilji dynasty in the Sultanate.
5) The rule of the Mamluks or 'slave dynasty' came to an end only after the murder of the
Kayumars and the rule of the Khiljis of the general clan was established over the Delhi
Sultanate.
 8.2) Reason for the decline of the Slave Dynasty

1) Struggle of the amir :- the amirs appointed in the court of the sultans of the slave dynasty used to constantly fight factionalism,
conspiracies and mutual struggle to establish their influence, due to which the prestige and power of the sultans continued to
weaken.
2) Lack of rule of succession :- there was no fixed religion of succession in islam. After the death of the sultan, there were constant
struggles to get the throne. Due to this the economic and military condition of the rulers of the slave dynasty continued to weaken.
3) Sultans of slave dynasty being foreigners :- the sultans of the slave dynasty ruled on the basis of turkish racist policy. As a result,
the majority of the non-muslim people of india considered them foreigners and the rulers of the slave dynasty could not get wide
public support.
4) Fear of mongol invasion :- during the time of the rulers of the slave dynasty, there was a danger of mongol invasion in india. As a
result, the rulers of the slave dynasty could neither adopt the policy of expansion of the empire nor could they make any important
reforms in the administrative and economic field.
5) Balban's policies :- balban laid great emphasis on the purity of blood and adopted a turkish racist policy. Due to this the social base
of the delhi sultanate was narrowed and the sultanate could not get the cooperation and support of the non-turk caste.
6) Balban's successor :- after the death of balban, his successors qaiqabad and kayumars were the incompetent and minor sultans
respectively. Taking advantage of these weaknesses, jalaluddin khilji got the throne.
 9) Possible questions

Very Short Question :- 12) Qutub Minar

1) Razia Begum (2018) 13) India's first tomb
2) Rehla (2014 & 2018) 14) bahram shah
3) Second Battle of Tarain (2017) 15) Tabaqat e Nasiri
4) Alberuni (2017) 16) Nasiruddin Mahmud
5) Akbarnama (2016) 17) Diwan-i-Arz
6) Qutbuddin Aibak 18) Ariz-i-Mumalik
7) Iltutmish
8) Ghiyas ud din Balban
9) Iron and blood policy
10) Iqtadari system
11) Naib-e-mumlikat
Short Question :- Long Question :-
1) Briefly describe Balvan's kingship theory (2014) 1) "Iltutmish is said to be the real founder of
2) What were the problems faced by Qutbuddin Delhi." Consider this statement.
Aibak and how did he explain the problems?
2) Write an essay on Razia Sultan.
3) Why is Iltutmish called the real founder of Delhi?
3) Write an essay on Balban.
4) Describe the achievements of Iltutmish.
5) Describe the administrative and economic reforms
of Iltutmish.
6) What were the main achievements of Razia
Sultan?
7) What were the main tasks of Balban as Sultan?
8) Explain the blood and iron policy of Balban.
9) Comment on the Mongol policy of Balban.
10) Explain the main reasons for the decline of the
slave dynasty.
 Chapter - 07
Delhi Sultanate : Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320)

01 02 03 04 05 06 07

ALAUDDIN QUTBUDDIN
KHALJI KHALJI MUBARAK SHAH
REVOLUTION
(1296-1316) (1316-1320)

JALAL-UD-DIN SHIHABUDDIN NASIRUDDIN

GENERAL KHALJI OMAR KHUSRAU
INFORMATION
(1290-96) (1316) SHAH (1320)
 1) General Introduction

The Khiljis were originally low-grade Turkic Muslims, who came to India during Ghaznavi and Ghori
invasions and started living in Afghanistan.

1) The Khilji dynasty was founded by Jalaluddin Firoz Shah Khilji.

2) A total of four rulers of this dynasty (Jalaluddin Khilji, Alauddin Khilji, Qutbuddin Mubarak Khilji,
Khusro Shah) ruled from 1290 to 1320 i.e. for 30 years.
3) Among the dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate, the rulers of the Khilji dynasty ruled for the shortest time.
4) Amir Khusrau in his work 'Miftah-ul-Futuh' mentions the military campaigns and political events of
Jalaluddin Khilji, the military campaigns of Alauddin Khilji and the early years of rule in Tarikh-i-Alai.
Another of his works 'Ashika' mentions the social condition of Alauddin's Gujarat and Malwa
conquests, 'Nuh Sipihar' about Mubarak Khilji's reign.
5) Barani has mentioned the market system of Alauddin in his work 'Tarikh-e-Firozshahi'. Apart from this,
the description of Khilji dynasty is mentioned in Yahiya bin Ahmed's work 'Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi'.
 2) Khilji Revolution
Khilji was originally a Turk, but due to their long stay in
Afghanistan, the Amir considered him a low caste Muslim. Hence the
establishment of the Khilji dynasty had the following long-term effects
:-
1. Khilji got power due to strength power and not by any conspiracy
or approval of the Amir or Ulema class.
2. The establishment of the Khilji dynasty put an end to the myth that
the monarchy only has the right to obtain privileges.
3. kept religion away from politics
4. In place of autocracy, giving importance to merit, the lower-class
Muslims and Indians were appointed to high posts.
Thus, the establishment of the Khilji dynasty by Jalaluddin Khilji was
not merely a change from one dynasty to another, but the beginning of
a new long-term change in Indian history, due to which historian
Mohammad Habib has termed the establishment of the Khilji dynasty
as the Khilji Revolution.
 3) Jalaluddin Firoz Shah Khilji (1290-96)

1) Background and General Introduction 2) Administrative Policy

1) Turkic Muslim who founded the Khilji dynasty in After assuming power in 70 years, abandoning the policy of

1290 by killing the Qumars war and adopting a liberal policy to satisfy the Turkish
warlords and opponents, the following examples are –
2) Kaikubad gave him the title of Shaista Khan and
♀ Posts to non-Turks, Indian Muslims and Hindus in
gave him the post of Ariz-i-Mumalik (Military
administration
Minister).
♀ Instead of punishing thugs and dacoits, they were
3) Ascension - At the age of 70, on 13 June 1290 in
sent to Bengal.
the palace of Kilokhari. ♀ The conspirators were thrown out of the court for a
4) He did not sit on the throne of Balban to get the year, just by giving a warning to the amirs.
support of the people of Delhi and the rich. ♀ After suppressing the rebellion of Malik Chhajju
(nephew of Balban), the Iqtadar of Kada-Manikpur,
snatched only Iqtadari.
♀ In 1291 the ruler of Ranthambore returned 3) Death (1296, Manikpur Uttar Pradesh)
without completing the campaign against
1) Jalal's nephew and son-in-law 'Ali Gurshasp'
Rana Hammirdev.
(Alauddin Khilji) made the Sultanate's first attack
♀ In 1292, under the leadership of Abdullah, he
on South India (Devagiri)
attacked Punjab unsuccessfully. Later, Ulugh
2) To apologize for the attack on Devagiri (ruler -
Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan, decided
Ramchandra Dev), Ali called Jalal to Manikpur and
to live in India with 4000 Mongols, who were
killed him by deceit and declared himself Sultan.
called new Muslims.
♀ Exception - Iranian saint Siddi Maula (Khankah
operator) crushed by elephants on charges of
conspiracy
 4) Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316)

Major Revolts Alauddin's theory of

Contemporary of 04 05 kingship
Alauddin

Alauddin's Mongol Major reforms of

Policy
03 06 Alauddin

Alauddin's Alauddin's market

Imperialist Policy 02 07 control system

Background and 01 08 Death and

General Introduction evaluation
 4.1) Background and General Introduction

1) He was the second sultan of Khilji dynasty and 6) Major challenges :-

was the most powerful ♀ Political ambitions of the rich and the ulema
2) Original name :- Ali Gurshasp ♀ Strengthening the administrative and
3) In October 1296, Jalal was betrayed Jalal and economic base
became Sultan. ♀ Political ambition of Jalaluddin's son and
4) Coronation :- Lal Mahal, Delhi (built by Balban) relatives
5) Titles :- ♀ Mongol invasion
♀ Sikander-i-sani ♀ To get support of people.
♀ Amir al-Mu'minin (Commander of the Faithful) To solve these problems, Alauddin
♀ By Amir Khusro - The sultan of the world, adopted the principle of fear of the Sultan and
the conqueror of the era, the shepherd of the strengthened the Delhi Sultanate through
people, etc. aggressive policy, administrative and economic
reforms.
 4.2) Alauddin's Imperialist Policy

General Introduction North India South India

4.2.1) General introduction

Alauddin Khalji was an ambitious ruler who wanted to conquer 3) Policy:-

the world like Alexander. For this purpose, he adopted the policy of ♀ North India - Conquered the
expansion of the empire by adopting the title of Alexander II. states and made part of the
1) Sources of information :- Khazain-ul-Futuh (Amir Khusrow) and sultanate
Barani's Tarikh-i-Firozshahi and Fatwa-e-Jahandari ♀ South India - Indirect control by
2) Objectives :- conquering states. The main
♀ to establish an all-India empire objective of the occupation of
♀ increase in state income these states was to obtain
♀ To free the Delhi Sultanate from internal rebellions revenue.
 Imperialist Policy of Alauddin Khilji 4.2.2) North India

Alauddin Khilji undertook the following campaigns in North

India for his imperial ambitions, to gain wealth and to conquer the
North India South India
Rajput kingdoms. -
1) Gujrat (1297-98) :-
Gujarat(1297-98 AD) Devagiri (1296 AD)
♀ Reason - Gujarat was an economically prosperous trading

Ranthambore(1301) Warangal(1310) center

♀ War between Gujarat ruler Raikarn Baghel and Khilji
Chittor(1303) Dwarsamudra(1311) Commander (Ulug Khan + Nusrat Khan)
♀ Result - Victory of Khilji's army and attainment of great
Malwa(1305) Pandya(1311) wealth
♀ Important -
Jalore(1311) Devagiri(1313) ╚ Nusrat Khan bought an Abyssinian eunuch named
Malik Kafur for 1000 dinars
╚ Raikarna Baghel's wife Kamala was made Malika-e-
Jahan by Alauddin
2) Ranthambore (1300-1301) :- ♀ After the death of Rana, Rani Padmani committed
♀ Reason :- Not returning the Mongol soldiers Jauhar along with many other women to save their
who ran away from Ranthambore's ruler Hammir dignity. It is described in the Padmavat written in
Dev with part of the money received in the loot Awadhi language by Malik Muhammad Jayasi.
of Gujarat ♀ Alauddin Khilji appointed his son Khizr Khan in Chittor
♀ In 1300, Alauddin sent army under the leadership and changed the name of Chittor to Khizrabad.
of Nusrat Khan, but Nusrat Khan was killed. 4) Malwa Campaign (1305) :-
♀ Alauddin got victory due to the betrayal of ♀ Malwa was a prosperous and vast region. The ruler
Ranmal, minister of Hammir Dev and all the there was Mahalakdev.
women of the fort committed Jauhar. ♀ In 1305 AD, on the orders of Alauddin, Multan's
3) Chittor (1303) :- Subedar Ain-ul-Mulk attacked Malwa.
♀ Reason :- The route from North India to South ♀ Mahalakdev died in this war and Malwa was included
India passed through Chittor. in the Delhi Sultanate.
♀ In 1303, Alauddin Khilji himself campaigned for ♀ After this, Alauddin also took control of Ujjain,
Chittor and after a long struggle, Rana Ratan Chanderi and Dharanagari.
Singh, ruler of Chittor lost.
5) Jalore (1311) :-
Alauddin Khilji's conquest of North India
♀ The ruler of Jalore
Kingdom ruler Leader Year Facts
was Kanerdev.
1) Gujrat राजा रायकणक Ulug Khan and 1297-98 King Karna defeated (took refuge in
♀ In 1311 AD,
(बघेल वंश) Nusrat Khan Devagiri ruler Ramchandra), conquered
Kamaluddin
Jaisalmer during the Gujarat campaign
attacked Jalore
2) Hammirdev(C Ulug Khan and 1301 Defeat of Rajputs, women committed
and conquered it.
Ranthambore hauhan Nusrat Khan jauhar
♀ After the dynasty)
conquest of
3) Chittor Ratan Singh Alauddin Khilji 1303 ╚ Capture of Chittor
Jalore, Alauddin ╚ Khizr Khan became the ruler there
conquered Tonk,
4) Malwa mahalakdev En-ul-Mulk 1305 Mahalakdev took shelter in the fort of
Bundi and
Mandu. After his murder, Mandu was also
Mandore and given possession, Malwa was merged into
completed the the Sultanate
Rajasthan 5) Jalore kanhardev Kamaluddin 1311 Handed over the kingdom to Kanhardev's
conquest. brother
 4.2.3) South India

Alauddin Khilji was the first ruler of the Sultanate to achieve success in South India. He appointed
Malik Kafur as a genera for the south.
The main objective of Alauddin's south policy was to earn money, because direct control over
the southern states was difficult due to geographical difficulties. Therefore, the policy of suzerainty or
indirect control was adopted towards the southern states.
The main sources of information about the southern conquests of Alauddin Khilji are Tarik-i-Firozshahi
of Barani, Khazainul Futuh of Amir Khusrau and Futuh-us-Salatin of Isami. According to all this, there were
many states in South India at this time, in which there were four main ones-
1) Devagiri – The yadavas
2) Warangal – The kakatiyas
3) Dwar samudra – The hoysalas
4) Madurai – The pandyas
 State Ruler Leadership of Year Special
campaign

1) Devagiri Ramachandra Alauddin khilji 1296 Ramchandra agreed to pay annual taxes

2) Devagiri Ramachandra Malik kafur 1307 Ramachandra did not pay the tax. Kafur attacked, Ramchandra was
defeated. was sent to Delhi. Alauddin gave respect and gave the title
of Rairayan and also gave back the state.

3) Warangal Prataparudradev Malik kafur 1310 The ruler surrendered. The Kohinoor diamond was obtained from here,

(Kakatiyas) which was presented as a gift to Alauddin. Devagiri assisted in this

campaign

4) Dwar - Ballala III(hoysalas Malik kafur 1311 The ruler surrendered. Went to Delhi with Kafur where Alauddin gave

samudra dynasty) respect

5) Pandyas Veer pandyas Malik kafur 1311 This was the biggest campaign of Kafur in terms of plunder.

6) Devagiri Shankardeva Malik kafur 1313 Shankardev died in the war.

Thus, during the time of Alauddin, all the southern states except Madurai became
indirectly a part of the Sultanate.
 4.2.4) Effects / Consequences 4.2.5) Reasons for Success in the South

1) The wealth received by Alauddin from the 1) There was enmity among the southern states. Instead of fighting the
south helped him to stop the Mongol enemy by getting organized, they helped the enemy against their
invasion, suppress the rebellion and neighbors.
organize the state. 2) Alauddin's army was very efficient and capable. The army was
2) The dignity and prestige of Alauddin organized and well equipped. In the army of the Sultan, there was a
increased. passion for religious sentiment and desire for plunder.
3) This caused great damage to the southern 3) Alauddin's policy was aimed at plundering wealth and forcing the
states. His treasury became empty. In southern kingdom to submit to it. He did not want to merge the
order to pay taxes, the public had to be southern states into his kingdom because it was difficult to control
taxed, due to which the public suffered. them due to lack of means of transport. After conquering these
4) The temples in the south were destroyed. states, he returned these kingdoms to them again. He was
Innumerable Hindus were converted to completely successful in this task.
Muslims. Gradually Muslim civilization and
culture spread in the south ।
 4.3) Alauddin's Mongol Policy 4.4) Contemporary Rebellion

The Mongols continued to attack from the north-west 1) New Muslim revolt :-
frontier of India. During the reign of Alauddin Khilji, there were ♀ During the Gujarat campaign, the Mongol
6 Mongol invasions on India, most of which failed. soldiers, who were called Naveen Muslims,
♀ Invasion of Qadir Khan, commander of Trans-Axiana in who had joined the army of Alauddin Khilji,
1297-98 revolted.
♀ Qutluk Khan's invasion in 1299 ♀ A brother of Nusrat Khan and nephew of
♀ In 1302-03, the Mongols under the leadership of Targi Alauddin Khilji were killed in this rebellion.
made the fourth campaign and reached Delhi for first time. ♀ The Mongol soldiers fled to Ranthambore after
♀ The last Mongol invasion led by Iqbalbanda 1307 looting the treasury of Gujarat. But soon his
Alauddin, adopting the policy of "blood and sword", rebellion was crushed by the campaign of
established a permanent army, military bases, repair of forts Ranthambore.
and improved the transport system for the frontier regions. ♀ Along with this, cruel and inhuman treatment
Along with this, qualified generals like Ulugh Khan and Nusrat was also done towards the wives and children
Khan were appointed for border security. of the rebel Mongol soldiers in Delhi.
2) Akat Khan's Rebellion :-:-
♀ When Alauddin Khilji was on the Ranthambore campaign, he went for hunting, at the same time his
nephew Akat Khan attacked him along with the Mongol soldiers.
♀ Akat Khan, knowing the Sultan to be dead, came to the military camp and declared himself Sultan.
But after some time, Alauddin Khilji regained consciousness and his bodyguards took him to the
military camp. Then Alauddin Khilji got Akat Khan and his supporters killed.
3) Haji Maula's rebellion :-
♀ Haji Maula's rebellion also took place when Alauddin Khilji was on the Ranthambore campaign.
♀ Haji Maula killed the Kotwal of Delhi, Tirmiji, and placed Shahinshah, a descendant of Iltutmish, on
the throne of Delhi. But in the end Haji Maula was killed in a fight with the soldiers of Alauddin
Khilji.
 4.5) Alauddin's Kingship Theory

The principle of kingship of Alauddin Khilji can be understood under the following
points :-
1) Emphasizing the autocracy and supremacy of the Sultan, adopting the principle
of divinity.
2) Leaving the policy of Turkish-racism, appointed based on merit.
3) The interference of religion in politics ended. He told Qazi Mugisuddin of Bayana
that "I do not know what the rules of Sharia say, I do what seems to me to be
proper in the interest of the state."
4) Although Alauddin Khilji assumed the titles of Yamin-ul-Khilafat (the right hand
of the Caliph) and Nasiri-Amir-ul-Muminin (Loyal Emir of the Caliph), he neither
received the Caliph's charter to rule nor read the Khutba of the name of the
Caliphate
5) Alauddin Khilji was the first Sultan of Delhi Sultanate, who adopted the policy of
expansion of empire.
Question :- Compare Balban's concept of kingship with Alauddin Khilji's model of kingship. ।
Answer :- The models of kingship of Balban and Alauddin Khilji were the product of different circumstances. Balban's
aim was to break the power of the Turkish noble class and make monarchy a serious profession, while Alauddin Khilji's
aim was to find a broad social base for his empire.
Balban presented a model of monarchy suited to the need of a powerful monarchy that could clearly distinguish
between the Sultan and the amirs. So, he adopted the model of the Iranian monarchy. He declared himself a
descendant of Afrashiyab and named the kingship as 'Niyabat-e-Khudai'. He emphasized Turkish racism. At the same
time, he reserved all important posts for the Turkish nobles.
Alauddin Khilji partially adopted Balban's model of kingship and emphasized the authoritarian model
of monarchy. He knew the fact that control over the amirs was necessary to make the position of Sultan powerful, so
he established strict control over the amirs through an officer named 'Amir-i-Hajib'. But at the same time, he rejected
the policy of Turkish racism propounded by Balban and opened the door of the rich class not only to non-Turks but
also to Indian Muslims and Hindus. In fact, Balban's kingship could have been suited to the need of a small state but
not to the need of an empire whereas Alauddin Khilji's thinking was all India. Above all, this model of his kingship
influenced all the rulers of all India thinking from Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq to Akbar.
 4.6) Major Reforms of Alauddin

Alauddin did many administration, military and economic reforms, as a result of which he established an
economically and administratively strong empire.

1) Provinces and Major

4) Postal System
Departments

2) Judicial 5) Military
Administration Administration

3) Police and Espionage

6) Economic Reforms
System
 4.6.1) Provinces and Main Departments 4.6.2) Administration of Justice

1) Alauddin, emphasizing a highly centralized system, divided the 1) Supporter of fair justice system like Balban
entire empire into 11 provinces and placed them under strict 2) The sultan was the supreme authority in judicial
governors.
matters.
2) For the smooth running of the administration, the following five
3) After the Sultan, the judicial head was Qazi-ul-
departments were their :-
qujat, under him were Adals and Muftis.
♀ Diwan-i-Vizarat (Finance Department) – subordinate to vazir
♀ Diwan-i-Ariz (Military Department) - Under Ariz-i-Mumalik
4) The function of an officer named Amir-i-Dad was

♀ Diwan-i-Insha (Secretariat)– Under Diwan-i-Khas or Diwan-i- to present such influential people in the court,
Mumalik or Davir-i-Mumalik against whom cases have been filed, who were
♀ Diwan-i-Rasalat (Foreign Department and Diplomatic outside the influence of the Qazis.
Correspondence)
♀ Diwan-i-Riyasat (Control over market traders) - This
department was established by Alauddin
3) Alauddin Khilji created the post of Diwan-e-Mustakhraj (Finance
Department) under the Wazir to keep account of the tax collected
in excess amount.
 4.6.3) Police and espionage system ❑ Espionage system:-
1) Objective - Preventing conspiracies against the
Organized police and intelligence system for
Sultan and effective implementation of state plans
maintaining peace and monitoring the insurgent nature 2) Head – Barid-i-Mumalik
in the state. 3) Sub ordinates -
❑ Police system:- ♀ Barid - state spy appointed in cities
1) Major work - Effective implementation of ♀ Mukhiyan - Additional detectives preventing
market control system to maintain peace minor crimes
2) Head - Kotwal 2) Importance - Reduction in conspiracies and
3) Sub ordinates - success of market control system
♀ Diwan-i-Riyasat - control the merchant 4.6.4) Postal system
class
1) Many postal posts were established and
♀ Shahna-i-mandi
horsemen and clerks were appointed there.
♀ Muhtsib – Measurement inspection
2) Aids in the efficiency of the intelligence system
 4.6.5) Military system

Alauddin made the following structural reforms in the military system to fulfill his imperialist ambition and
establish autocratic rule :-
1) Alauddin centralized the army and made it permanent. He started paying cash salary to the army. He
was the first Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate to do so.
2) The division of the army was based on thousand, hundred and ten, which were under khan, malik,
amir, sipahasalaar. Military units of ten thousand were called 'tuman'.
3) Soldiers were given an annual salary of 234 Tanka, but due to the market system, the soldiers were
satisfied even on low wages.
4) Alauddin started the practice of keeping the appearance of soldiers through Diwan-i-Ariz
5) Alauddin started the practice of horse-staining, so that low-grade horses could not be presented.
6) The soldiers appointed after investigation were called 'murrattabs'.
7) One who kept one horse was called ‘Ek aspa' and the one who kept two horses was called ‘Dwi
aspa'.
 4.6.6) Economic recovery

The main objective of Alauddin's economic reforms was to fulfill his imperialist ambition.

A) Land revenue system B) Market and price control system

A) Land revenue system

1) Introduction and Purpose :- Alauddin was the first ruler of the Sultanate who took interest in financial
and revenue reforms. which had the following objectives :-
♀ To bear the expenditure of a large army
♀ To increase the income of the state by reducing revenue corruption
♀ Strengthening internal administration
♀ Suppressing the intermediary landowner class (zamindar, muqaddam, chaudhary) to solve the
problem of rebellion and conspiracy
2) Policy :-
♀ Alauddin was the first sultan of the sultanate to get the measurement of land done under the masahat
system, for which the biswa (1/20th of a bigha) was considered the unit. However, this arrangement was
limited to the Ganga-Yamuna Doab region.
♀ In addition to jizya, irrigation, import-export tax, two new taxes namely house and grazing were imposed.
♀ The land given in grants by the erstwhile sultans was converted into Khalsa land.
♀ Raised the share of the state in Khams (plunder money) from 20% to 80%.
♀ The amount of land revenue (Kharaj) was increased to 50% of the total production.
♀ By abolishing the special rights of the intermediary landowners like Choudhary, Muqaddam, Khut, they also
collected land revenue from them.
♀ A separate department named 'Diwan-i-Mustakhraj' was created. Its main function was to keep the details
of the officers collecting the revenue and to recover the revenue of the left areas.
♀ For the collection of revenue, office bearers named Amil (collector of taxes), Mutsarrif, Muhassil (collector
of Kharaz), Gumashta (representative), Navasinda (clerk) and Sarhag were also appointed. If these officers
did not discharge their duties properly, then provision was also made to give them harsh punishment.
3) Result or significance :-
♀ The income of the state increased, allowing the formation of a large army.
♀ With the help of this army, Alauddin Khilji not only protected the Sultanate from internal rebellions
and Mongol invasions, but also expanded the empire.
♀ Reduction in the power of mediators, thereby reducing the possibility of internal rebellions.
♀ Reduction in exploitation of farmers by mediators
♀ Reduction in revenue corruption
♀ The system of land measurement was implemented only in a limited area of ​Ganga-Yamuna doab,
♀ Farmer exploitation by the state :- Farmers had to pay 50% of the food grains as land revenue.
♀ The cultivators also had to pay taxes called 'ghari' (house tax) and 'chari' (pasture tax).
 4.7) Market or price control system

Alauddin was the first ruler of India, who started

the market control system. It is known from Barani's Tarikh-
i-Firozshahi, Khusrau's Khazain-ul-Futuh and Isami's Price ceiling
Futuh-us-Salatin.
The purpose of the market control system was to
meet the military requirements without putting additional
burden on the revenue, so that Alauddin's ambition could Provision of officers,
Setting up
be fulfilled. There is evidence that the market control spies and harsh
punishment markets
system was implemented near the military barracks
(Badaun).
➢ Features of Market Control System :-
1) Determination of prices of food grains, cattle, clothes,
Storage and
horses, slaves etc. on the basis of progressive cost of accessories
production
2) Establishment of the following three markets for the distribution of goods –
A. Galla Mandi (Grain Market) - All types of grains were sold in Galla Mandi. , The chief officer of the grain
market was Shehna.
B. Sarai-e-Adl (Clothing Market) - Apart from clothes, dry fruits, herbs, ghee, oil, etc. were sold in Sarai-e-
Adl at the rates fixed by the state. State assistance was given to buy foreign goods. The chief officer of the
Sarai-i-Adl was 'Rai Parwana’.
C. Horse, Slave and Cattle Market - In this market all kinds of animals, birds, slaves etc. were sold at the
rates fixed by the state.
3) Government granaries were set up for emergency situations, which were distributed under the rationing system
(a half-maund of food grains per day to each household).
4) For effective implementation of the market system, a department named Diwan-e-Riyasat (Market Control
Head) was created, with the help of which posts like Shehna-e-Mandi (Market Inspector), Warid, Munhiyan
were created. They used to give harsh punishment to those who did not follow the rules.
In this way, Alauddin not only made the plan, but also made proper arrangements for its implementation. Due to
the unparalleled success of this plan, Lenpool described Alauddin as a great political economist.
➢ Effect/result :- ➢ Economic policy results :-
Positive - Property -

♀ Increase in state income ♀ Provided stability to a large army without putting additional burden on

♀ stability of values the Treasury.

♀ Benefit to soldiers and people ♀ The role of the middlemen who exploited the peasants ended.
♀ Due to the price fixed by the government, people started getting goods at
♀ Problems like adulteration, black
cheap prices.
marketing, presence of mediators
♀ Restricting the accumulation of money put an end to the spirit of local
ended
rebellion.
Negative -
Demerits -
♀ Applicable only in the vicinity of
♀ The farmers and shopkeepers had to sell the goods at the price fixed by
Delhi
the government, due to which their financial condition became
♀ Land revenue 50% due to which
unsustainable.
farmers are in pathetic condition ♀ The merchant class was dissatisfied with the economic policies of the
♀ Adverse effect on traders Sultan.
♀ In order to implement this, the ♀ Farmers had to pay other taxes in addition to 50 per cent of their produce,
Sultan made strict laws. which made their situation even worse.
 4.8) Evaluation of achievements of Alauddin Khilji

Achievements - Limitations -
1) Different imperialist policy regarding North 1) Financial loss to the state due to formation of
India and South India huge army
2) Establishment of a centralized administrative 2) High rate of land revenue
system 3) Exploitation of farmers
3) Successfully resolving Mongol invasion 4) Losses to traders due to market control
4) Administrative ordinance to end rebellions system
5) land revenue system improvement Although the reign of Alauddin Khilji had
6) Market control system some limitations. But he has made important reforms
7) Military reform in the contemporary administrative, economic,
8) Reorganization of intelligence military and judicial system to provide stability to the
Muslim state in India.
 5) Shihabuddin Umar Khilji (1316) 6) Mubarak Khilji (1316-1320)

1) Shihabuddin Umar Khilji was the son of Alauddin 1) Mubarak Shah was the last ruler of Khilji dynasty
Khilji. 2) He was the first Sultan of Delhi, who declared
2) At the behest of Malik Kafur, Alauddin did not make himself as Khalifa.
his son 'Khizr Khan' successor but appointed his 5–6- 3) Mubarak Shah Khilji made Khusro Khan his Naib-e-
year-old son Shihabuddin Umar as his successor. Mamlikat (Last), a Hindu from Gujarat who had
3) After the death of Alauddin, Kafur made
recently converted to Islam.
Shihabuddin the Sultan and secured all the authority
4) Devagiri was merged with the Delhi Sultanate and
in his hands.
Devagiri was renamed as 'Qutubabad'.
4) After enjoying power for about 35 days, Kafur was
5) Barani :- Wearing women's clothes naked used to
assassinated by Alauddin's third son Mubarak Khilji.
run among the courtiers.
5) After the murder of Kafur, he himself became the
6) Khusro Khan killed Mubarak and declared himself
guardian of the Sultan and later he blinded
Sultan.
Shihabuddin and imprisoned him.
 7) Nasiruddin Khusro Shah : 1320 8) Possible question

1) Khusro Shah assumed the title of 'Commander Very short answer questions
of the Prophet'. Although Khusro Shah had the 1) Jalaluddin khilji
moral support of Nizamuddin Auliya, the rise of 2) Alauddin khilji
an Indian Muslim as the Sultan caused envy 3) Malik kafur
among the Turkic nobles. 4) Shahabuddin umar
2) Iqtadar of Dipalpur and border guard Ghazi Malik 5) Qutubuddin mubarak khilji
took over the leadership against Khusro. 6) Diwan-i-riyasat
3) Khusro Shah was defeated and killed in a battle 7) Which two new departments were created
with Ghazi Malik near Delhi, thus becoming the by alauddin khilji?
new Sultan of Delhi Sultanate, Ghazi Malik 8) Burid and munhiyan
(Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq). 9) Sarai-e-adal bazaar
10) Biswa
Short answer questions Long answer questions
1) Explain the imperialist policy of Alauddin 1) Describe the market control system of
Khilji. Alauddin Khilji.
2) Briefly explain Khilji Revolution. 2) Explain the economic policies of Alauddin
3) Explain the southern policy of Alauddin Khilji. Khilji.
4) Explain the revenue policy of Alauddin Khilji. 3) Explain the administrative reforms of
5) Explain the military and intelligence system of Alauddin Khilji.
Alauddin Khilji. 4) Explain the imperialist policy of Alauddin
6) Explain the principle of revenue of Alauddin Khilji.
Khilji.
7) Explain the Mongol policy of Alauddin Khilji.
8) Malwa campaign of Alauddin Khilji.
 Chapter - 08
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1413)

Background Ghiyasuddin Muhammad

Tughlaq (1320- bin Tughlaq
25) (1325-1351)

Feroz Shah Nasiruddin

Tughlaq (1351- Mahmood
1388) (1394-1412)
 5) Sources of information :-
1) Background and
A. Tughlaknama : This is the last work (poem)
General Introduction
composed by Khusrau. It describes the
1) The last Ottoman dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate founded in establishment of the Tughlaq dynasty.
1320 by Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Tughlaq (Ghazi Malik). B. Futuhat-e-Firozshahi : It is composed by
2) Eight rulers of this dynasty ruled for the maximum 94 years Firoz Tughlaq. It gives detailed information
during the Delhi Sultanate period. about military operations and governance
3) According to Ibn Battuta, the Tughlaqs were Turks of the management.
Karauna dynasty, who settled in the central province of C. Tarikh-e-ferozshahi : The author of this book
Turkistan. Tughlaq, in fact, was a title that Ghazi Malik is 'Ziauddin Barani'. In this, the policies of
assumed after becoming Sultan. use and spread of Muhammad bin Tughlaq
4) The Tughlaq dynasty is the transition period of the Sultanate, have been mentioned,
in which, on the one hand, South India was expanded by D. Tarikh-e-ferozshahi : This is the next
joining the Delhi Sultanate, on the other hand the sequence of Barani's book. This book written
background for the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate was by Shams-e-Shiraz Afif gives details of the
also prepared. reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
D. Fatwa-e-Jahandari : This is Barani's creation. “Archaeological source”
It mentions the religious flourishing of the A. The Jama Masjid of Multan Ibn Battuta has
Muslim rulers and the gratitude of the people. mentioned 21 victories against the Tatars in
E. Kitab-ul-Rehla : This book has been the writings of this mosque.
composed by the African traveler Ibn B. Qutub Minar : It was built by three sultans
Battuta. He has described Indian food, respectively Qutbuddin Aibak, Iltutmish and
lifestyle, religion, festivals, music as well as Firoz Shah Tughlaq
administrative system, postal system, C. Begumpuri Masjid : It was built during the
intelligence system, agricultural system etc. reign of Muhammad Tughlaq.
D. Firoz Tughlaq's Tomb : This tomb is located
in Delhi.
 2) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-25)

Introduction Military operation Death

02 04
Challenges Improvement

01 03 05
 2.1) Introduction 2.2) Main challenges before Ghiyasuddin

1) Initial name :- Ghazi Tughlaq or Ghazi Beg 1) Internal rebellion :- Due to the weakening of central
2) Born in a very simple family :- Father Balban's Turkish power, Bengal, Sindh, Rajput states and the states of
slave and mother a Jat woman from Punjab the south tried to make their own independent
3) Alauddin Khilji appointed him on the North-West existence. Sindh Subedar Amar and Pratap Rudradev of
Frontier Province. Warangal started behaving like an independent ruler.
4) He became famous as Malik-ul-Ghazi because of 2) Administrative disorder
defeating the Mongols. 3) Alauddin's revenue system completely collapsed
5) Defeated Khusro Khan and became the Sultan of Delhi 4) Qutbuddin mubarak and khusrau khan made huge
in September 1320. donations to the amirs and ulema to strengthen their
6) After becoming Sultan, he assumed the title of Ghazi position, leaving the treasury empty.
(deadly of the infidels) and Tughlaq Shah. 5) Trade and commerce were also negatively affected due
7) The first Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate to bear the title to internal rebellion and administrative disorder.
of Ghazi.
8) The first sultan to get unanimous rule of the amirs
 2.3) Military operation 2.4) Main reforms of Ghiyasuddin

1) Under the leadership of Jauna Khan (Muhammad

bin Tughlaq), he conducted a military campaign Administrative Financial
against Prataparudra Dev, the ruler of Warangal
(South) and defeated him and merged him into the 2.4.1) Administrative reforms
Delhi Sultanate.
1) Military :- Alauddin's Hulia and Daag system was
2) Jauna Khan defeated Bhanudev II, the ruler of
strictly implemented.
Jajnagar (Orissa). This campaign is confirmed by the
2) appointed his comrades to key positions
Rajahmundry inscription. In this, Jauna Khan has
3) Build a fortification to avoid robbers
been called 'Khan of the world'.
4) The postal system was greatly strengthened
3) Ghiyasuddin re-established his suzerainty over
Bengal in 1324. While returning after conquest of
Bengal, the ruler of Mithila (Bihar) region defeated
Harisingh Dev (Karnar dynasty) and merged with
Delhi Sultanate.
 2.4.2) Economic reform 2.5) Death

1) The system of land metering and market control 1) In the joy of Bengal conquest, Jauna Khan, son of
introduced by Alauddin was abandoned and the Batai Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, built a wooden palace at Afganpura
system was used. near Delhi under the supervision of Ahmed Niaz.
2) The amount donated by the old sultans and the land 2) When Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq entered that palace, a parade
was taken back, due to which he also had a dispute of elephants was held in his honor. At the same time, the
with Nizamuddin Auliya. wooden palace was destroyed by a stampede, in which
3) The first sultan of the Delhi Sultanate to build canals Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq died in February 1325.
for the expansion of agriculture 3) According to Ziauddin Barani, the wooden palace fell due
4) The rate of land revenue was again raised to one third. to lightning, but according to Ibn Battuta and Badayuni,
5) The land tax was waived in times of famine. there was a conspiracy of Muhammad bin Tughlaq in the
6) He returned the old rights to the zamindars like murder of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
Choudhary and Muqqadam. 4) Since after attaining the throne, Muhammad bin Tughlaq
7) By adopting a harsh policy towards Hindus, he banned had made Ahmed Niyaz his vizier. Therefore, Jauna Khan
the accumulation of currency. can be held responsible for the death of Ghiyasuddin.
 3) Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1331)

Mongol policy Tughlaq's experiments

04 05 and other principles

Contemporary
Expansionist policies 03 06 rebellion

Revenue principle 02 07 Religious policy

General introduction 01 08 Evaluation

 3.1) General introduction

1) The eldest son and successor of Ghiyasuddin

2) Its original name was Malik Fakhruddin and Jauna Khan.
3) After the death of Ghiyasuddin in 1325, he ascended the throne in the name of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
4) Khusro Khan made him the head of the royal horses while Ghiyasuddin gave him the title of "Ulug Khan"
after becoming the Sultan.
5) Personality of Muhammad bin Tughlaq :-
❑ Isami - He was an autocratic and heretical ruler.
❑ Barani - A mixture of opposite elements and he called the Sultan evil and merciful.
❑ Elphinstone - There was some degree of madness in that.
❑ Ibn Battuta - He received higher education, he also had good knowledge of Arabic, Persian,
mathematics, astronomy, physics, logic and medicine.
6) Muhammad bin Tughlaq was an ambitious and visionary ruler, while he continued the policy of expansion of
the empire on the one hand, on the other hand he continued to do many new experiments.
 3.2) Revenue system of Muhammad bin Tughlaq

The principle of kingship of Muhammad bin Tughlaq can be 6) Fair Justice :- He was the first Sultan of Delhi
seen under the following points :- Sultanate, who also brought the Ulema class
1) Based on divine concept :- He had 'Al Sultan Jilli Allah' under judicial ambit.
inscribed in his coins. 7) Policy of Religious Tolerance :- He was the
2) Believing in the autocracy and supremacy of the Sultan first Sultan, who participated in Holi, the main
3) Renunciation of Muslim racist policy :- Indian Muslims, festival of Hindus. The Sultan provided
Hindus, Mongols, etc. were also appointed on the basis of patronage to Jain saints like Rajashekhar and
merit in state services. Jinprabhasuri in the court.
4) Policy of Empire Expansion :- The largest empire in the 8) Emphasis on foreign relations :- He
Delhi Sultanate was established by Muhammad bin Tughlaq. exchanged ambassadors with countries like
5) Policy of non-interference of religion in politics :- He China, Iraq, Syria, Khwarism etc.
neither received Sanad from the Caliph nor read the Khutba
in the name of the Caliph at the beginning of his rule.
 3.3) Expansionist policies

Among the Sultans of Delhi Sultanate, Muhammad bin Tughlaq 2) Nagarkot Campaign :-
expanded his empire, which was divided into 23 provinces, for ♀ Nagarkot, located in the Kangra district of
which he had to make the following campaigns - Himachal Pradesh, was ruled by a Hindu king.
1) Khurasan Campaign :- ♀ Although Muhammad bin Tughluq conquered
♀ To take advantage of the political vacuum created in Nagarkot, the Raja of Nagarkot stopped sending
Central Asia, Muhammad planned the Khurasan revenue after Muhammad bin Tughlaq returned
conquest. to Delhi.
♀ For this campaign, 370,000 soldiers were recruited, 3) South india campaign :-
and they were also given one year's advance salary. ♀ Muhammad bin Tughlaq conquered the far
But soon the change in the political situation in south. Most of the Dwarsamudra was also
Khurasan made this campaign irrelevant. conquered and included in the Delhi Sultanate.
♀ This impractical thinking not only increased the ♀ The Sultan also conquered the last Hindu state
financial burden on the treasury, but also created in South India, Kampili or Kampili (Karnataka)
discontent among the soldiers. and included it in the Delhi Sultanate.
4) Qarachile campaign :-
♀ Karachil was located in the Kumaun district of Uttarakhand. The purpose of this campaign was to
subjugate the hill states which used to give refuge to the rebels of the Sultanate.
♀ This campaign was sent under the leadership of Khusro Malik.
♀ The ruler of Karachil accepted the suzerainty of the Sultan and promised to pay annual taxes.
♀ Khusro Malik's army advanced beyond Karachil towards Tibet, where like Bakhtiyar Khilji, his army was
also destroyed. Only three soldiers were able to return to Delhi alive
Although most of the military campaigns of Muhammad bin Tughluq were successful and the Delhi Sultanate
expanded the most during the reign of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, but the imperial policy of the Sultan had the
following limitations.–
♀ It became difficult to establish control over the entire empire.
♀ The economic condition of the state weakened due to continuous military campaigns.
♀ Discontent arose among the soldiers.
 3.4) Mongol policy

1) There was only one invasion of Mongols during the reign of Muhammad Tughlaq.
2) In 1326-27 AD, Alauddin Tarmashirin, the Chughtai Mongol ruler of Trans oxiana invaded India.
3) There are many opinions among scholars about this invasion, most scholars believe that Alauddin
Tarmashirin came to India as a refugee, with the help of which Mohammad bin Tughlaq established
friendly relations.
4) On the contrary, some scholars believe that the Mongols came in the form of invaders and looted from
Multan and Lahore to Badaun and Meerut. Mohammad Tughlaq gave him back by giving him a bribe
 3.5) Use of Tughlaq and other reforms

Mohammad bin Tughlaq was the most educated Sultan of Delhi who continued to implement new schemes for
the prosperity of the state. According to the historian Barani, the Sultan started the following 5 plans, out of
which most of the plans were unsuccessful. This is the reason why in history he has been called the 'wise foolish
ruler'.

Khurasan's campaign

03
Sign currency circulation Qarachil's campaign
02 04

Capital change Tax hike in doab

01 05
 3.5.1) Tax hike in doab 3.5.2) Capital change

1) The Doab was the most fertile region of the 1) Muhammad bin Tughlaq shifted the capital from
Sultanate. Therefore, the Sultan increased the tax Delhi to Devagiri which was renamed as
of the Doab to meet the economic needs. Daulatabad.
2) The existing rent was increased from 1/10 to 1/20, 2) Cause :-
in addition to this new taxes were also collected. ♀ Barani - Daulatabad was at the center of the
3) This increase in tax was not very much, but kingdom from where administrative control
unfortunately the year the rent increased, there was easy
was a famine in the Doab region. ♀ Protection from Mongol invasion
4) The condition of the peasants became pathetic It was a strategic decision, but due to lack of
while the land revenue officials tried to recover proper implementation and foresight, the plan failed.
the revenue mercilessly, as a result the peasants But this increased the spread of Islamic culture in
revolted. South India, Sheikh Burhanuddin made Daulatabad his
center of expansion.
 3.5.3) Token currency circulation 3.5.4) Khurasan's campaign

Muhammad bin Tughlaq issued copper and brass coins in place 1) Khurasan was the region of Trans-Oxiana in
of silver tanka, the value of which was kept equal to silver tanka. Central Asia.

The root cause for this was the lack of silver. Therefore, taking inspiration 2) Since, at this time there was vacuum in

from the rulers of China and Iran, he started a token currency in the Central Asia which the Sultan wanted to take

Sultanate. advantage of, for this purpose he prepared a

huge army of about 370,000 and he was also
It was a visionary and progressive step, but the plan failed due to the
given an advance salary of one year, but
following reasons :-
before the army marched. The politics of
❑ Lack of robust implementation
Central Asia changed.
❑ Lack of standardization of coins, allowing coins to be minted by
3) The power of Tarmashrin ended, as a result
the general public
Muhammad Tughlaq had to abandon this
❑ Lack of central control over mints
plan. The financial situation worsened due to
As a result, the markets were flooded with counterfeit coins
the expenditure in the army, due to which the
and trade commerce began to suffer. Therefore, the Sultan withdrew this army was disbanded, resulting in
plan by giving silver coins from the treasury in lieu of all token coins. unemployment and this plan also failed.
 3.5.5) Qarachil Expedition 3.5.6) Other Reforms of
Muhammad bin Tughlaq
1) Qarachil was located in the Kumaun district of
1) First Sultan, who set up relief camps in Delhi to
Uttarakhand. The purpose of this campaign was
help the famine victims and got the famine code
to subjugate the hill states which used to give
prepared.
refuge to the rebels of the Sultanate.
2) Agricultural reform
2) This campaign was sent under the leadership of
❑ Arrangements were made for advance loans
Khusro Malik.
(Takavi), seeds and bullocks for the farmers.
3) The ruler of Qarachil accepted the suzerainty of
❑ Establishment of Agriculture Department
the Sultan and promised to pay annual taxes.
Diwan-i-Kohi (Head-Amir-e-Kohi)
4) Khusro Malik's army advanced beyond qarachil
❑ Crop rotation system adopted to increase
towards Tibet, where like Bakhtiyar Khilji his army
agricultural production
was also destroyed. Only three soldiers were able
❑ 70 lakh tanks were spent in 3 years for the
to return to Delhi alive
production of cash crop
 3.6) Religious policy 3.7) Contemporary rebellion

1) Religiously tolerant ruler :- He gave 1) In 1326-27, Bahauddin Gurshasp, the governor of Sagar, and Kishlu Khan, the

place to Hindus and non-Muslims also governor of Multan and Sindh, revolted, but the Sultan suppressed both.
2) In 1335, Syed Ehsan Shah established the independent state of Madurai.
in his administration. Sai was the
3) In 1336 two brothers named Harihara-Bukka founded Vijayanagara, a Hindu
Minister of Raj and Ratan was the
kingdom to the south of the Krishna River. Both of them were taken captive
Governor.
during the conquest of Muhammad Tughlaq Kampili and sent them to quell the
2) Grants to all religions :- He gave rebellion in the south.
grants to Jain temples. Donated one 4) Malik Haji Ilyas established the independent province of Bengal.
thousand cows to Jain scholar 5) Warangal and Dwarasamudra also declared independence and made Kanhaiya
Jinprabha Suri. Gave patronage to the ruler.

another Jain scholar, Rajasekhar. 6) In 1347 Hasan Gangu established the independent Bahmani kingdom and
ascended the throne in Daulatabad under the name of Sultan Alauddin Bahman
3) Respect for Sufis :- He was the first
Shah.
Sultan, who visited the dargah of
7) In 1351 he went to suppress the rebellion in Sindh (Thatta) and he died in this
Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti in Ajmer
sequence. On his death, Badaun says that “The king was freed from his people
and the tomb of Salas Masood Ghazi and they from their king."
in Bahraich.
 4) Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388)

General introduction 1 6 Death and heir

Military operation 2 5 Religious policy

Various improvements
Policy of appeasement 3 4 and works
 4.1) General introduction 8) Ascended twice :-
♀ First - on 22 March 1351 in Thatta (Sindh)
1) After the death of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, his cousin
♀ Sacond - at Delhi in August 1351
became the Sultan of Delhi Sultanate in 1351.
9) Issues :-
2) Firuz's mother was the daughter of Ranmal.
♀ There were constant rebellions in the Sultanate.
3) Sultans with Hindu Mother :- Nasiruddin Khusrau,
♀ The conquered states were declaring
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Sikandar Lodi
independence.
4) Original Name :- Kamaluddin Firo
♀ South India independent of the Sultanate
5) Title :- Sayyid-us-Salatin, Naib of the Caliph (Firoz
♀ Amir and Ulema angry with the policies of the state
called himself)
♀ Soldiers were dissatisfied with being unemployed.
6) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq made him Amir-e-Hajib
♀ weak economic condition of the sultanate
7) Opinion of scholars / historians :-
Firoz Shah Tughlaq was a short-sighted and
♀ Henry Elliot and Elphinstone - Akbar of the
weak ruler. In view of the above problems, he adopted
Sultanate era
the policy of appeasement.
♀ Woolzle Hague - The hijacker of the kingdom
♀ Ziauddin Barani - The ideal Sultan of Delhi and
the first true Muslim ruler
 4.2) Military operation
1) Firoz Shah Tughlaq did not make any effort to re-conquer the territories of the South that became
independent from the Sultanate.
2) He launched a military campaign on Bengal and Sindh but was unsuccessful.
3) In 1359 he attacked Jajnagar in Orissa and looted the money by destroying the Jagannath temple but did
not try to include Orissa in the Sultanate.
4) In 1365, he attacked the fort of Nagarkot located in Kangra (Himachal Pradesh) and damaged the
Jwalamukhi temple there, brought the Sanskrit works and manuscripts here to Delhi.
5) Firoz Shah's last military campaign took place at Thatta in Sindh. He did not get any tangible success in
spite of two years of efforts till 1362-64.
Thus Firoz Shah Tughlaq expanded the empire of the Sultanate. His reign was famous for peace and
welfare works.
 4.3) Policy of appeasement C) Policy regarding the military class
♀ Firoz Shah Tughlaq abandoned the policy of expansion
A) Policy regarding the farming class
of the empire and made military posts hereditary.
♀ Firoz Shah Tughlaq freed farmers from debt
♀ The soldiers were given salary in the form of jagir
♀ He also reduced the amount of land revenue to 1/3 instead of cash salary.
of the production. ♀ The soldiers' share of the loot was again increased from
♀ Firoz Shah Tughlaq got the maximum 11 canals 1/5 to 4/5
constructed in the interest of the farmers. ♀ Keeping a large permanent army at the center and
B) Policy regarding the rich class abandoned Daag and Huliya system .
♀ To satisfy the Muslim rich class, the posts of Muslim D) Policy regarding the Ulema class
employees appointed in the state services were ♀ During the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the

made hereditary. privileges taken away and the confiscated jagirs were

♀ Started paying salary to the rich class in the form of returned,

jagir instead of cash salary, ♀ Generously donated jagirs to the Ulemas.

♀ Tried to satisfy the Ulema class by adopting a radical
♀ Ignored the corruption present in the administration
Islamic policy.
and abolished the harsh penal legislation.
 E) Policy on slaves
♀ At the time of Firoz Shah Tughlaq, the number of slaves had reached 1,80,000 (most slaves).
♀ Ordered the Hindu landlords to free the slaves.
♀ For the care of the slaves, 'Diwan-i-Bandagan' department was established.
♀ Vocational education was also arranged for the slaves and the export of slaves was banned.
In this way, Firoz Shah Tughlaq had tried to remove the discontent of different classes by adopting the policy of
appeasement and in this work, he also got a lot of success. But the policy of appeasement adopted by him had the
following limitations -
♀ The economic condition of the state weakened due to the policy of loan waiver and land revenue reduction.
♀ The administrative and military efficiency decreased due to the sultan making all civil and military posts hereditary.
♀ Corruption in administration and army was ignored.
♀ The interference of the Ulema class increased in politics and dissatisfaction arose among the non-Muslim subjects.
Although Firoz Shah Tughlaq stopped the process of decline of Delhi Sultanate. But due to his policy of
appeasement, the prestige of the Sultan and the strength of the state declined. As a result, after the death of Firoz Shah
Tughlaq, the decline of the Delhi Sultanate became inevitable during the reign of his weak successors.
 4.4) Religious policy ♀ He received the title 'Sayyid-us-Salatin' from the
Caliph and called himself the Naib of the Caliph.
The fanatical religious policy of Firoz Shah Tughlaq can be
He read the Khutba in the name of the Caliph and
understood under the following main points :-
included the names of all the Sultans of the
♀ Repealed 24 types of non-Islamic taxes and imposed
Sultanate period in the Khutba. The name of
only four types of taxes like Jijya, Zakat, Kharaj and
Muhammad Ghori was mentioned in the Khutba,
Khams according to Shariat.
but not that of Qutbuddin Aibak.
♀ The first ruler of Delhi Sultanate, who imposed Jijya
♀ He built many mosques and madrasas.
tax on Brahmins.
♀ The Khams were also made compatible with the ♀ Jwalamukhi temple of Nagarkot and Jagannath

Shariat, in which the share of the state should be 1/5 temple of Puri was destroyed

and that of the soldiers should be 4/5. The fanatical Islamic policy of Firoz Shah Tughlaq
♀ Mazar worship by Muslim women was banned. got the support of the Ulema class, but not the non-
♀ Arrangements were made for the poor Muslims to Muslim subjects, which encouraged the decline of the
perform Haj at the cost of the state. Delhi Sultanate.
♀ Encouraged purdah practice
 4.5) Various improvements

Revenue and economic policy Agriculture Education Public works public welfare work

4.5.1) Revenue and economic policy 5) Ban on gifts received annually by Subedars
6) Established 36 new factories due to which the income
1) Giving a religious form to the tax system, 24 types of
of the state increased
non-Islamic taxes were abolished and only 4 taxes
7) Issued new coins of silver 'Shashgani' and silver-copper
(Jajya, Zakat, Khams and Kharaj) were imposed.
mixed 'Adha' and 'Bikh'
2) Collected jijya from brahmins and 2.5% zakat from
8) About 300 new towns were built, as a result of which
muslims
economic activities got an impetus.
3) Adopted Mukta system (contracting) for land revenue,
❑ Fatehabad and Hisar (Haryana), Firozpur (Punjab),
under which Khalsa land of the entire Sultanate was
Jaunpur (Uttar Pradesh), Ferozeshah Kotla (Delhi)
given on contract in exchange for 6 crore 85 lakh tanka
etc.
annually.
4) New taxation called Haq-e-Sharb (Irrigation Tax)
 4.5.2) Agricultural reform 4.5.3) Educational reforms

1) Waived off Taqabi loans given by Muhammad bin 1) Thirty madrassas were built keeping Islamic education
Tughlaq at the center.
2) Land tax reduced to 20% 2) Arrangement of stipend (scholarship) for the students.
3) Abolition of Agricultural Cess (Abwab) 3) Sultan wrote his autobiography 'Futuhat-e-Firozshahi'.
4) By levying tax for irrigation, canals and many wells 4) He patronized scholars like Barani and Afik.
were constructed, out of which 5 canals are 5) About 300 Sanskrit texts received from the temple of
prominent:- Jwalamukhi near Nagarkot were translated into Persian.
♀ Jamuna River to Hisar (Ulugkhani Canal) One of them was Aaj-ud-din Khalid Khani, the
♀ From Sirmur Hill to Hansi translator of the book 'Dalal-e-Firozshahi'. This book is
♀ From Sutlej River to Ghaghra River (Rajwahi Canal) based on astronomy and philosophy.
♀ Ghaghra River to Firozabad
♀ amuna River to Firozabad
5) Planted 1200 orchards of grapes, due to which the
annual income of the state increased by 1.80 lakh
tankas.
 4.5.4) Public works

Buljle Hague, influenced by the construction works of Firoz Shah Tughlaq, compared him with the Roman
Emperor Augustus, which can be understood by the following points -
1) Establishment of Public Works Department (Diwan-e-Imaran)
2) Establishment of many cities like Fatehabad, Hisar, Firozpur, Jaunpur, Ferozshah Kotla (capital)
3) Repair of Qutb Minar and construction of two new floors (5)
4) The tomb of Khan-i-Jahan Telangani is compared with the mosque of Umar built in Jerusalem
5) Two pillar inscriptions made by Ashoka were brought from Topra and Meerut and installed in Delhi.
6) According to Farishta, Firoz Shah Tughlaq had built 150 bridges, 100 hospitals, 100 baths, 100
sarais(rest house), 20 palaces, 10 memorial pillars, 05 water bodies, 05 mausoleums and 04 mosques.
7) He also built 11 canals and 1200 gardens.
 4.5.5) Public welfare work

Firoz Shah Tughlaq was called Akbar of Sultanate by historians like Elphiston because of his public welfare works,
but all his works were limited only to the Muslim class, due to which a feeling of social discontent was generated.
1) Firoz Shah Tughlaq established the following departments:-

Department work

1) Diwan-i-Bandagan Recruitment and Care of Slaves

2) Diwan-e-Khairat This was the charity department. In this there was a system to feed and
take care of orphans, widows and poor.

3) Dar-ul-Shafa It was a free hospital where patients were treated free of cost.

4) Diwan-i-Istihaq Pension department

5) Rozgar daftar This department used to provide employment to the unemployed people.

6) Public Works Department He used to do the work of repairing the tombs of the Sultans and the Qutub Minar.
2) Arrangement of langar for the poor 5) Due to the welfare works of Firoz Shah, his
3) Lifelong pension to persons engaged in civil service position and prestige increased, but the
4) Technical training to slaves policy of appeasement paved the way for
5) Government assistance for marriage of girls the decline of the empire.
6) Firoz Shah died in 1388. After his death his
4.7) Firoz Shah Tughlaq's successor
successors could not handle the throne of
1) Tried to satisfy the Amirs and Ulemas, due to which the Delhi Sultanate.
prestige of the Sultan began to decline and there was chaos
4.8) Firoz Shah Tughlaq's successor
in the administration.
2) Due to the hereditary taxation of the jagirdari system, the 1) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah II (1388-89)

economic control of the central administration gradually 2) Abu Bakshah (1389-90)

weakened. 3) Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah (1390-94)

3) In the appointments of soldiers, importance was given to 4) Alauddin Sikander Shah or Humayun Khan

family relatives rather than personal merit. (1394)

4) Big administrative officials started collecting money illegally. 5) Nasiruddin Mahmud or Prince Muhammad
(1394–1412)
 5) Nasiruddin Mahmud 6) Reasons for the downfall
(1394-1412) of Tughlaq dynasty

1) Nasiruddin Mahmud was the last sultan of the 1) Lack of rule of succession.
Tughlaq dynasty. 2) The impractical plans of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
2) During his reign Timur attacked Delhi in 1398. 3) Firoz Shah Tughlaq's policy of appeasement.
3) Nasiruddin Mahmud fled to Gujarat after being 4) Timur Lang's attack.
defeated by Timur. 5) Later weak and incompetent rulers.
4) After the death of Timur in 1405 AD, Nasiruddin 6) Undue interference of rich and ulema class in
Mahmud again established nominal sovereignty politics
over Delhi. But after the death of Nasiruddin
Mahmud in 1412 AD, the Tughlaq dynasty came to
an end.
 3) Effect or result :-
7) Timur Lang's Invasion (1398)
♀ Loss of public money.

1) General introduction :- ♀ Malik Sarwar established an independent

♀ Timur ascended the throne of samarkand state in Jaunpur, Zafar Khan in Gujarat and

(uzbekistan) in 1369 and only after that set out for Dilawar Khan Ghori in Malwa.

world-conquest. ♀ End of Tughlaq dynasty.

♀ Having conquered mesopotamia, persia and ♀ On his way back from India in March 1399,

afghanistan, invaded india in 1398 and advanced to Timur appointed Khizr Khan as the

delhi. administrator of Lahore, Multan and Dipalpur.

2) Cause :- In 1414, Khin Khan established the Sayyid

♀ Waging war against the infidels and forcing them dynasty.

to accept islam.
♀ Demolition of temples and idols.
On 18 december 1398, timur defeated sultan nasiruddin
mahmud in a battle near delhi. Both left delhi and fled.
 Chapter - 09
Sayyid dynasty (1414-1450)

1) General 4) Muhammad Shah

introduction (1434-43)
2) Sayyid khizr khan 5) Alam Shah (1445-51)
ibn malik (1414-21)
3) Mubarak shah
(1421-34)
 1) General introduction

1) Sayyids came to India from Arabia

2) He was serving in the administrative work of Delhi Sultanate.
3) Khizr Khan founded the Sayyid dynasty by taking advantage of the
chaos created after the death of Mahmud Shah, the last sultan of the
Tughlaq dynasty and the invasion of Timur.
4) The reign of the Sayyids was also as short as that of the Khiljis.
5) The process of disintegration of the sultanate which started in Tughlaq
rule continued during the time of Sayyid rulers also.
6) The extent of the Delhi Sultanate became more limited during his reign.
7) The information of the Sayyid dynasty is obtained from 'Tarikh-e-
Mubarakshahi' by Yahiya-bin-Ahmad Sirhindi.
8) The Sayyid ruler Mubarak Shah had given protection to Yahiya bin
Ahmed Sirhindi.
 7) The purpose of Khizr Khan was not to expand the
2) Khizr Kha (1414-21) kingdom, but to suppress the rebels and to collect
revenue.
1) The ancestors of Khizr Khan were the Amirs of Firoz
8) Khizr Khan sent a detachment of army under the
Tughlaq.
leadership of his vizier 'Taj-ul-Mulk' to the area of ​Doab.
2) Khizr Khan assisted him during the invasion of Timur
He forced the iqtedars of the doab to pay annual taxes.
in 1398. As a result, Timur appointed him the Subedar
9) In the military campaign on Etawah in 1420, Rai Subir
of Lahore, Multan and Dipalpur.
surrendered and accepted the annual tax.
3) In 1414 he defeated Daulat Khan and captured Delhi.
10) In 1421 Khizr Khan attacked Mewat. On his return he
4) Khizr Khan did not assume the title of Sultan. He
died in Delhi in 1421.
ruled with the title of 'Raiyat-i-Aala'. 11) Khizr Khan was worthy and generous. When he died,
5) He used to send Taimur's son Shahrukh as a regular people expressed grief by wearing black clothes. But he
tax and included his name in the Khutbe. was not a successful ruler because the process of
6) He allowed the names of the Tughlaq rulers to disintegration of the Sultanate started during the
remain on the coins. Tughlaq dynasty and could not rectify the disorder
caused by the invasion of Timur.
 5) Mubarak Shah withdrew the revenue
3) Mubarakshah (1421-34)
rights from the vizier, Sarwar-ul-Mulk, due
1) After Khizr Khan, his son Mubarak Shah became the ruler. He to which ul-Mulk was dissatisfied and he
restored the dignity of the Sultanate and assumed the title of conspired to assassinate the Sultan in 1434.
'Shah'.
6) Built a city named 'Mubarakabad'
2) He got the Khutba read in his name and also minted coins in his
7) Yahiya-bin-Ahmad composed the Tarikh-i-
name.
Mubarakshahi during his reign.
3) Challenges :- Hushang Shah, the ruler of Malwa and Ibrahim
Shah, the Shak ruler of Jaunpur, were the main challenges for
him.
4) In 1423, Mubarak Shah defeated the ruler of Malwa, Alap Khan
(Husangshah). In 1428, the Shaka ruler Ibrahim Shah was
defeated. The Mewatis assisted Ibrahim Shah in this campaign.
5) Apart from this, Mubarak Shah also conducted military
campaigns on Badaun, Etawah, Katehar, Gwalior etc. to collect
revenue.
 5) Impressed by this success of Lodi, Muhammad
4) Muhammad Shah (1434-45)
Shah gave him the title of 'Khan-i-Khana' and
1) After Mubarak Shah, Muhammad bin Farid Khan described him as his son.
(Muhammad Shah) ascended the throne of Delhi. 6) The political position of the Sayyid dynasty
2) He was an incompetent ruler and the real power became very weak during his reign. Due to
was in the hands of his vizier Sarwar-ul-Mulk. administrative inefficiency, the rent was also not
Sarwar-ul-Mulk also acquired the title of 'Khane being recovered.
Jahan'. 7) The Sultan died in 1445. His incompetence paved
3) To put an end to the growing political power of the way for the downfall of the Sayyid dynasty.
the vizier, Muhammad Shah, with the help of Naib
commander Kamal-ul-Mulk, got him killed.
4) Mahmud Khilji, the ruler of Malwa, attacked Delhi,
but was defeated by Bahlol Lodi (subedar of
Multan).
 5) Alauddin Alamshah (1445)

1) After the death of Muhammad Shah, his son

Alauddin Alamshah became the Sultan.
2) He proved to be more incompetent than his
father.
3) Due to a dispute with Wazir Hameed Khan, Alam
Shah left Delhi and went to Budaun.
4) Taking advantage of this, Bahlol Lodi got Hameed
Khan killed and took control of Delhi.
5) In 1451 Bahlol Lodi established the first Afghan
kingdom in India.
 Chapter - 10
Lodi dynasty : 1450-1526

1) General knowledge and

background 3) Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517)

2) Bahlol Lodi (1451-1489)

4) Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526)

 1) General information 2) Bahlol Lodi (1451-1489)
and background
1) On 19 April 1451, the founder of the last of the Delhi
1) The Lodis belonged to Shahunkhel Kudumb, a branch
Sultanate and the first Afghan dynasty (Lodi) of India
of the Gizlai clan of the Afghans.
2) Holding the title of Bahlol Shah Ghazi, he ruled for
2) Founded in 1451 by Bahlol Lodi, the last of the Delhi
the maximum 38 years among the Sultans of Delhi
Sultanate and the first Afghan state of India
Sultanate.
3) The importance of the Afghans was greater than in the
time of Nasiruddin Mahmud and Balban, who rose to
3) Main work :-

supremacy in the Sayyid dynasty. ♀ Coins called Bahloli were issued, which
remained in vogue till the time of Akbar.
♀ Treated the Afghan chiefs on par, sat on the
carpet with the chieftains and called them
'Maqsad-e-Ali'
♀ After defeating Hussain Shah, the ruler of
Jaunpur, merged with Delhi.
 ♀ Gwalior's ruler Mansingh accepted
3) Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517)
subjugation by paying damages (last
military campaign) 1) The most eligible ruler of the Lodi dynasty, who
♀ liberal treatment to hindus became the Sultan of Delhi with the title of Sultan
4) Before his death in 1489, his son Nizam Khan Sikandar Shah in July 1489
(Sikandar Lodi) was declared his successor. 2) Mother :- Jaiband (Hindu)
3) By declaring himself as Sultan, he again established the
concept of autocratic monarchy.
4) Policy of religious intolerance - destruction of Hindu
temples, forced conversions etc.
5) Other Main Functions :-
♀ Sikandar Lodi founded Agra in 1504 with the aim of
controlling the Rajput chieftains of Rajasthan and
establishing control over the trade routes and
made Agra the capital of the Sultanate in 1506.
♀ In Agra, he also built the Badalgarh Fort, which was ♀ The first Persian treatise on Indian
popularly known as the Badalgarh Fort. music 'Lajjat-e-Sikandarshahi' was
♀ He introduced the audit system of income and expenditure composed
to improve the economic condition of the state, he ♀ Built the tomb of Bahlol Lodi in
removed the octroi tax on food grains. Delhi and its governor Mian Bhuan
♀ After measuring the land, the amount of rent was fixed
got the Moth Masjid constructed in
according to the yield. For the measurement of land, an
Delhi.
authentic measurement called Gaj-e-Sikandari was started,
♀ Prohibition on Muharram and taking out Taziye.
♀ Muslim women were prohibited from visiting the holy
shrines.
♀ He used to write poems in Persian under the name
'Gulrukhi'.
♀ Persian translation of Ayurvedic texts was done under the
name 'Farhang-e-Sikandari'
 ♀ Vikramjit was killed while fighting on the side of
4) Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526)
Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat.

1) General introduction :- ♀ Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Rana Sanga of

Mewar in 'Khatoli' (1517) and 'Battle of Bari' (1518)
♀ Sikandar Lodi was succeeded by his eldest
♀ During the time of Ibrahim Lodi, Dariya Khan
son Ibrahim Lodi, who was the last ruler of
Lohani and Daulat Khan Lodi established
the Lodi dynasty.
independent states in Bihar and Punjab
2) Imperialist Policy :-
respectively.
♀ The most important military success of
♀ Ibrahim Lodi's uncle Alam Khan Lodi and Iqtadar
Ibrahim Lodi was against Gwalior.
Daulat Khan Lodi of Punjab went to Kabul and
♀ In 1517-18, Ibrahim Lodi defeated Vikramjit,
sought help from Babur.
the ruler of Gwalior, and included Gwalior in
♀ The first battle of Panipat took place on 21 April
the Delhi Sultanate. 1526 between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi. In this
♀ Ibrahim Lodi granted the jagir of Ibrahim Lodi was defeated and he was killed on
'Shamshabad' in Bihar to Vikramaditya. the battlefield.
 5) Reasons for the decline of the Delhi Sultanate

Following are the main reasons for the decline of Delhi Sultanate :-
1) Autocratic and despotic monarchical system :- Sultans like Balban and Alauddin Khilji took over the empire by their
terror and administrative skills but after Firoz Tughlaq there was no powerful ruler. As a result, the empire began to sink
2) Conspiracies of nobles and Sardars :- Dissatisfied and anti-Sultan elements were always in search of opportunity. The
governors of faraway provinces used to try to become independent. Due to these activities of the nobles and nobles,
the power of the Delhi Empire began to weaken.
3) Extensive Empire :- Muhammad Tughlaq had merged Southern India into his empire. In the absence of means of
transport and communication, it had become impossible to control the vast empire.
4) Economic Weakness :- The strange plans of Mohammad Bin Tughlaq Firoz Shah Tughlaq and the subsequent rulers
emptied the treasury.
5) Weak Army :- Balban and Alauddin Khalji kept the army strong. But Firoz Tughlaq weakened the army by implementing
the feudal system.
6) Other reasons :- Absence of rules of succession, Mongol invasion, invitation of Babur to attack India by Ibrahim Lodi's
relatives
 Chapter - 11
Delhi Sultanate : Administration

01 02 03 04

Introduction Kingship Central Provincial and

and revenue Theory administration Local
theory and department administration

08 07 06 05

Land revenue Espionage Judicial Military

system System Administration administration
 ╚ It was necessary for the Sultan to get the support of
1) Introduction and Theory
the rich class to rule permanently.

With the establishment of the Muslim Empire in India, a ╚ 02 types :- Turk Amir and Non-Turk Amir (Tajik)

new administrative system began, the basis of which was ♀ Ulema class –

the Arabic-Persian system, who's central was the Sultan. ╚ In the Sultanate period, Islamic religious teachers and
interpreters of Shari'a were called Ulema.
1) Principles of administration :-
╚ The Ulema class had immense influence in governance.
♀ Despotism
╚ The strongest position of the Ulema class in the
♀ Hyper centralization
Sultanate period was during the reign of Firuz Shah
♀ Deification of the sultan
Tughlaq.
♀ Rule of shariat/islamic rule
♀ Non-Muslims (Dhimmis) –
♀ Rule by military force
╚ 'Dhimmi' :- Non-Muslim subjects in the Sultanate
2) Main ruling class :-
period
♀ Rich class – ╚ For the first time, non-Muslims were appointed in the
╚ People appointed to important positions in government services during the reign of Muhammad
the Sultanate period bin Tughlaq.
╚ The non-Muslim subjects had to pay a tax called Jijya.
 11.2) Theory of kingship

The methods and bases of the Sultan's rule are called the principles of kingship. Balban was the first ruler of the
Delhi Sultanate who propounded the principle of kingship. The form of Balban's theory of kingship was taken from
Persian. Adopting divine kingship, he called the Sultan as Niyabat-i-khudai and Zille Elahi.
Alauddin Khilji made Balban's theory of kingship rigid and included the expansion of the empire in it. However,
in place of ethnicity and aristocracy, he introduced a new concept of separation in religion and politics.
The influence of the Ulema and the nobles declined during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. Firoz Shah
Tughlaq did many 'welfare despotic works' to re-establish the post of Sultan. Adopted a policy of appeasement
towards feudal and ulema class, but this further weakened the position of the Sultan.
In the reign of the Lodis, theory of kingship was based on the equality of the chieftains, as a result of which
the prestige of the monarchy was reduced to that of the nobles and feudal lord.
Therefore, the form of kingship remained changeable during the Sultanate period. The Ottoman rulers
introduced the concept of an autocratic and powerful monarchy, which began to weaken during the time of the
Tughluqs and the Afghan rulers.
 11.3) Central Administration and Main Department

Sultan was the head of the central administration during sultanate period. His orders were called political rules.
There was a special institution to advise him, which was called 'Majlis-e-Khalwat'. According to Barani, the following
were the four main parts of the Sultanate administration. :-
♀ Diwan-i-wizarat (Finance Department) : It was headed by the Wazir. Its main task was to control the income
and expenditure of the state, determination of revenue and arrangement of Iqta. The Tughlaq period was the
golden period of wizarat. At the time of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, a council of retired wajris was formed. Nasiruddin
Mahmud created the post called Vakil-i-Sultanate'.
♀ Diwan-i-Arz (Military Department) : This department was established by Balban headed by Ariz- i- Mumalik,
its main task was to recruit soldiers.
♀ Diwan-i-Insha (Secretariat) : Its head was Dabir-i-Mamalik. The main work of this department was to prepare
royal correspondence and announcements.
♀ Diwan-i-Rasalat (Foreign Department) : Used to conduct foreign negotiations and diplomatic relations.
 Department Making Sultanate period chief officers and departments
sultan Officer Work
1) Diwan-e-mukhtaraj Alauddin Khilji Accountant General (account of income
1) Mushrif-i-
2) Diwan-e-Kohi Muhammad bin Mumalik received from provinces and departments)

(Department of Tughlaq head of diwan-i-barid (intelligence

2) Barid-i-
Agriculture) Mumalik department)

3) Diwan-e-Arz (Military Balban 3) Majmuadar Credit holder

Department) Treasurer (kept cash money with him)
4) khajin
4) Diwan-i-Bandagan Feroz Shah
5) Amir-e-Akhur Stable master
Tughlaq
6) Barbak Inspector of weights and measures
5) Diwan-i-Khairat Feroz Shah
Tughlaq 7) wakeel-e-dar Caring for the king and people related to the
royal family
6) Diwan-i-Istihak Feroz Shah
Tughlaq 8) sadr-Us sudur Head of Qazi-ul-Kuzat (Department of Justice)
 Department Related ruler and function

1) Diwan-e-mukhtraj Investigation and recovery of dues (established by Alauddin Khilji)

2) Diwan-e-Imarat Works related to public works (established by Alauddin Khilji)

3) Diwan-e-waquf Scrutiny of Expenditure Papers (established by Jalaluddin Khilji)

4) Diwan-e-Amirkohi Properly running the revenue system and making barren land cultivable
(established by Muhammad Tughluq)

5) Diwan-e-istihaq Works related to pension department like helping the dependents of

retired and dead soldiers (established by Firoz Shah Tughlaq)
 11.4) Provincial and local government

Empire Suba Shiqs Pargana

1) Provincial government :-
♀ According to Ibn Battuta, there were 23 provinces under the rule of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the
provinces were called Iqta or Suba.
♀ Provincial government would have been a model of central government
2) Shiqs, Pargana and Rural Administration :-
♀ The province was divided into shiq (head-shiqdars).
♀ Shiq was divided into Parganas (head-Amil).
♀ The smallest unit of administration was the village. There the hereditary officers were Khut,
Chaudhri or Muqaddam.
 11.5) Military administration

1) The military system of the Delhi Sultanate was based on Turkish and Mongol methods.
2) In the Sultanate period, the power was centered on the soldiers. The first Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate was
Iltutmish, who formed the imperial army. His central army was called 'Hashm-e-Kalb' and the provincial army
was called 'Hashm-e-Ataraf'.
3) Alauddin Khilji first started keeping a permanent army by giving cash salary. Alauddin Khilji formed his army
on the basis of the decimal system of Mongols. After this Muhammad bin Tughlaq formed his army on this
basis.
♀ One 'Sar-e-Khel' on 10 soldiers.
♀ A 'Sipahsalar’ on 10 'Sar-e-Khel'.
♀ One 'Amir' on 10 'Sipahsalar'.
♀ One 'Malik' on 10 'Amir'.
♀ One 'Khan' on 10 'Malik'.
4) Firoz Shah Tughlaq granted Iqta to the soldiers, which later became hereditary.
 11.6) Judicial system 11.7) Espionage system

1) Supreme of Judiciary :- Sultan 1) In the Sultanate period, Balban first established

2) There was a department called Qazi-ul-Quzat the intelligence system. Later, Alauddin Khilji
(chief - 'Qazi-ul-Mumalik') for judicial work. made important reforms in the intelligence
3) Four major sources of Muslim law - Quran, system.
Hadith, Ijma and Qayas. 2) The head of the department related to spies was
4) In addition to Sharia, the law made independently called Barid-i-Mumalik'.
by the Sultan was called Jabta or Jabbit. 3) 02 types :- Barid (State Intelligence) and
5) Muslims were judged on the basis of Sharia, while munhiyans (Sultan's personal intelligence)
Hindus were judged according to their religious 4) In the Sultanate period, the Sultans had resolved
law, although criminal laws were uniform for all. internal and external challenges through spies
only.
 11.8) Sultanate revenue system

1) Land Revenue 2) Other taxes

Type of land System Tax rate

The main source of information about Sultanate revenue system is Abu Yakut's book Kitab ul Kharaj. The mainstay of the Sultanate
economy was land revenue, which can be understood on the following grounds –
1.1) Type of land :-
♀ Khalisa land :- t was directly under the control of the Sultan and the revenue generated was utilised for maintaining the royal
court and royal household. The maximum expansion of Khalsa land took place during the time of Alauddin Khilji, while the
minimum during the time of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
♀ Iqta land :- This land was under the control of Iqtadar who used to collect rent from here.
♀ Grant land :- it was allotted to religious institutions or religious leaders.
♀ Land of Subordinate Rulers :- Rulers who accepted the subordination of Sultan used to give fixed amount of money to the
state every year.
1.2) System of land revenue collection :- 1.3) land revenue rate :-
♀ Batai :- Most popular method. The method of ♀ Average :- 1/3 of the total production
distribution can be divided into three parts - ♀ Highest :- 1/2 (Alauddin Khilji)
➢ khet batai - division of standing crops 1.4) Other taxes :-
➢ Lank Batai - Division of bundles after ♀ Ushra :- It was the land tax to be taken from the
harvesting. Muslims. , It used to be 5 to 10 percent.
➢ Raas Batai - Division after separating the grains. ♀ Kharaj :- Land tax collected from non-Muslims. It used
♀ Muktai or Naswa :- Distribution of produce on the to be 33 to 50 percent.
basis of estimates. ♀ Zakat :- There was a religious tax taken from Muslims on
♀ Masahat :- It was started by Alauddin Khilji, in their property, which would have been 2 to 2.5 percent.
which tax was determined on the basis of ♀ Jizya :- Religious tax imposed on non-Muslims.
measurement of land. At the time of Alauddin Khilji, Brahmins, women, children, sages etc. were free from
it was prevalent in Khalsa and Doab region. At the this tax.
time of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, it was practiced in ♀ Khums :- The money received from loot, on which 1/5th
the south of Vindhya and in Bengal, Malwa and part was owned by the state and the remaining 4/5th
Gujarat. part by the receiver.
 Chapter - 12
Delhi Sultanate Economic and Social Status

12.1) Sultanate Social Life

With the establishment of the Ottoman Empire in the 12th century, the following changes took place in the social
structure :-
1) Two sects :- With the arrival of Islam in India, the society got divided into two classes -
♀ Hindu - Majority, but conservative
♀ Muslims - Minority, But Powerful

2) Caste system :-
♀ The caste and varna system became more complicated than before, the Hindu society was divided into about 64
castes.
♀ The decline in the status of Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Shudras, while the dominance of the Vaishya varna increased
♀ Shudras adopted Islam more due to untouchability, because Islam had class division (Khan, Amir, Malik) and not caste
3) Very pathetic condition of women :- ♀ Simple slave - agriculture, service etc.
♀ Purdah system started in India with the advent of Islam ♀ Better condition of slaves in muslim
♀ Prevalence of child marriage, polygamy, illiteracy, society
inequality in both the religions 6) Other :-
♀ Sati practice was prevalent among Hindus and widow ♀ Jains, Buddhists, Vaishnavs and Sufis
remarriage was prohibited. were mostly vegetarian while Muslims
4) Limited opportunities for education :- used to consume non-vegetarian food.
♀ Early education, at home by the family ♀ Prevalence of alcohol in both sects
♀ Madrasas for Muslims and Hindus in ♀ Prevalence of music, dance, drama,
temples/monasteries at the middle and higher levels hunting for entertainment
♀ Emphasis on religious subjects more than literature, In this way, the Sultanate society was
science, mathematics and the curriculum passing through a transition period, due to
5) The practice of slavery in both the sects :- which the Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb developed
♀ Hindus have 15 while Muslims have 4 types of slaves over time.
♀ Royal slave
 -: Customs and rituals :-
1) During the Sultanate period, many types of customs and rites were followed in the Hindu and Muslim societies. In both the
societies, on the birth of a child, its future was ascertained by making a 'birth-sheet'. In Muslim society, after birth, Azaan was
recited in the ear of the baby.
2) In both the societies, there was a 'Naamkaran Sanskar' to name the child. After Namkaran, in the 'Annaprashan Sanskar', the
child was fed kheer by the head of the house.
3) In the Hindu society, after 04 or 05 years of the child's birth, the 'Akshar Bodh Sanskar' was completed by holding the child's
hand and writing Om or God's name. In the Muslim society, after 04 years, 04 months and 04 days of the birth of the child,
under 'Takhti' or 'Bismilla Khwani ritual', the first letter was taught by the Maulvi. If the child was a son, then after this ritual
the 'ritual of circumcision' was also performed. In Hindu society, there was a tradition of 'Yajnopaveet Sanskar' in the upper
castes, in which the infant was shaved and made to wear the sacred thread. In the Hindu society, after the 'Yajnopaveet
Sanskar' and in the Muslim society, the marriage ceremony was completed after the circumcision ceremony.
4) There was a practice of giving dowry in marriage in both the societies. On the occasion of marriage, henna was applied on the
hands and feet of both the boy and the girl in the Hindu society. The custom of applying henna was also in the Muslim society,
which was called 'Hinabandi ritual'.
5) Under the last rites, the dead body was burnt in Hindus, while it was buried in Muslims. Among the Hindus, mourning was
observed for 13 days, while among the Muslims it was 40 days.
 12.2) Sultanate economic condition

Various aspects of the economy witnessed unprecedented 3) Commerce-Trade :- Unprecedented progress in

development during the Sultanate period. The economy of this internal and external trade. Import of silver and
period is low - gold while export of grain, cotton cloth and
1) Agriculture :- The basis of the economy was the indigo
production of food grains and cash crops like indigo, 4) Traffic communication :- Construction of inns
sugarcane, cotton etc.
on state roads for the convenience of traders.
♀ Due to increase in production -
Bharuch and Bengal major port
╚ Expansion of cultivable land in remote areas
5) Currency System :- Dinar, Adli, Shashgani, Bikh,
(Iqtadari system)
Tanka, Jital etc.
╚ Contributing by Sultans :- Diwan-i-Kohi, Canal
6) Urbanization :- Daulatabad, Jaunpur, Firozpur,
irrigation, Cash agriculture
Hisar, Firoz, Agra etc.
╚ Use of new techniques like - Thekli or Lat
2) Industry/business :- Weapons and clothing manufacturing
major and Bengal, Banaras, Malwa major centers.
 12.3) Sultanate agriculture

1) Agriculture was the mainstay of Sultanate economy

and livelihood.
2) India's fertile soil produced two crops (Rabi and Kharif)
in a year, rice, sugarcane in the south while wheat,
oilseeds etc. were produced in the north.
3) Efforts for agricultural expansion and agriculture :-
♀ Classification of agricultural land - Khalsa
(Government), Ikta land and third-class land
♀ Use of new agricultural techniques - seed
machine, sakiya (rahat/arghat), noria, mifta ul fuzla
♀ Efforts of Sultans - canal construction by
Ghyasuddin and Firoz Tughlaq, establishment of
Takabi loan and agriculture department by MBT
 NOTE NOTE
‡ Khalsa land :- The Sultan had direct control over Some new agricultural techniques were used to
this land and the work of revenue collection was increase agricultural production, which are as follows
done by government officials. The income received :-
from this was deposited in the central treasury. ‡ Agricultural Production Machine - 'Seed Drill'
‡ Iqta land :- It was given as salary. The Iqtedar used was used to increase agricultural production.
to deposit the amount of tax received from this
‡ Sakia/Rahat (Arghat) - Under this water was
land in the central treasury after saving the
drawn from a deep well. It had a 'gear system'
remaining amount after the amount spent on his
arrangement.
army.
‡ Noriya - technique of extracting water from
‡ Areas of third class :- In this category such areas
river, ponds, reservoirs etc. with the help of
were included, which were under autonomous
bucket or utensil
rulers and states. They accepted the sovereignty of
‡ Mifta-ul-Fuzala - Iron Plow (Plough)
the Sultan and presented tribute in the form of
Kharaj.
 Chapter - 13
Delhi Sultanate : Art and Literature

1) Ilbari period 3) Tughlaq period

2) Khilji period 4) Sayyid and Lodi

period
 1) Indo-Islamic style

After the arrival of the Turkic Muslims in India, a new architectural style was developed from the mixture of
Hindu-Muslim architectural styles, which is known as Indo-Islamic style :-

Indo-Islamic style features

Indian art Muslim art

Trabiet style Arcuate style (from the Byzantine Empire)

1) Beam and Column 1) Dome

2) Ornamentation - 2) Arch
➢ Flowers on the wall 3) Ornamentation -
➢ Ground and bracket ➢ Arbux system
➢ Quranic inscriptions on the walls in
Arabic script
 2) Ilbari architecture

1) Aibak 2) Iltutmish 3) Balban

Ω Quwat-ul-lslam Mosque Ω Sultan Garhi Ω Balban's Tomb

Ω Qutub Minar Ω Hauz-e-Shamsi and Idgah
Ω Adhai Din Ka Jhopra Ω Tomb of Iltutmish

1) Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque :- Qutubuddin Aibak defeated Prithviraj in the battle of Tarain in 1192 and built 'Quwwat-
ul-Islam Mosque’ in his fort 'Raipithora'. Iltutmish doubled the courtyard of the mosque in 1230. This is the first
excellent example of architecture built in 'Indo-Islamic style', in which glimpses of Hindu influence are visible.
2) Qutub Minar :- The construction of this tower was started by Aibak in Delhi, which was completed during the
period of Iltutmish. It was built in honor of the Sufi saint Bakhtiyar Kaki. Its fourth floor was built by Firoz Shah
Tughlaq.
3) Adhai Din Ka Jhopra- Qutbuddin Aibak demolished the Sanskrit school of
Vigraharaja Visaldev IV in Ajmer and built a Adhai Din Ka Jhopra- ' in its
place. In design and style, is similar to the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.
4) Sultan Garhi :- It was built by Iltutmish for his son Nasiruddin Mahmud in
Delhi. This is the first mausoleum built by the Ottoman rulers.
5) Hauz-e-Khas (Shamsi Idgah) :- Iltutmish had constructed Hauz-e-Khas
(Shamsi Idgah) and Jama Masjid in Badaun.
6) Tomb of Iltutmish :- It was built by Iltutmish. Quranic verses are engraved
on its walls.
7) Atarkin's Gate :- Iltutmish had built it in Nagaur (Rajasthan) in the memory
of Khwaja Hameeduddin Nagauri, but it was rebuilt by Muhammad bin
Tughlaq.
8) Dargah of Mu'in al-Din Chishti:- It was built by Iltutmish.
9) Tomb of Balban :- Balban had constructed Lal Mahal and his tomb near
Raipithora fort.
 3) Hazar Sutun :- This
3) Khilji period architecture
hazar sutun building
was built by
Alauddin Khilji in
1) Alauddin Khilji 2) Mubarakshah khilji
Delhi.
4) Hauje Alai :- It was
Ω Alai darwaza Ω Ukha Mosque built by Alauddin
Ω Jamatkhana mosque Khilji in Siri Nagar.
Ω Hazar Sutun 5) Ukha Masjid :- It
Ω Hauze alai was built by Mubarak
1) Alai Darwaza :- It was built by Alauddin Khilji Shah Khilji in Bayana,
near Qutub Minar in Delhi. Bharatpur, Rajasthan.
2) Jamatkhana Mosque :- Alauddin Khilji had
constructed it in Delhi near the Dargah of
Nizamuddin Auliya.
 4) Tughlaq period architecture

Muhammad bin
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
Firoz Shah Other

Ω Tughlaqabad Ω Adilabad Fort Ω Kotla Ω Tomb of

Fort Ω Jahapanah Ω Kushk-e-Shikar ghiyasuddin
Ω Kali Masjid Ω Barahkhambha
Ω Tomb of firoz shah
Ω Tomb of khan-i-
jahan telangani
Ω Tomb of
kabiruddin maulia
1) Tughlaqabad Fort :- It was built by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. This fort was built from the security point of
view.
2) Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq :- It is situated in the middle of an artificial lake. This mausoleum has been
considered the precursor of Sher Shah.
3) Adilabad Fort :- This fort was built by Muhammad bin Tughlaq near Tughlaqabad.
4) Jahanpanah :- This new city was established by Muhammad bin Tughlaq between Raipithora and Siri.
5) Kotla Firozshah :- It was built by Firozshah Tughlaq.
6) Kushk-e-Shikar :- Firozshah Tughlaq had built this two-storeyed building, some distance away from Delhi,
for the purpose of hunting.
7) Tomb of Firozshah :- It has been constructed on the basis of Indo-Islamic style.
8) Tomb of Khan-i-Jahan, Telangani :- This tomb is situated in the Dargah of Nizamuddin Auliya.
9) Kali Masjid :- It was built by Firoz Shah Tughlaq in Shahjahanabad. It is an excellent example of Tughlaq
period architecture.
10) Khirki Masjid :- It was built by Khan-e-Jahan in Jahanpanah Nagar.
 5) Sayyid and Lodi period architecture

1) Tomb of Mubarakshah Sayyid :- It was built by

Mubarakshah. This tomb is based on octagonal style.
2) Mausoleum of Mohammad Shah :- It was built by
Alauddin Alamshah. It is based on the octagonal style.
3) Tomb of Sikandar Lodi :- It was built by Ibrahim Lodi.
This mausoleum was constructed on the basis of
octagonal style.
4) Architecture of Moth :- It was built during the reign of
Sikandar Lodi.
5) Square Tomb :- It was built during the reign of Sayyid
and Lodi dynasty.
 6) Delhi Sultanate: Painting

1) The depiction of animals was not given

importance.
2) Manuscript Illustration :-
♀ Description of Hamzanama
♀ Popular in Bengal and Mandu
3) Mention of colorful paintings in Mulla
Dawood's book Chandrayan
4) Chaur Panchashika style (miniature painting)
5) Evidence of mural :- Evidence of Sultanate
mural painting is found in Minhaj Us Siraj's
book Tabaqat-e-Nasri, in which there is a
description of the construction of a pandal
to welcome the Caliph.
 7) Delhi Sultanate: Music Art

1) Development of musical art with the efforts of Sufis, Saints and 7) Firoz Shah Tughlaq :-
Rajdarbar. ♀ Translation of the book 'Rag Darpan'
2) Qutbuddin himself used to sing the Quran. into Farsi
3) Dance, music, singing and playing took place in the palace of Kaikubad. ♀ Development of 'Khyal' singing.
4) Alauddin :- 8) Sikandar Lodi :-
♀ A musician named Gopal was called from South India to his court.
♀ Related to music
5) Amir Khusrau :-
♀ Composition of the book Lajjat-E-
♀ Encouraged Indian music art.
Sikandshahi
♀ Credit for Qawwali trend, New Persian Poetry -
♀ Hindustani style, development of sitar, tabla
6) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq :-
♀ Music banned
♀ Muhammad bin Tughlaq patronized music
 8) Delhi Sultanate : Important Terms

1) Diwan-e-arz Minister of Military Department

2) Diwan-e-Qaza Justice Department official

3) Naib-e-Wazir Deputy minister

4) Mustaufi-e- officer who examines the accounts of the State

Mumalik

5) Dabir-e-Mumalik Chief Secretary of the Sultanate

6) Dabir-e-Khas Head of Royal Correspondence (Dabir)

7) Diwan-e-Mustakhraz Revenue collection department

8) Pyke Demotive army

9) Farman Royal order

10) Farman-e-Tugri Sultan's seal on an order

11) Barid Intelligence gathering officer

12) Barid-e-Mumalik Chief of intelligence

13) Amir-e-Kohi Head of the ministry of agriculture

14) Amir-e-Dad Head of the justice department

15) Majlis (Dadbek) Officer presiding in the absence of the chief justice

16) akharbak Master of the royal stables

17) Diwan-e-Akhur stablemaster

18) Qazi-ul-Kujat qazi's head

19) Sahib-e-Diwan The officer in charge of keeping the accounts of the Iqta (first appointed by Balban)

20) Mukta or Muktai Provincial governor

21) Trkeeladar master of the royal palace

22) Akleem Province, Province and State

23) Amir-e-Tuman Commander of ten thousand soldiers

24) Diwan-e-riyasat State department

25) Diwan-e-Khairat Charity department

26) Amir-e-Bahr Superintendent of waterways

27) Mushrif-e- Accountant general

Mumalik

28) Khasa khel Army guarding the royal palace

29) wakeel-e-dar Head of the sultan's personal affairs

30) Mufti Islamic lecturer

31) Sadr-e-Jahan Head officer in charge of religious and philanthropic works

32) Shahana-e-Mandi Head of market control

33) kotwal Principal authority of the city administration

 8) Possible Question

Very short answer type questions :- 12) First battle of Panipat

1) Gyasuddin Tughlaq 13) Gaz-i-Sikandari.
2) Muhammad bin Tughlaq 14) Bahlol Lodi
3) Firoz Shah Tughlaq 15) Qutub Minar
4) Timur Lung 16) Adhai Din Ka Jhopra
5) Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi
17) Tomb of Sultangarh
6) Tughlaq Nama
18) Alai Darwaza
7) Name the experiments of Mohammad bin
19) Siri Fort
Tughlaq
20) Moth's Mosque
8) Haq-e-Sharb
21) Diwan-i-Arz
9) Sikandar Lodi
22) Diwan-e-Mustakhraj
10) Ibrahim Lodi
23) Amir Kohi
11) Gulrukhi
Short answer type questions :- 11) Comment on the Mongol policy of Balban and
1) Explain the military achievements and administrative Iltutmish.
reforms of Gyasuddin Tughlaq. 12) How did the central administration function
2) Evaluate Gyasuddin Tughlaq as a ruler. during the Sultanate period? Please explain
3) Explain the plans of Muhammad bin Tughluq due to 13) Comment on the economic and revenue
which he was called the wise fool. system of the Sultanate period.
4) Explain the main works of Firoz Shah Tughlaq. 14) Comment on the social system during the
5) Explain the appeasement policy of Firoz Shah Sultanate period.
Tughlaq. 15) Mention the main features of the
6) Explain the reasons for the decline of Tughlaq architecture of the Sultanate period.
dynasty.
7) Explain Timur's invasion of India.
8) Comment on the reasons for the decline of the Delhi
Sultanate.
9) Explain the kingship theory of Afghans
10) Comment on the imperialist policy of Sikandar Lodi.
दीघय उत्तिीय प्रश्न Long answer type questions :-
1) मोहम्मद वबन तुगलक में दो ववरोिी गुणो का सन्तम्मिण 1) Muhammad bin Tughluq had a combination
था इस कथन की व्याख्या कीजिए of two opposing qualities. Explain this
2) दिरोिशाह तुगलक के प्रशासननक एवं आजथि क सुिारों का statement.
वणवन कीजिए 2) Describe the administrative and economic
3) सल्तनत कालीन प्रशासन नर ननबंि ललिें reforms of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
3) Write an essay on Sultanate administration.
 Chapter - 14
Regional Powers of the 13th to 15th Centuries

01 02 03 04 05 06

Jaunpur Kashmir Bengal Malwa Gujarat mewar

11 10 09 08 07

Vijayanaga Bahmani Assam Orissa khandesh

ra Empire empire
 7) During the time of Ibrahimshah, due to the
1) Jaunpur (East Uttar Pradesh)
development in the field of literature and
1) Jaunpur was founded by Firoz Shah Tughlaq in memory of his
architecture in Jaunpur, Jaunpur was
brother Juna Khan or Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
known as Siraj of India.
2) The independent Sharqi dynasty was founded in Jaunpur by
8) The Jhanjri Mosque was built by Ibrahim
Malik Sarwar (Khwaja Jahan).
3) Khwaja Jahan was given the title of Malik-us-Sharq (Lord of Sharqi in 1430 and the Lal Darwaza

the East) in 1394 by Sultan Mahmud, son of Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Mosque was built by Muhammad Shah in
4) Other prominent rulers of Jaunpur were :- Mubarakshah 1450.
(1399–1402 AD), Shamsuddin Ibrahimshah (1402–1436 AD), 9) Jama Masjid was built in 1470 by
Mahmud Shah (1436–51 AD) and the last ruler Hussain Shah Hussainshah Sharqi. A Sufi saint named Pir
(1458–1500 AD).
Bodhan was a great musician of this
5) Bahlol Lodi captured Jaunpur
period.
6) The mosque of Atala Devi was built by the Sharqi Sultan
Ibrahim Shah in 1408 by demolishing the temple of Atala Devi
built by Vijayachandra.
 6) Jain-ul-Abdin was a knower of languages like
2) Kashmir
Persian, Sanskrit, Kashmiri, Tibetan etc. He
1) A Hindu named Suhadev established a Hindu state in got Mahabharata and Rajatarangini
Kashmir in 1301. translated into Persian. The Jaina Lanka
2) The first Muslim dynasty was established in Kashmir by located at Wular Lake is an excellent
Shahmir in 1339-40. He made Indrakot his capital example of the engineering progress of its
3) Alauddin shifted the capital from Indrakot to time.
Alauddinpur (Srinagar). 7) Akbar annexed Kashmir to the Mughal
4) Sultan Sikandar Shah (1389–1413) was called Empire in 1588.
"Butshikan" because of the destruction of Hindu
temples and idols.
5) Zain-ul-Abdin ascended the throne in 1420. Due to its
religious tolerance, it was called 'Akbar of Kashmir'. It
removed the Jaziya, prohibited cow slaughter and
lifted the ban on the practice of Sati.
 7) Alauddin started a movement called
3) Bengal
Satyapir.
1) Bakhtiyar Khilji annexed Bengal to the Delhi Sultanate.
8) Maladhar Basu assumed the title of Gunraj
2) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq divided Bengal into three
Khan by composing Sri Krishna Vijay during
parts :- Lakhnauti (North Bengal), Sonar village (East
the reign of Alauddin. His son was given the
Bengal) and Satgaon (South Bengal)
title of Satyaraj Khan.
3) In 1345, Haji Ilyas became the ruler of Bengal under the
9) Nusrat Shah was the ruler of Bengal at the
name of Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah.
time of Babur's invasion.
4) The Adina Mosque at Pandua was built by Sultan
Sikandar Shah in 1364.
5) Ghiyasuddin Azamshah (1389-1409), the ruler of Bengal,
was famous for his justice.
6) Alauddin Hussain Shah (1493-1518 AD) shifted the
capital from Pandua to Gaur. Mahaprabhu Chaitanya
was a contemporary of Alauddin.
 7) Bahadur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat defeated
4) Malwa
Mahmud Shah II in a battle and annexed Malwa to
1) Dilawar Khan declared Malwa independent in Gujarat.
1401. 8) The palace of Baz Bahadur and Roopmati was built
2) Dilawar's son Alap Khan assumed the title of by Sultan Nasiruddin Shah.
Hushangshah and became the ruler of Malwa in
िहािमहल
1405. He shifted his capital from Dhara to Mandu.
3) Mandu's fort, Hindola Bhavan or Durbar Hall was
built by Hushangshah. The most important in this
fort is the Delhi Gate.
4) Jahaz Mahal was built by Ghiyasuddin Khilji in
Mandu.
5) Mahmud Shah founded the Khilji dynasty in Malwa.
6) Kushkamahal was built by Mahmud Khilji at a place
called Fatehabad.
 7) Mahmud Begada established Mustafabad town near
5) Gujarat Girnar and Muhammadabad town near Champaner.
8) Akbar annexed Gujarat to the Mughal Empire in 1572
1) After defeating Rajakarna, the ruler of Gujarat, Alauddin
AD.
merged it with the Delhi Sultanate in 1297.
2) Zafar Khan, the governor of Gujarat appointed by
Muhammad Shah Tughluq in 1391, assumed the title of
'Sultan Muzaffar Shah' and became the independent
Sultan of Gujarat in 1407.
3) Prominent rulers of Gujarat :- Ahmadshah (1411-52),
Mahmudshah Begada (1458-1511) and Bahadur Shah
(1526-1537)
4) Ahmed Shah established a city named Ahmedabad on
the banks of the Sabarmati river near Asaval and
shifted the capital from Patan to Ahmedabad.
5) The most famous ruler of Gujarat was Mahmud
Begada.
 6) Mewar 7) Khandesh

1) Alauddin Khilji defeated Ratan Singh of the Guhilot 1) At the time of the decline of the Tughlaq
dynasty of Mewar in 1303 and annexed Mewar to the dynasty, Firoz Shah Tughlaq's subedar Malik
Delhi Sultanate.
Ahmad Raja Farooqi founded Khandesh in 1382
2) Hammirdev of Sisodia dynasty, a branch of Guhilit
between the Narmada and Tapti rivers.
dynasty, defeated Muhammad Tughluq and freed the
2) The capital of Khandesh was Burhanpur.
entire Mewar.
3) Asirgarh was the military headquarters of
3) Rana Kumbha established a victory pillar in Chittor in
1448 AD. Khandesh.

4) Battle of Khanwa (1527) :- It took place between Rana 4) Akbar annexed Khandesh to the Mughal Empire
Sanga and Babur, in which Babur was victorious. in 1601.
5) Battle of Haldighati (1576) :- It took place between Rana
Pratap and Akbar, in which Akbar was victorious.
6) Jahangir annexed Mewar to the Mughal Empire
(Chittorgarh was the capital of Mewar).
 8) Odisha 9) Assam

1) Orissa was under the Ganga rule during the 1) As soon as the Palas fell, the struggle started between the
Sultanate period. The famous ruler of the Ganga small states located in the Brahmaputra valley.
dynasty, Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, got the 2) It was during this struggle that Kamrup or Kamta on the
Jagannathpuri temples constructed during his reign. west side established their control over the areas between
2) Narasimhadeva, the successor of Avantivarman the rivers Banardi and Karatoya.
Chod Ganga, built the famous 'Sun Temple' of the 3) The Ahom tribal groups under the leadership of Sukafa
Konark temple. took control of the areas up to 'Dibrugarh and Sivasagar'.
3) Iliyashah attacked Orissa early in his reign and In his name, the entire valley came to be known as 'Assam'.
returned from there looting a lot of wealth. 4) Bakhtiyar Khilji, Malik Yuzbek and Ghiyasuddin Iwaz
4) Kapilendra took Orissa under his authority in 1435, unsuccessfully tried to attack Kamrup.
after which the 'Gajapati dynasty' emerged. It took 5) Sudungmung (Swarga Narayan) ruled the adjacent areas
the title of 'Gondeshwar'. of the Brahmaputra river valley. His contemporary was
5) The reign of the Gajapati dynasty was a flourishing 'Shankardev', who propagated Vaishnavism in the areas of
period in the history of Orissa. Assam.
 10) Bahmani Empire (1347-1527)

In the south, Alauddin Hasan Bahmanshah (Hassan Gangu)

established the Bahmani Kingdom in 1347 during the reign of
Muhammad bin Tughlaq. The expansion of this powerful empire
was from Berar in the north to the Krishna river in the south.

1) Alauddin Hasan 5) Alauddin Ahmed Shah II

Bahmanshah (1347-1358) (1436-1458 AD)
2) Muhammad Shah I (1358- 6) Humayunshah (1458-
1375) 1461)
3) Tajuddin Firoz Shah (1397- 7) Muhammad
1422) Shamsuddin III (1463-1482)
4) Shihabuddin Ahmed Shah 8) Mahmudshah Bahmani
I (1422-1436) (1482-1518)
 1) Alauddin Hasan 2) Muhammad Shah I
Bahmanshah (1347-1358) (1358-1375)

1) The real name of Alauddin Hasan Bahmanshah 1) After the death of Bahman Shah, his son
was Zafar Khan. Muhammad Shah became the first ruler. It was
2) He held the position of Amiran-i-Sawah in the during his reign that the Bahmani-Vijayanagar
Deccan during the reign of Muhammad bin conflict began.
Tughlaq. 2) Bahmanis used gunpowder for the first time
3) After becoming the ruler, he made 'Gulbarga' the against Vijayanagara ruler Bukka I.
capital of his empire. 3) Muhammadshah divided the entire Bahmani
4) He started the new practice of giving jagirs to his kingdom into four provinces (tarfs). These four
subordinate officers and stopped the collection provinces were Gulbarga, Daulatabad, Berar,
of Jizya tax from the Hindus. Bidar. A Tarfdar was appointed in each province
(Tarf).
 5) Alauddin Ahmad Shah II (1436-1458) 7) Muhammad Shamsuddin III (1463-1482)

1) During his reign, Irani and Deccani became two factions 1) In 1463, at the age of only nine, Muhammad III
in the administration, which later became the reason became Sultan, but Mahmud, the chief of power, was
for the downfall of the Bahmani kingdom. lost.
2) Mahmud Gawan, an Iranian (African) resident flourished 2) Mahmud Gawan brought the Bahmani kingdom to its
during his time, who was earlier on the post of chief of zenith.
traders (Malik Ut Tujjar). 3) Mahmud Gawan did a victory campaign up to Malwa
3) There was a war between Bahmani and Gajapati forces. and also took over the Vijayanagara port of Goa.
4) Divided the Bahmani kingdom into eight provinces.
6) Humayunshah (1458-1461)
5) Mahmud Gawan got the land measured and
1) Cruel ruler
determined the rent.
2) He was also called 'nero of deccan'.
6) He established a college in Bidar.
3) He appointed mahmud gawan to the post of prime minister.
7) At the end of the rule Mahmud Gawan had a dispute
4) After the death of humayunshah bahmani, his minor son
with Sultan Mahmud III. Sultan hanged him.
nizamshah became the ruler, but the head of government,
mahmud gawan, was lost.
 8) Mahmudshah Bahmani (1482-1518)

1) The decline of the Bahmani kingdom began only after the death of Mahmud Gawan.
2) As soon as Sultan Mahmudshah became the ruler in 1482 AD, the provincial supporters started declaring
independence.
3) The last Sultan of this dynasty was Kalimullah Shah. With his death in 1527 AD, the Bahmani kingdom came to an end.
4) After the disintegration of the Bahmani kingdom, five new dynasties emerged in its place.

States liberated from Bahmani state

State Founder Royal dynasty Capital Time

1) Brar Fatehullah Imadshah Imadshahi dynasty Elichpur, Gawaligarh 1484-90

2) Bijapur Yusuf Adilshah Adilshahi dynasty Nauraspur 1489-90

3) Ahmednagar Malik Ahmed Nizamshahi dynasty Junnar, Ahmednagar 1490

4) Golconda Quli Qutub Shah Qutubshahi dynasty Golconda 1512-18

5) Bidar Amirali Barid Baridashahi lineage Bidar 1526-27

 9) Administration of the 10) Military Administration
Bahmani Empire of the Bahmani Empire

1) The administrative structure of the Bahmani kingdom was 1) Infantry and cavalry were the main parts of the
similar to that of the Delhi Sultanate. Here also the Sultan was army, the commander of the army was Amir-ul-
the head of power, the center of power was in his hands. umra.
2) There were eight central ministers to assist him, including 2) The Sultan had his own bodyguards, who were
Vakil (Prime Minister), Amir-e-Jumla (Finance Minister), Wazir- called Khaskhel.
e-Ashraf (Foreign Minister). 3) The work of in-charge of the king's personal
3) In addition to this, Dabir (Secretary), Kotwal (Head of the armory was done by the Silhadar.
Police Department) and Munhiyan (Spies) were also there. 4) Similarly, Barbardan was a class of soldiers who
4) The empire was divided into provinces called tarfs and their looked after the mobilization of the army
chiefs were called tarfdars. (keeping the army ready to go to war or battle).
5) The provinces were divided into sarkars and the sarkars were
divided into parganas. The smallest unit of administration was
the village.
 11) Economy of the 12) Social System of the
Bahmani Empire Bahmani Kingdom

1) The mainstay of the economy - agriculture. This is 1) Fusion of North and South India in society
the reason why the Bahmani rulers struggled with 2) Bahmani rulers were great patrons of education and

Vijayanagara to control the Doab of Raichur, an literature, with the efforts of Mahmud Gawan, a grand

agriculturally fertile region. Here trade and library and madrasa were established in Bidar.

commerce was also in a very advanced state. 3) Bahmani rulers made Urdu the language of the
common people.
2) Russian traveler Afanasy Nikitin, who visited the
4) The Bahmani Sultans honored the Sufi saints.
Bahmani kingdom between 1469-74, described in
5) Bidar was the main center of the Qadiri sect. Chishti
detail the prosperity here. According to him, horses,
saint Syed Mohammad Gesudraj came and settled in
cloth, silk and chillies were mainly traded with the
Gulbarga. Sultan Firoz Shah donated a large number of
Bahmani kingdom.
villages for the construction of his Khanqah.
3) He describes the seaport of Mustafabad, Damol as
6) The famous Sufi saint Gesudraj was the first scholar
the main commercial center of the state.
from the South to compose an Urdu book Miraj-ul-
Aashiqin in Persian script.
 Chapter - 15
Vijayanagara Empire

administrative, economic
Introduction 1 6 and social system

Sangam Dynasty (1336– Aravidu dynasty (1570–

1485) – Harihara and 2 5 1650) - Tirumala
Bukka

Saluva dynasty(1485-1505) Tuluva dynasty (1505–

- Narasimha Saluva 3 4 1570) - Vira Narasimha
 1) Introduction 2) Sangam Dynasty

1) Prestigious kingdom of South India in the

medieval period 01 04
2) Founder :- Samant Harihar and Bukka of Kakatiya
dynasty Harihara I(1336-1356) Devaraya I (1406-1422)

3) In 1336 with the inspiration of Madhav Vidyaranya

4) Early name :- Hampi or Hastinavali (Tungabhadra)
02 05
5) capitals :-
♀ Anegundi Bukka I (1356-1377) Devaraya II (1424-1446)

♀ Vijayanagara
(Hampi) 03 06
♀ penugonda
♀ Chandragiri Harihara II (1377-1404) other rulers
 ❑ Use of gunpowder for the first time in India
2.1) Harihara I (1336-1356)
❑ Victory of Bukka I
1) founded by ♀ Sent an embassy to China in 1374
2) Sangam :- Father's name
2.3) Harihara II (1377-1404)
3) Warangal was annexed to Vijayanagara in 1346.
4) Capital change :- Anegundi to Vijayanagar / Vidyanagar 1) Title of Maharajadhiraj and Rajparmeshwar
2.2) Bukka I (1356-1377) 2) Expansionist policies :-
♀ Captured Goa (famous port) by defeating
1) Title :- Vedmarg founder and support of the throne
Bahmani Sultan Muhammad Shah II
2) Conquered Madurai in 1377 with the help of his son
♀ invasion of sri lanka
Kumar Kampan
3) The struggle between Vijayanagara and Bahmani 3) Commentaries on the Vedas by Madhava

kingdom started Vidyaranya's brother Sayanacharya (Veda-

♀ Bukka I and Muhammad Shah I commentator)

♀ Reason - Raichur Doab situated between Krishna
and Tungabhadra
♀ Adoni's war between the two rulers in 1368
 2.4) Devaraya I (1406-1422) 2.5) Devaraya II (1424-1446)

1) Battle of Sonar's daughter :- 1) Greatest ruler of Sangam dynasty

Between Devaraya I and 2) Titles :- Gajbetkar (Hunter of elephants)

Bahmani ruler Tajuddin Firoz 3) State expansion:-

2) Result :- Defeat of Devaraya ♀ Inscriptions throughout the Vijayanagara Empire

3) period of literary flourishing or ♀ naval mutiny against sri lanka

♀ Defeated Bahmani rulers thrice
center of learning in India
4) Military reform :-
♀ Arrival of Italian traveler
♀ Recruitment of maximum 10000 soldiers
Niccolò Conti
♀ Emphasis on horse and naval reform
♀ Famous Telugu poet
5) Patron of scholars :-
Srinath - a book named
♀ Abdurrazzaq, the ambassador of Shahrukh, the ruler of Persia (Iran), came to
Harvilas
Vijayanagara.
♀ patron of scholars
♀ Devaraya II wrote 2 Sanskrit texts - Mahanataka Sudhanidhi and Commentary
4) Construction of Dam on on Brahmasutra
Tungabhadra River in 1410 ♀ Renowned scholar Srinath honored
 2.6) other rulers 3) Saluv dynasty (1485-1505)
1) Mallikarjuna (1446-65) :- 1) 2nd dynasty established in Vijayanagara
♀ title of gajbetkar 2) Founder :- Narasimha Saluv (First Balapahar)
♀ Arrival of Chinese traveler named Mahuyan 3) In 1505 Vira Narasimha killed the minor ruler
2) Virupaksha II (1465-1485) :- Immadi Narasimha and founded the Tuluva
♀ Last ruler of Sangam dynasty dynasty.
♀ Internal and external decline of the Sangam
dynasty
♀ Invasion by Bahmani and Orissa rulers
♀ Saluva Narasimha Rao, the governor of
Chandragiri, founded the Saluva dynasty.
 ♀ Won Udayagiri from the Gajapati ruler of Orissa in 1513
4) Tuluva dynasty (1505-1570) ♀ After defeating Bijapur in 1520, the authority over the

4.1) Introduction and Veer Narasimha (1505-1509) entire Raichur Doab

♀ friendly relations with portuguese
1) Immadi Narasimha killed by Veer Narasimha - Second
➢ Reason - technology and Arabian horses
Balapahar
➢ 1510 - Congratulations on the conquest of Goa
2) Result :- Rebellion and dissatisfaction among the public
by the Portuguese
4.2) Krishnadev Rai (1509-1530) ♀ Deficiency - Lack of a strong navy like the Chola
rulers
1) General introduction :-
♀ Younger brother of Veer Narasimha
3) welfare work :-

♀ Title - Abhinav Bhoj and Andhra Pitamah (Vidyaprem) ♀ Better management of irrigation with the help of

♀ Babur considered him the most powerful ruler of India in Portuguese

his autobiography. ♀ construction of roads and canals
♀ After the victory of Bidar - the title of Yavanarajya ♀ just ruler
Sthapanacharya 4) literary work :-
2) Empire expansion and diplomacy :- ♀ Golden Age of Telugu Literature (Classical Age)
♀ Defeated Mahmud Shah, the ruler of Bidar in 1510. ♀ Ashtadiggaj - group of 8 scholars of Telugu
 ➢ Allasani Peddana - Manucharitam
4.3) Achyut Devrai (1529-42)
➢ Tenali Rama - Pandurang Mahatmya
➢ Nanditimman - Parijatapaharan 1) Krishnadeva Raya's cousin
♀ Krishnadeva Raya himself also composed 2) Arrival of the Portuguese traveler Nuniz
Amuktamalayad on political science and administration 3) An officer named Mahamandaleshwar was appointed
in Telugu language and Jambavatikalyanam and to control the heroes.
Ushaparinaya in Sanskrit language.
♀ The Portuguese traveller, Domingo Pius and Barbosa
visited Vijayanagara.
♀ Domingo Pius - considered Krishnadeva Raya as a
great and just ruler
5) Artistic contribution :-
♀ Construction of Hazara Temple, Vithalaswamy Temple,
Virupaksha Temple and Chidambaram Temple in
Vijayanagar
♀ The city named "Nagalpur" after the name of Mata
Nagaladevi
 4.4) Sadashiv Rai (1542-1570)
5) Aravidu dynasty (1570-1650)
1) son of Krishnadeva Raya
1) After the Battle of Talikota, Ramaraya's brother Tirumal
2) Real Power :- Ramaraya, son-in-
founded the Aravidu dynasty in 1570, displacing the last
law of Krishnadevraya
ruler of the Tuluva dynasty, Sadasiva.
3) Battle of Talikota / Rakshasa
2) Tirumal made Penugonda his capital in place of
Tangdi / Bannihatti :- 23 January
Vijayanagara but in 1586 Venkata II made Chandragiri his
1565
headquarters.
♀ Ram Rai Vs Ali Adilshah Bijapur
3) The Arveedu dynasty continued till the middle of the
♀ Result - Establishment of
seventeenth century but its Nayaks declared their
Vijayanagara Empire
independence. Sriranga III is considered to be the last
4) Eyewitness of Talikota war :-
ruler of Vijayanagara, after that the Vijayanagara Empire
Foreign Traveler Sewell
came to an end.
♀ Book - a forgotten empire
 6) Economic Condition

1) Revenue administration :- 2) Farming system :-

♀ main source of revenue land ♀ Main business
♀ 1/6 of the yield ♀ Construction of ponds and canals to facilitate irrigation
♀ The revenue department was called ♀ Crops :- Rice, barley, pulses, oilseeds, indigo, cotton,
'Athvane'. black pepper, cardamom etc.
♀ 1/20th of the land owned by Brahmins and ♀ classification of land :-
1/30th of the land granted to temples was ╚ Bhandarwad Gram :- Land under the direct control
collected as tax. of the state
♀ The tax was collected both in cash and grain. ╚ Brahadeya :- Land given to Brahmins
♀ Apart from land revenue, pasture tax, house ╚ Devdeya Mathapur :– given to monasteries and
tax, property tax, trade tax, industry tax, temples
community tax, marriage tax and tax ╚ Ubli :- given in exchange for specific service in the
imposed on prostitutes were also the main village
sources of income of the state. ╚ Kuttagi :- Land to be given on lease
 ╚ Khatta or Kodge :- land given to families of 5) Currency system :-
war heroes or martyrs ♀ circulation of gold and silver coins
♀ The sharing of the produce between the ♀ The Varaha coin made of gold was the most
landowner and the pattidar was called 'varam'. famous coin of Vijayanagara.
♀ Agricultural laborers were called 'Kudi'. ♀ The small silver coin was called 'Tar'.
3) Industry :- ♀ The coins of the Tuluva dynasty had the
♀ Textile, perfumery and metallurgical industries
figures of Venkatesh, Lakshminarayan,
♀ There were unions to control industries and
Garuda and Balakrishna.
businesses.
4) commerce :-
♀ Main element of state's prosperity
♀ Vijayanagar trade with countries like Burma,
China, Arabia, Iran, Abyssinia etc.
♀ Textiles, rice, iron, spices etc. were exported and
horses, silk, pearls, resham etc. were imported.
 ♀ The person who could not repay the loan
7) Social Condition had to become a slave of the person who
gave the loan.
1) Character system :-
4) Status of women :-
♀ alphabetic
♀ condition of women is not good
♀ Brahmin's first in the society :- High position in government
♀ Prevalence of sati practice in royal family and
and army
upper class
♀ The mercantile middle class consisted of 'Shetty' or 'Chetty’.
♀ Polygamy in royalty and upper class
2) Religious status :-
♀ practice of child marriage
♀ Renaissance period of Hinduism
♀ The women of the lower class were
♀ Predominance of Vaishnavism and Shaivism proficient in handicrafts.
♀ policy of tolerance towards other religions ♀ The plight of widows, though widow
♀ rituals of sacrifice marriages also took place
3) Practice of slavery :- ♀ The devadasis were associated with the
♀ Both men and women were bought and sold as slaves temples, but the courtesans led an
♀ The buying and selling of human beings was called the Ves independent life and their position was
Vag. respected in the society.
 8) Cultural Condition

1) Educational literature :- 2) Architecture :-

♀ Establishment of monasteries and agraharas ♀ The rulers built grand palaces, temples and
♀ Education of Vedas as well as history, poetry cities.
etc. ♀ 'Hazararam Temple' built by Krishnadeva Raya
♀ There were special schools for state service, ♀ The Vitthalaswami temple is also an
where language and mathematics education architectural masterpiece of the Vijayanagara
was provided. rule.
♀ After the Madurai victory of Bukka, Gangadevi ♀ Temples built in Dravidian style
composed 'Maduraivijayam' ♀ 'Bhuvanvijayam Bhavan' on the occasion of
♀ Lakshmi Narayan, the court musician of Orissa victory
Krishnadeva Raya, composed a book called
'Sangeet Suryodaya'.
♀ Nandi Timman composed 'Parijatapaharan'.
 Top brass Work
1) Raisam recorded the oral orders of the king

2) Karnikam accountant Details of foreign travelers who came to

Vijayanagara Empire
3) Maneya Home Minister
Pradhan 1) Nicolo Conti (Italy) During the reign of
Devaraya I
4) currency keeper of the royal seal
miner 2) Abdurrazzak (Iran) During the reign of
Devaraya II
5) watched over the heroes
Mahamandales 3) Domingo Payas During the reign of

hwar (Portugal) Krishnadeva Raya

6) The central government was concerned 4) Duarto Barbosa During the reign of

Mahanayakach with the rural administration through (Portugal) Krishnadeva Raya

arya 5) Fernando di Nuniz During the reign of

(Portugal) Achyutadeva Raya
 9) Administration

1) Central administration :-
♀ supreme position of king (rai) center (nation)
♀ Council of Ministers with 20 members to assist the king, the
ministers were called Dandanayaka. province (state)
♀ Apart from the Council of Ministers, there was also a Central
Secretariat, in which officers like Raisam (Secretary), Karnikam
Mandal (Division)
(Accountant) were there.
Valnadu or Kottam (district)
2) Provincial administration :-
♀ The Vijayanagara Empire was divided into 06 provinces.
Nadu or place (tehsil)
♀ Nayaka was the highest official of the province.
♀ Nayaks were appointed by the king.
Melgram (groups of 50 grams)
3) Rural Administration (Ayankar System) :-
♀ Under the Ayankar system, the rural administration was run by 12
UR (village)
officials, whose posts were often hereditary.
4) सैन्य संगठन :- 4) Military organization :-

♀ सैन्य ववभाग - 'कंदाचार’ ♀ Military Department - 'Kandachar'

♀ There were 04 important parts of the army, infantry,
♀ सेना के 04 महत्वनूणव अं ग थे नैदल सेना, अश्वारोही सेना, गि
cavalry, yard army and navy, although navy was not
सेना एवं नौ-सेना यद्यदन नौ-सेना का ववशेष महत्व नहीं था
of special importance.
♀ रािा द्वारा युद्ध में वीरता ददिाने वाले सैननकों को 'गण्डप्रेद',
♀ 'Gandapred' was given by the king to the soldiers
उसी प्रकार युद्ध में मारे िाने वाले सैननकों के नररवार को
who showed valor in the war, similarly the land called
'ित्तकोडगे' नामक भूवम अनुदान में दी िाती थी 'Rattakodge' was given to the family of the soldiers
5) न्याय व्यवस्था :- who died in the war.
♀ सवोच्च न्याजयक अजिकारी - रािा 5) judicial system :-

♀ रािा के न्यायालय को 'शान्तस्त्रता' कहते थे ♀ supreme judicial officer - king

♀ न्याजयक ववजि-वविान मुख्यतः याज्ञवल्क्य स्मृवत, नराशर ♀ The king's court was called 'Shastrita'.
♀ Judicial laws and regulations were mainly based on
स्मृवत एवं मािव स्मृवत नर आिाररत थे
Yajnavalkya Smriti, Parashara Smriti and Madhav
♀ दण्डवविान कठोर थे
Smriti.
♀ ब्राह्मणों को मृत्युदण्ड नहीं ददया िाता था
♀ The punishments were harsh.
♀ Brahmins were not given capital punishment.
 10) Nayakar system and Ayankar system

1) Nayankar system :-
♀ A distinctive system of Vijayanagara was the Nayankara system, which was a form of feudal system.
♀ Important officers or generals were given land instead of cash salary.
♀ The Amarnayaka or Nayaka collected revenue from the Amaram lands, maintained a military contingent
and looked after the administration of the lands concerned.
♀ The post of Amarnayak or Nayaka was not hereditary.
♀ They had to keep an administrative agent 'Sthanapati' at the center. Achyutadeva Raya had appointed an
officer named 'Mahamandaleshwar' to keep control over the Amarnayaks or Nayaks.
2) Aayankar system :-
♀ Arrangements related to rural administration in Vijayanagara
♀ Under this, it was operated by 12 officers, whose posts were often hereditary.
♀ Chief Officers :- Senteoba (Account keeper), Nirunikkar (Irrigation developer), Mahanayakacharya
(Administrative agent of the center) etc.
 11) Reasons responsible for the decline of Vijayanagara

1) military weakness :- The cavalry and artillery of Vijayanagar was weak. Although Devaraya I, Devaraya
II and Krishna Deva Raya tried to strengthen the cavalry by inducting Muslims into the army, but the
subsequent rulers did not make any significant effort to strengthen the military organization. This was
the reason why Vijayanagar army could not face the army of Muslim states in the battle of Talikota.
2) Constant conflict with the Bahmani kingdom
3) Rebellion of Provincial Nayaks :- The provincial chiefs of Vijayanagara, taking advantage of the weak
position of the latter, behaved like independent rulers and stopped sending revenue.
4) Portuguese intervention :- The Vijayanagara rulers established friendly relations with the Portuguese
and gave them tacit support against Bijapur. The consequence of this was that the Portuguese started
interfering in the politics of Vijayanagara, which weakened the position of Vijayanagara.
5) Weak and Ineligible Succession
very short answer type questions 14) Mehmood Gawan
1) Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah 15) vijayanagar
2) Bada Sona Masjid (Golden Mosque) 16) Harihara and Bukka I
3) Konark Sun Temple 17) Devaraya I
4) Ibrahim Shah Sharqi 18) Devaraya II
5) Hussain Shah Sharqi 19) Krishnadevaraya
6) Atala Masjid 20) Sangam Dynasty
7) Jahaj Palace 21) Ionkar system
8) Hindola Mahal 22) Text written by Krishnadeva Raya
9) Ship Palace 23) Hazara Temple
10) Kirti Stambh (Chittor) 24) Vitthalaswamy Temple
11) Rana Sanga 25) Battle of Talikota or Rakshasa Tangdi or
12) Battle of Khatoli Bannihatti
13) Bahmani dynasty
short answer type questions long answer type questions
1) Brief essay on Malik Us Sharq, the ruler of the 1) Throw light on the origin and administrative
Jaunpur Sultanate organization of the Vijayanagara Empire.
2) Short essay on Mahmud Begada, ruler of 2) Describe in detail the reasons responsible for
Gujarat Sultanate the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire.
3) Short essay on Husangshah Ghori, ruler of
Malwa
4) Short essay on Vizier Mahmud Gawan of
Bahmani kingdom
5) Short essay on Devaraya II
6) Short essay on Krishnadevaraya
7) Administration of Vijayanagara
8) Social status of Vijayanagara
 Chapter - 16
Bhakti movement

1) The movement for religious reform in medieval India is called Bhakti movement, which has a deep
impact on the present society.
2) Two stage :-
♀ South India - 7th to 13th century
♀ North India - 13th to 16th century
3) Beginning of Bhakti movement :- आदद शंकराचायव (आठवीं सदी) || Adi Shankaracharya (8th century)
4) भतक्त आं दोिन का प्रचाि प्रसाि || Propagation of Bhakti movement :- 12 आलवार ( वैष्णव) और 63 नायनार (शैव)
संतो के द्वारा || by 12 Alvars (Vaishnavas) and 63 Nayanars (Shaivites)
5) Credit for bringing Bhakti movement to North India :- Ramanand
6) Credit for taking Bhakti movement to Assam :- Shankardev (Chaitanya of Assam)
7) Bengal - Vidyapati Thakur and Chandidas
 1) Salient Features of Bhakti Movement 2) Prominent Saints of the Bhakti Movement

1) monotheism 2.1) Adi Shankaracharya

2) opposition to pomp
1) Birth :- Kerala,
3) opposition to the caste system 2) Guru :- Govind Yogi (given the title of Paramhans)
4) emphasis on human service 3) supporters of monotheism
5) instruction in local languages 4) called hidden Buddhists,
6) Increase in the importance of Guru 5) Establishment of four monasteries in four directions :-
7) emphasis on faith and devotion ♀ Astrology Peeth - Badrinath Uttarakhand,
♀ Govardhan Peeth - Puri Orissa,
♀ Sharda Peeth - Dwarka Gujarat
♀ Sringeri Peeth - Mysore Karnataka,
6) Four sects were established by Vaishnava saints in the
south in protest against the wonderful philosophy of
Shankaracharya.
 2.2) Ramanujachary 2.4) Kabir Das

1) 11th century 1) Nirgun saint

2) Ram's adorable 2) Birth :- 1440 Varanasi,

3) Death :- 1510 Maghar,
3) Birth :- Parumbar near Madras,
4) Sikandar Lodi's contemporary,
4) Founder of Shree Sect
5) His disciples have collected his speeches in a book
5) exponent of specific monism
named Bijak - which has three parts Sakhi Sabad
6) Hoysala ruler Vishnu Vardhana converted to
Ramani,
Vaishnavism 6) Language :- Mixed language (Braj Bhasha Awadhi and
2.3) Ramanand Rajasthan)

1) Credit for bringing the Bhakti movement from South India to

North India
2) Birth :- 1299 Prayag,
3) worshipers of Rama and Sita,
4) 12 disciples :- Raidas, Kabir, Padmavati, Sursi, Dhanna, Sena, Pipa
 2.5) Dadu Dayal 2.7) Raidas

1) Birth :– Gujarat, Ahmedabad, 1) One of the 12 disciples of Ramananda

2) follower of kabir 2) Rai Dasi Sect
3) Establishment of Brahma Sampradaya 3) Mirabai's Guru
4) Akbar called Fatehpur Sikri 2.8) Tulsidas
5) The beginning of the movement called Nipakh
1) Birth :- 1532 Rajapur Village Banda District Uttar
6) Chief Disciple :- Sunder Das
Pradesh
2.6) Mirabai 2) Contemporary of Akbar and Mewar's ruler Rana Pratap,

1) Birth :- 1498 Merta District Chaukri Village, 3) major works :–

♀ Ramcharitmanas
2) Death :- 1546,
♀ couplet
3) Father :- Ratan Singh Rathore
♀ poetry book
4) Husband :- Bhojraj,
♀ parvati marriage
5) worshiper of krishna
♀ Sita Vivah, Vinay Patrika, Hanuman Chalisa
 2.9) Surdas 2.10) Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

1) Born :- 1478, Uttar Pradesh 1) Founder of Bhakti Movement in Bengal

2) Disciple of Vallabhacharya, 2) krishna bhakti
3) confirmation ship, 3) Chaitanya gave importance to idol worship
4) Major works :- avatarism
♀ Soorsagar, Sahitya Lahari, Soorsavali 4) Establishment of Gosai Sangh and founder of
sankirtan practice
5) Philosophy : - Achintya Bhedabhed Vad
 Chapter - 17
Sufi movement

1) General Information

1) Meaning of Sufi :- Origin Arabic word Safa, person who wears his clothes of purity and chastity
2) Sufism is an eclectic interpretation of the Quran called Tariqat
3) Disciples of Sufi saints
4) Abode of Sufi Saints - Khanqah or Monastery
5) The Sufi sects are called Silsila.
6) Abul Fazl has mentioned 14 series in Ain Akbari.
7) Four silsilahs are prominent in India - Chishti, Suharawardi, Qadri and Naqshbandi.
 2) Characteristics of the 2.1) Chishti series
Sufi Movement 1) Establishment in India :- Moinuddin Chishti
1) monotheism 2) Prominent followers:- Moinuddin Chishti, Khwaja
2) Love Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, Khwaja Nizamuddin
3) evangelism through music Auliya, Sheikh Salim Chishti, Baba Farid
4) Importance of Guru and Shishya 3) Moinuddin Chishti :-
5) opposition to ostentatious ♀ Came to India with Muhammad Ghori in 1192
6) There are four major silsilahs in India :- ♀ made Ajmer the center
♀ Chishti, 4) Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki :-
♀ Suharawardy, ♀ Contemporary of Iltutmish
♀ Qadri and ♀ Prominent disciple Baba Farid
♀ Naqshbandi ♀ Qutubuddin Aibak got the Qutub Minar built
5) Shaikh Nizamuddin Aulia :-
♀ Guru - Baba Farid
 ♀ Disciple - Amir Khusro, Sheikh Salim Chishti 2.2) Suhar Vardi Silsila
♀ made Delhi the center
1) Promoter Shahabuddin Suhar Verdi
♀ Reign of seven sultans - did not visit any
2) Founder Sheikh Bahauddin
sultan's court
3) Iltutmish took state protection
♀ Differences with Gyasuddin Tughlaq
4) S/o Sheikh Nukruddin Suharwardy
♀ mausoleum in delhi
5) Major saint :- Jalaluddin Tabrez
6) Sheikh Salim Chishti :-
6) Speciality :- Lived a life of prosperity
♀ Contemporary of Akbar
♀ The last Sufi saint in this series
♀ Shaikh Buharuddin Garib extended Sufi and
Chishti order in South India and made
Daulatabad the center
 2.3) Qadri series 2.4) Naqshbandi series

1) Founder in India :- Mohammad Ghaus 1) Founder Khwaja Sheikh Bahauddin Naqshbandi of

2) Originator Sheikh Abdul Qadri of Baghdad Turkistan
3) Sikandar Lodi was a disciple of Shaikh Jilani. 2) Bharat Khwaja Baqi Billah
4) Dara Shikoh was a disciple of Sheikh Mullah. 3) came to India during the time of Akbar
5) Properties :- 4) Qayoom Sheikh was the teacher of Mohammad
♀ Green turban Aurangzeb.
♀ Rose 5) Properties :-
♀ government service support ♀ Hardcore
♀ not support music ♀ Opponents of akbar's policies
♀ Supporters of the use of force in religious
conversion
♀ Government services support
♀ Anti music
 Chapter - 18
Mughal Ruler : Chief Ruler

1) Background

9) Other Mughal Rulers 2) Babar

3) Humayun
8) Aurangzeb

7) shah jahan 4) Sher Shah Suri

6) Jahangir 5) Akbar
 17.1) background and introduction

1) Timur established a vast empire in Central Asia 5) Babur's father 'Umar Sheikh Mirza' had
2) Timur's empire included the region of Asia Minor Turkey, Iran, dominion in Fargana (Uzbekistan), a small
Trans Oxy Yana (Mavraunnahr - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan,
area of Trans Oxiana itself.
Kazakhstan and Tajikistan), Afghanistan and Punjab
3) After Timur's death in 1405, his son and successor Shah Rukh
Mirza maintained unity in this vast empire.
4) After the death of Shahrukh Mirza in 1447 AD, the vast empire
established by Timur was divided. As a result, some new
states were established, such as -
♀ Safavid dynasty led by Shah Ismail in Iran
♀ State of the Ottoman or Osmani dynasty in the west of
Iran.
♀ State of the Uzbeg dynasty under the leadership of
Shaivani Khan in Trans Oxiana
 17.2) Babar (1526-1530)

battle of panipat
invasion of india 04 05

state of india Battle of Khanwa

03 06

early successes 02 07 other war

general introduction 01 08 Evaluation

 17.2.1) General introduction 17.2.2) early successes

1) Full Name :- Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babar 1) Unsuccessful attempt to conquer Samarkand

2) Birth :- 14 February 1483, Fergana (present-day 2) Ferghana also lost
Uzbekistan)
3) 1504 :- Right on Kabul and Ghazni
3) Father :- Umar Sheikh Mirza (descendant of Timur)
♀ title of "Padshah" or "Badshah" in place of
4) Mother :- Qutlugh Nigar Khanum (descendant of
"Mirza“
Genghis Khan)
4) 1507 :- Possession of kandahar
5) Clan :- Chagatai branch of Turks (Mughals)
6) Follower :- Naqshbandi Sufi Khwaja Ubaidullah Ahrar
7) Death :- 1530, Agra (Buried in Kabul)
 3) vijayanagar :-
17.2.3) State of india ♀ Ruled by the mighty Krishnadeva Raya
♀ Babur in his autobiography described him as the
1) Delhi :-
most powerful ruler among the contemporary Indian
♀ Rule of Ibrahim Lodi of Lodi Dynasty
rulers.
♀ Dissatisfaction among Afghan nobles - Alam and
4) Bahmani :-
Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babur to attack India
♀ Fragmentation of Bahmani kingdom into 5 kingdoms
♀ Area - Delhi+Agra+Jaunpur+Awadh etc.
♀ conflicted with each other and Vijayanagara
♀ Daulat Khan Lodi - governor of Punjab, who
♀ Death of Kalimullah in 1527
sent his son Dilawar Khan Lodi to Kabul
5) Other :-
2) Mewar :-
♀ Sindh and Multan - Shah Hussain
♀ Ruled by the mighty Rana Sanga
♀ Jaunpur, Awadh and Bihar - Naseer Khan Lohani
♀ Defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Khatoli
♀ Malwa - Mahmud Khilji II under the control of
and Bari.
Chanderi ruler Mednirai
♀ Babur was called to India to take over the whole
♀ Gujarat - Muzaffar Shah II and his son Bahadur Shah
of India.
 17.2.4) Initial invasion of india 17.2.5) First battle of
Panipat (20 April 1526)
Babur made the following 5 attacks on India east of
Panipat with the aim of earning money and taking 1) General introduction :-

control of Punjab :- ♀ Between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi on 21 April

♀ Bajaur and Bhera (1519) - India's first use of 1526 at Panipat (Haryana)

gunpowder against the Yousafzai caste ♀ Babur decorated the army with the Tulugama

♀ Peshawar (1519) method and the cannons with the Osmani

♀ Sialkot (1520) (Rumi) method.

♀ Lahore and Dipalpur (1524) ♀ Result - Death of Ibrahim Lodi and

╚ Struggle to control Punjab after this establishment of Mughal Empire in India

invasion ♀ Ibrahim Lodi - The first sultanate to die in

╚ Daulat Khan Lodi sent messenger battle

♀ Departure for Delhi and Agra victory (1525-1530)

 NOTE
Tulugama warfare method :
‡ This method was learned by Babur in 1501 after he was
defeated by Shaivani Khan Uzbeg in the Battle of Sar-e-Pul.
‡ The military unit standing on the right and left side of the
Tulugama army was called.
‡ This troop used to attack from the rear of the enemy by
circling.
Osmani or Rumi system :
‡ This method of decorating cannons was first used in war in
1514 by the ruler of Ottoman or Osmani dynasty against the
ruler of Iran's Safavi dynasty in the battle of Chaldiran in
Azerbaijan.
‡ Babur was the one who introduced this method in India.
2) Cause :- 4) Reasons for the defeat of Ibrahim Lodi :-
♀ Failure to Conquer Samarkand in ♀ Weak personality and general of Ibrahim Lodi
Central Asia ♀ Lack of statesmanship, diplomacy and foresight
♀ Hereditary authority of Timur ♀ Afghan chieftains side with Babur
♀ imperial will 5) Effect or result :-
♀ India's wealth ♀ End of Delhi Sultanate and Lodi dynasty
♀ Lack of political unity in India ♀ Establishment of the Mughal dynasty
3) Reasons for Babur's success :- ♀ Beginning of new political, economic, social, religious
♀ Brave and ambitious personality of system under Mughal emperors
Babur ♀ After Kanishka, the ruler of the Kushan dynasty, once
♀ Babur was an able soldier and a again India's authority over Kabul and Kandahar was
skilled military operator. established.
♀ Use of Tulugama and Osmani system ♀ Use of new weapons and tactics
♀ use of gunpowder and cannons
 17.2.6) Battle of Khanwa ♀ The slogan of Jihad was given by Babur to
increase the morale of the soldiers.
Introduction and reason :-
♀ Exemption of business tax (tamga tax) to
1) Between Babur and Mewar Emperor Rana Sanga
Muslims
on 16 March 1527 at Bharatpur in Rajasthan
♀ Alam Lodi, Mahmud Lodi and Hasan Khan
2) Result - Victory of Babur and increase in prestige
Mewati and Mednirai supported Rana Sanga
of Mughals in India
♀ Death of Rana Sanga in 1528
3) Cause -
♀ Raisen ruler Silhadi supported Babur
♀ Miscalculation of Rana Sanga's ambition to
2) effect / result :-
rule entire North India and Babur's ambition
♀ Decrease in the influence of Rajputs in North
♀ Bayana, Dholpur and Kalpi occupied by Babur
India, while the order of Mughal supremacy
♀ Rana Sanga did not support Babur in the first
♀ The end of the power challenging the
battle of Panipat
Mughals
2) Key Facts :-
♀ Mughal suzerainty over Gwalior, Dholpur,
Alwar etc.
 17.2.7) Other war ♀ After making a treaty with Nusrat Shah,
Babur left Kabul, but he died in Agra on 26
1) Battle of Chanderi (29 January 1528) :-
December 1530.
♀ Between Chanderi ruler Medinirai and Babur
♀ Babur's widow Mubarak Yousafzai built his
♀ Reason - Medinirai supporting Rana Sanga in the
tomb in Bagh-e-Babur, Kabul.
war of Khanwa and reorganizing the Rajputs against
Babur
♀ Results - Medinirai's death, Jauhar by Rajput women
♀ Here also the slogan of Jihad and the title of Ghazi
after victory
♀ made Ahmad Shah the ruler
2) Battle of Ghaghra (6 May 1529) :-
♀ Between Babur and Afghans (Mahmud Lodi) on the
banks of Ghaghra river (Bihar) on 6th May 1529
♀ The first war of medieval India which was fought on
both land and water
 17.2.8) Evaluation

As a person As administrator As a commander

02 04
As a scholar As a politician and
diplomat

01 03 05
1) As a person :- Babur was an obedient son, loving
father, loyal husband, good friend and dutiful man.
17.2.3) Timeline
2) As a scholar :- Was a scholar of high quality and a
1) 14 February 1483 : Born in Ferghana
scholar of Turkish, Persian and Arabic languages. He
2) 1504 : Right on Kabul and Ghazni
wrote Tuzuk-e-Babri, Diwan, Khan-e-Babri and
3) 1507 : Right on Kandahar
developed a new style Mubayyan.
4) 1519 : Right on Bajaur and Bhaira (gunpowder for
3) As a general :- Babur was a courageous and skilful
soldier who defeated Mongols, Afghans etc by using the first time in India)
Tulugama and Osmani method. 5) 1524 : Capture of Lahore and invitation by Daulat
4) As a politician :- Through his diplomacy, he made a Khan Lodi
treaty with Iran's emperor Safavi and took over 6) 21 April 1526 : First battle of Panipat
Samarkand. Subjugated Afghan and Rajput chieftains in 7) 16 March 1527 : Battle of Khanwa
India
8) 29 January 1528 : Battle of Chanderi
5) As a government manager :- Babar lacked the
9) 6 May 1529 : Battle of Ghaghra
qualities of a successful government manager. because
10) 26 December 1530 : Died in Agra
he did not succeed as ruler of India and Kabul
 17.3) Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun (1530-1556)

4) Reasons for Humayun's

1) Introduction
failure

2) Issues 5) Humayun's return

3) Major military operations 6) Timeline

 17.3.1) Introduction 3) unable to maintain military efficiency and discipline
4) Weak financial and economic system
1) Babar's four sons :- Humayun, Kamran, Askani and Hindal
5) Humayun's limited plans and shortsightedness
2) One son :- Gulbadan Begum
3) Birth of Humayun :- 1508, Kabul
4) Humayun was initially the governor of Badakhshan
(Afghanistan).

17.3.2) initial difficulties

1) lack of administrative system

2) Division of the Empire :- Humayun had to divide the
Mughal Empire among his brothers as per Babur's wish.
Humayun got the territory of India, Kamran of Kabul and
Kandahar, Askari of Sambhal and Hindal of Mewat and
Alwar. Further Humayun's brother Kamran had not only
captured Multan, Lahore, Punjab and Hisar-Firoza, but he
also wanted to capture the throne of Delhi.
 17.3.3) Major military operations

6) Second Circle of Chunar

1) Kalinjar (1531) (1537)

7) Battle of Chausa or Buxar

2) Dora war(1532) (1539)

8) Battle of Kannauj or
3) Kamran's rebellion(1532)
Bilgram (17 May 1540)

4) Mutiny of Chunar (1532) 9) Battle of Machhiwara (15

May 1555)

5) Struggle with Bahadur 10) Battle of Sirhind (22 June

Shah (1535-36) 1555)
1) Kalinjar campaign (1531) :- ♀ Against the Afghan ruler Sher Khan
♀ Against Chandela ruler Rudrapratap Dev ♀ Result - Treaty with Sher Khan

♀ Reason - Prataprudra Dev's sympathy towards ♀ 1533 - Dinpanah Palace built in Delhi

Afghans and ambition of authority over Kalpi 5) Struggle with Gujarat ruler Baj Bahadur Shah (1535-36)

♀ Result - Treaty between the two :-

♀ Reason - Malwa, Raisen and Chittor occupied by
2) Dora War (1532) :-
Bahadur Shah
♀ Visit on the banks of river Gomti in Daura (UP)
♀ Defeated Chittor ruler Rana Vikramaditya in 1535 with
♀ Defeat of Mahmud Lodi
the help of Kustuntunia's gunner Rumi Khan
♀ Reason - Right on Jaunpur (UP) by Mahmud Lodi
♀ Rani Karnavati, the widow of Rana Sanga sought help
3) Kamran's rebellion (1532) :-
from Humayun.
♀ In addition to Kabul and Kandahar, Kamran had
♀ Fearing Humayun, Mandu, Mandu to Champaner,
authority over Multan, Lahore, Punjab, Hisar etc.
Champaner to Kambe kept running
♀ Humayun showed generosity ♀ Assassinated by the Portuguese governor Nino de
4) Chunar's first circle (1532) :- Cunha in 1537
♀ Chunar Fort (UP) - Gateway to Eastern India ♀ Humayun's authority over Mandu, while Gujarat was
handed over to his brother Askani
6) Second Siege of Chunar (July 1537) :- 8) Battle of Kannauj or Bilgram (17 May 1540) :-
♀ Reason - Violation of the treaty by Sher Khan and ♀ Between Sher Khan (Sher Shah) and
control over entire Bengal and Bihar by the battle Humayun on 17 May 1540
of Surajgarh ♀ Apart from Kamran, Hindal and Askani
♀ Sher Khan and his son Qutb Khan cleverly helped Humayun.
engaged Humayun in Chunar for eight months and
♀ Defeat of Humayun and establishment of
increased their economic and military powers.
Sur dynasty by Sher Shah at Delhi
♀ This was a big mistake of Humayun
7) Battle of Chausa or Buxar (1539) :-
♀ Between Humayun and Sher Khan in 1539
♀ The plain of Chausa (Bihar) situated between the
river Ganga and Karmnasha
♀ The defeat of the Mughal army, although a sailor
named Nizam saved Humayun, whom Humayun
made emperor for a day
 17.3.4) Reasons for Humayun's failure

Common cause Political reasons

✓ Weak administrative and ✓ Unfair division of empire

economic condition of the ✓ sorry kamran

state ✓ Chunar's first and second

✓ Lack of full cooperation of circle

brothers ✓ leaving the gujarat

✓ Character weakness and campaign unfinished

misfortune of Humayun ✓ Lack of proper policy for

Rajputs
 8) Campaign for victory of india :-
17.8.5) Humayun's return
♀ 1554 and 1555 - Capture of Peshawar and
1) 1540 Fled to Lahore after the defeat in the Battle of Kannauj Lahore
2) Kamran fled to Sindh due to lack of help. ♀ May 15, 1555 - After defeating the ruler of
3) In 1541 Humayun married Hamida Banu Begum, daughter of Punjab, Sikandar Shah Machhiwara in the war,
Shia Guru Mir Baba Dost (Sheikh Ali Akbar). he took possession of Punjab.
4) Refuge by Rana Virsal, king of Amarkot, where Akbar was ♀ June 22, 1555 - Re-establishment of Mughal
born on 15 October 1542 dynasty in Delhi after defeating Sikandar Sur,
5) He fled to Kandahar in 1543 where Askani and Kamran the ruler of Sur dynasty in the Battle of Sirhind.
conspired to capture him. 9) Death of Humayun :- Died on January 27, 1556, due
6) In 1543 again fled from Kandahar to Iran and worked under to an injury caused by slipping from the stairs of the
the protection of Tahmasp, the ruler there. library (Shermandal) of the Dinpanah Palace in Delhi.
7) Rights on Kandahar and Kabul (1545-1551) :- Humayun British historian Stanley Lanpool has written on the
defeated Kamran with the help of Iran ruler 2 Tahmasp and death of Humayun that “Humayun kept on
brother Hindal and gave rights, Hindal was killed while stumbling all his life and in the end he died only
Kamran's eyes were gouged out and sent to Mecca. after stumbling.
1) Ques - " Humayun kept on stumbling all his life and in the end he died by stumbling" explain this statement ?
2) Ans - After the death of Humayun Babur, on December 30, 1530 AD, he was sitting on the throne. Along with getting the throne, he had to face many
difficulties throughout his life. Humayun's struggles can be understood under the following points-
♀ Struggle for Succession - There was no clear rule of succession in Islam, so Humayun's brothers Kamran, Askari and Hindal conspired against
Humayun to get the throne throughout his life.
♀ Struggle with Bahadur Shah - Humayun also had to struggle with Bahadur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat. Although Humayun defeated Bahadur Shah
in 1535-36 AD, but soon Bahadur Shah regained control over Malwa and Gujarat.
♀ Struggle with Afghans - Babur had defeated Afghans in the first war of Panipat and the war of Ghaghra, but the power of Afghans could not be
crushed completely. Humayun had to fight with Mahmud Lodi, the brother of Ibrahim Lodi. Although Humayun defeated Mahmud Lodi in the
Battle of Dohariya (1532 AD), but after this the Afghans united under the leadership of Sher Shah.
♀ Struggle with Sher Shah - Sher Shah presented the biggest challenge to Humayun. Although Humayun campaigned against Sher Shah in Chunar
in 1532 AD and 1537 AD, but Shehshah could not be suppressed completely. Further, Sher Shah defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa in 1539
AD and in 1540 AD in the battle of Kannauj and captured Delhi and Agra.
♀ Struggles during exile life - After being defeated by Sher Shah, Humayun stayed in Sindh for some time, but further he had to flee to Iran. During
his exile in Central Asia, Humayun had to fight many wars with his brothers Kamran and Askari. Further, he had to fight with Sikandar Shah Sur, the
ruler of Punjab, Delhi and Agra.
➢ conclusion :- It is clear from the above discussion that Humayun had to fight with his enemies throughout his life. Although Humayun had again
captured Delhi and Agra in 1555 AD, but he could not enjoy the pleasure of royal power for a long time. On January 27, 1556, Humayun died by falling
from the stairs of the library of Dinpanah Palace in Delhi. In this context, British historian Stanley Lanepool has rightly written that "Humayun kept
stumbling all his life and finally died after stumbling."
 4.1) Conquests of Sher Shah Suri
17.4) Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545)
1) Khokhar Campaign (1541) :- Campaigned against Khokhras in
1) Afghan ruler / warrior who disintegrated the
1541 to preserve the routes of Bolan Pass and Peshawar to the
Mughal Empire by defeating Humayun in the Mughals
battle of Chausa and Kannauj and established the 2) Bengal Campaign (1541) :- suppressed the rebellion of Bengal
Sur Empire in India Subedar Khizr Khan and appointed Amin-e-Bengal in Bengal
3) Malwa Campaign (1543) :- In 1543 against Malwa ruler Kadirshah
4) Raisen Campaign (1543) :- In 1543, Sher Shah Suri defeated
Raisen ruler Puranmal by treachery.
5) Multan campaign (1543): - Multan campaign against Jats and
won it
6) Campaign of Jodhpur :- In 1544 there was a battle of Semal
between Shershah Suri and Maldev in which Maldev was
defeated
7) Kalinjar Campaign (1545) :- Shershah Suri's campaign which was
against Kirat Singh
 6.2) Administration of Sher Shah Suri 5) Administration of Pargana :- Sarkars were
divided into parganas whose officers were -
1) Sher Shah Suri emphasized on centralisation. Shershah Suri
♀ Shikdar - General and Military
administrative model was influenced by Alauddin Khilji's
model
Administration

2) Central Administration :- Sher Shah was the head of the ♀ Munsif/Amil - Related to Land Revenue
central administration and he established the departments Administration
of Diwan-i-Vizarat, Diwan-i-Ariz, Diwan-i-Insha etc. 6) Village Administration :- The smallest unit of
3) Provincial Administration :- Probably Shershah Suri's administration whose head was Mukaddam
empire was divided into 63 Sarkars (no clear evidence) and Patwari
4) Government / District Administration :- There were 2
7) Military Administration :- Permanent Army
important officers in the government -
Mathematics and Huliya and Dagh system was
♀ Shifdar e Shifardan - General and military
re-introduced
administration related
♀ Munsif-e-Munsifdan - Related to Land Revenue
8) Judicial Administration :- Emphasized fair

Administration justice and assumed the title of Sultan-e-Adil

 6.3) Sher Shah Suri's land revenue system ╚ Moderately productive land
╚ Low productivity land
1) The land revenue system of Sher Shah Suri was
♀ Recovery of land revenue - Munsif-e-
influenced by the model of Alauddin Khilji. Which
Munsifan in Sarkar, Munsif in Pargana and
is known as Zabti / Ryotwari system
Patwari responsible in village
2) Objective :-
♀ Determination of land revenue - The
♀ Increase state revenue
average amount of land revenue was 1/3 of
♀ Protect ryots
the total produce
3) Phase :-
♀ Conversion of grain into cash - prepared a
♀ Conversion of grain into cash
table of prices of grain for cash recovery,
♀ Measurement of land - Gaj-e-Sikandari was
which was called Rai
adopted as the unit of land measurement.
♀ Classification of land - The land is divided
into 3 parts on the basis of productivity
╚ Fertile land
 Effects/results

Positive result Negative consequences

‡ Receipt of fixed revenue ‡ Applicable in limited areas

‡ Protection of the interests of (Lahore, Multan, Bihar)

farmers ‡ Length difference using hemp

‡ Increase in public welfare rope

works ‡ Focus on productivity and not

‡ Construction of warehouse for frequency in land revenue

disaster protection ‡ Fixation of prices of cereals

Adopted the prices of 1 year

Concluded : Shershah Suri's land revenue system was later adopted by Akbar, hence Sher Shah Suri was called the forerunner of Akbar.
 6.4) Major economic reforms of 6.5) Reasons for the decline
Sher Shah Suri of the Sur Empire

1) Construction of state roads :- Sonargaon to 1) Unworthy successor of islam sur

Peshawar (Grand Trunk Road), Agra to Chittor and 2) Independent nature of afghans
Burhanpur to Agra to Jodhpur, Lahore to Multan 3) Administrative financial difficulties
2) Construction of inns :- 1700 inns were 4) Responsibility of islam surah
constructed for the convenience of traders.
3) Improvement in octroi :- octroi has been fixed at
only 2 places near Sifrigali and Indus river.
4) Monetary reform :- Ashrafi, Rupee, Daam started
circulation and construction of 23 mints
Question :- Was Sher Shah Suri the forerunner / forerunner / guide of Akbar?
Ans - Sher Shah is called the pioneer of Akbar because Akbar followed Sher Shah in almost all the areas of governance, which are as
follows -
♀ The ideal of the state post - Like Sher Shah, Akbar was also constantly involved in the welfare of the subjects and in the work
of the state.
♀ Public welfare work - Sher Shah did many public welfare works like - construction of 1700 inns, Grand Trunk Road etc. Akbar
also did the same.
♀ Administrative system - Sher Shah divided the empire into center, province, government, pargana and village. so did Akbar
♀ Land revenue system - Sher Shah adopted the method of measurement of land, similarly Akbar adopted the Ain-e-Dahsala
method
♀ Military system - Sher Shah kept a permanent army and paid cash salary and adopted Daag and Hulia system and so did Akbar.
♀ Judicial system - Sher Shah emphasized on fair justice, similarly Akbar also did not make judicial distinction among the
subjects.
♀ Cultural area - Sher Shah built the old fort of Delhi, the mausoleum at Sasaram etc. Similarly Akbar built Buland Darwaza,
Fatehpur Sikri, Panchmahal etc.
In conclusion, it can be said that Akbar took inspiration from Sher Shah in various fields.
Question :- Sher Shah was not a promoter but a great reformer. Discuss this statement?
Ans - In 1540 Sher Shah Suri established the Second Afghan Empire by defeating Humayun in the Battle of
Kannauj. Following are the improvements made by him -
♀ Administrative Reforms – Emphasized on centralized administration and established departments
called Diwan-i-Vizarat, Diwan-i-Ariz, Diwan-i-Insha
♀ Land revenue reform - adopted the method of land measurement according to Alauddin Khilji's model
and limited the rights of intermediaries
♀ Economic reforms - 1700 taverns, Grand Trunk Road, introduced new currencies (Ashrafi, Rupee, Dam)
♀ Military Reforms - Formed a permanent army at the center, gave cash salary to soldiers and
implemented Daag and Hulia system
♀ Judicial Reforms – Emphasized fair justice in the judicial field and made Shariat the basis of justice.
In conclusion, Sher Shah had done some innovative works along with necessary reforms in the traditional
system, so he was not a promoter but a reformer.
 17.5) Akbar (1556-1605)

1) Punjab, Delhi, Agra Limited

State 6) Akbar's rivals (Hakim
Mirza, Hemu)
2) Natural disasters
7) Guardian problem (Bairam's
3) Akbar being a minor (13 Shia, Mughal Sunni)
years 4 months)

8) Lack of organized army

4) Gujarat Malwa problem

9) Lack of administrative
5) Problem of rajputs system
 5.1) Second Battle of Panipat 5.2) Bairam Khan

1) The second battle of Panipat was fought 1) Guardian of Akbar and Shia Muslim

between Akbar and Hemu in 1556. 2) Title :- Khan-e-Khana

3) Special :- Important role in the second battle of Panipat
2) Reason :- Hemu taking over Delhi and Agra
4) Patronage of Bairam Khan :-
3) Result :-
♀ The period of 1556-1560 is called the period of
♀ The end of the Hindu kingdom with the
patronage of Bairam Khan because during this
defeat of Hemu
period Akbar took all the steps under the direction
♀ End of conflict between Mughals and of Bairam Khan.
Afghans ♀ Humayun appointed Bairam Khan as Akbar's
♀ regained control over Delhi and Agra guardian after the Battle of Sirhind.
♀ Increase in importance and power of Bairam ♀ Akbar gave the title of Khan-e-Khana

Khan 5) Reasons for the fall of Bairam Khan :-

♀ Personality of Bairam Khan
♀ Sikandar Shah Sur accepted the suzerainty
♀ Bairam Khan's partiality policy
of the Mughals
 ♀ the envy of the rich 5.4) Akbar's religious policy
♀ Shia Sunni controversy
1) Akbar's religious policy was based on the principle of
♀ protest against so much
Sulh-e-Kul, which means universal tolerance, that is, to
♀ Akbar's ambition
treat all religions tolerantly.
5.3) Curtain Rule / Petticoat Rule 2) Source :- Abul Fazal, Faizi, Badauni details of foreign
travelers
1) From 1560 to 1562, Akbar was under the
3) Factors influencing :-
influence of his foster mother, Maham Anga.
♀ mentor influence
This period is called the curtain rule / petticoat
♀ Turkic Mongol influence
government. ♀ childhood background effects
2) Effect :- ♀ influence of hindu wives
♀ Maham Anga's interference in governance ♀ Influence of Bhakti Sufi movements
increased ♀ Abul Fazl, Faizi's influence

♀ Formed a group called Atka Khail ♀ impact of imperialist objectives

♀ genetic influence
4) Various stages :- Akbar's religious policy was the result of a ♀ Third step(1579-1605)
gradual development which can be understood in the ╚ In this phase, Akbar announced
following stages
Din-e-Ilahi for the purpose of
♀ First round(1556-1575) -
coordination in Hindu-Muslim
╚ Adopted a liberal religious policy towards the Hindus
religions and ended regional and
with the aim of getting the support of the Rajputs.
racial divisions.
╚ Slavery (1562), pilgrimage tax (1563), Jizya tax (1564),
forced conversions (1565) etc. ended
╚ Construction of Ibadatkhana (1575)
♀ Phase II (1575–1579) -
╚ To prevent political interference from the Ulema class,
he did two things -
╚ He went to Fatehpur Sikri and read the Khutba
himself.
╚ Mazharnama,
╚ issued in 1579
 5.4.1) Effects/results of Akbar's religious policy

Positive result Negative consequences

❑ Empire expansion by getting the ❑ displayed religious intolerance

support of Rajputs ❑ Like - slogan of Jihad (Chittor
❑ Foundation stone of World Religion Vijay)
Conference 1893 built (Ibadatkhana)
❑ discontent among muslims
❑ Harmony and harmony established in
❑ The later rulers had to follow a
the empire
strict religious policy.
❑ paving the way for an integrated
culture
❑ Like - Aurangzeb

❑ Inspiration for social reforms

Concluded : Akbar's policy of religious tolerance laid the foundation for the present secular polity of India.
 ♀ Matrimonial policy - Established matrimonial
5.5) Akbar's Rajput Policy
relations with Kachwaha of Amer, Bhati of
1) Akbar was the first Mughal ruler who, after taking over Jaisalmer, Rajputs of Bikaner and Jodhpur
Rajputana, adopted a certain policy in the context of ♀ reward and punishment policy - Rajputs who
Rajputs, which is called Rajput policy. accepted Akbar's subordination were given
2) Purpose/reason :- administrative posts like - Todermal, Mansingh.
♀ Suppression of Uzvegs, Mirzas and Afghans And attacks on not accepting subordination like -
♀ Expansion of the Mughal Empire Mewar, Ranthambore
♀ popularizing the Mughal state among the Hindu ♀ Liberal religious policy - Gave the Rajputs the
majority feeling of coming to the court by applying Tilak
♀ security of border areas and abolished Jizya and pilgrimage
♀ Akbar was born in a Rajput kingdom 4) Major Mughal Terms :-
3) Akbar's work under Rajput policy :- Akbar did the ♀ to accept Mughal sovereignty
following things to build a strong relationship with the ♀ annual tribute to the emperor
Rajputs under the Rajput policy: - ♀ military service
♀ accepting the mediation of the Mughals
5) Facilities provided to Rajputs :- 7) Effects/Results of Akbar's Rajput Policy :-
♀ assurance of Mughal security ♀ Positive result -
♀ Appointment to important administrative and ╚ Rajput got support hence expansion of
military posts empire
♀ Autonomy in religious and cultural matters ╚ establish political unity
6) Phases of Rajput Policy :- ╚ Paved the way for the integration of Hindu
♀ First phase - Akbar tried to bring the Rajputs Muslim culture
under the Mughal Empire ╚ development of harmonious culture
♀ Second phase - used Rajputs as military power ♀ Negative consequences -
like - sent Mansingh in the battle of Haldighati ╚ Heavy blow to the unity and power of
♀ Third phase - Rajputs were assigned the Rajputs
leadership of military campaigns of border ╚ The reputation of Rajputs tarnished
provinces and appointed on administrative ╚ Emphasis on one-sided marriages
posts like - Mansingh was appointed as ╚ The Mughal-Rajput relationship was based
governor of Bengal and Bihar. on a subtle balance
Question :- Why is Akbar called the National Emperor? describe in detail
Ans - Akbar was the first Muslim emperor of India who adopted the policy of harmony and coordination in social, religious,
political, economic and cultural fields and tried to build India as a nation. Following are the reasons for considering Akbar
as the national emperor -
♀ Political unity - Akbar established political unity in India by winning territories from Kashmir to Khandesh and
from Bengal to Kabul and Kandahar.
♀ Administrative Unity - Mansabdari system and uniform rules were implemented for the administrative
integration of the Mughal Empire.
♀ Economic reasons - Economic integration was implemented in the Mughal Empire by implementing uniform land
revenue system, construction of new routes, measurement and weighing system.
♀ Social Integration - Started following marriage policy and customs of Hindus with Hindus
♀ Religious Integration - For religious integration, Akbar established a new religion called Din-e-Ilahi.
♀ Cultural unity - Persian texts were translated into Hindi and Hindi texts were translated into Persian, in the same
way, the coordination of Hindu-Muslim art styles was increased in painting, architecture and music.
In conclusion, Akbar tried to establish national unity in the Mughal Empire by rising above the feelings of religion,
caste, community etc. In this context, Nehru called Akbar the father of Indian nationalism.
Question :- The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, but it was developed and strengthened by Akbar. discuss
this statement?
Ans - In the first battle of Panipat in 1526, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi and laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire in
India, but Akbar did many important works for the expansion of the Mughal Empire as well as its strengthening, which are
as follows -
♀ Expansion of political boundary - Akbar expanded the empire to Malwa, Gujarat, Rajputana, Bihar, Bengal,
Kashmir, Balochistan, Kabul, Kandahar, Ahmednagar and Khandesh
♀ Administrative strengthening - Apart from the central administration, a uniform administrative system was
implemented in the province, government, pargana and village as well and strengthened with the mansabdari
system.
♀ Military strengthening - formed a huge and permanent army in the center and also formed a navy
♀ Economic strengthening - by reforming the land revenue system, implemented the Dahsla system, created new
currencies and routes
♀ Social strengthening - promoted unity and coordination among the subjects
♀ Religious strengthening - adopted a policy of religious tolerance and patronized scholars of all religions
On the basis of the above works, Stanley Lenpool called Akbar "the real founder of the Mughal Empire".
Question :- Why is Akbar called a great ruler? Throw light on his greatness. ?
Ans - Akbar was a successful empire builder, efficient administrator, great patron of art and literature and
patron of scholars. Akbar was called great because of his achievements which are as follows -
♀ Establishment of national state - the only sultan of the medieval period who tried to organize India
as a nation administratively, politically, economically, socially and culturally
♀ Public Welfare Policy - Worked impartially for the welfare of the subjects and provided a welfare form
to the Mughal Empire
♀ Policy of Sulh-e-Kul - Adopted the policy of Sulh-e-Kul in the interest of the people and made
appointments on the basis of merit without discriminating on the basis of religion, caste, creed etc.
♀ Efforts for Hindu-Muslim unity - Unity was established among the people and due to the efforts of
Akbar, Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb developed in India.
♀ Policy of religious tolerance - Followed the policy of religious tolerance and provided religious
freedom and provided protection to scholars of all religions
 6.1) Influence of Nur Jahan on the Mughal Empire
17.6) Jahangir (1605-1627)
1) Noor Jahan's father Giyasveg was given the title of
1) After the death of Akbar, Jahangir
Etmauddaulah and appointed as Wazir.
ascended the throne of the Mughal
♀ Bhai Asaf Khan appointed as Khan-e-Saman
Empire in 1605.
2) Noorjahan's interference in politics :- Noorjahan / Junta
2) Nur Jahan(1611-1645) :- Nur Jahan's
faction formed in Mughal court which included Noorjahan,
real name was Mehrunnisa, who was
Giyasbeg, Asmatbeg, Asaf Khan
married to Jahangir in 1611.
3) Revolt of Prince Khurram :- Prince Khurram revolted against
♀ Title - Noor-e-Mahal (by Jahangir)
Jahangir due to the policies of Nur Jahan.
♀ Padshah Begum
4) Rebellion of Mahavat Khan (1676) :- Due to the policies of
Nur Jahan, there was rebellion by Mahavat Khan apart from
Khurram
 Effects/consequences of Jahangir

Positive result Negative consequences

❑ Help in marriage of orphan girls ❑ Encouraging conspiracy in the

❑ Mother Asmat Baig invented Mughal court

the method of making perfume ❑ Revolt of Prince Khurram and

from rose Mahavat Khan

❑ Etmauddaula's tomb built in ❑ Kandahar, out of the hands of

Agra the Mughals

❑ Shalimar Bagh was established ❑ The prestige of the Mughals

in Kashmir declined
 6.2) 12 Ordinances of Jahangir 6.3) war of succession
Jahangir issued 12 ordinances for public welfare, whose description Hearing the rumor of Shahjahan's death in 1657, there were wars of
we find in Tuzuk-e-Babri, which is as follows :- succession between his sons Shahshuja, Muraj, Dara Shikoh and
1) Abolition of taxes like Zakat, Tamga etc. Aurangzeb which are as follows -
2) Orders for construction of inns, wells, mosques along the 1) Battle of Bahadurgarh (1658) - Between Dara Shikoh and
roads Shahshuja near Banaras in which Shahshuja was defeated
3) Construction and renovation of public buildings 2) Battle of Dharmat (1658) - between Jaswant Singh and Qasim
4) drug prohibition Khan and Muraj and Aurangzeb in which the imperial army
5) Penalty for trespassing on another's property won
6) Mutual matrimonial relationship established by vassals 3) Battle of Samugarh (1658) - Between Dara Shikoh and
7) proper management of hospitals Aurangzeb near Agra in which Dara Shikoh was defeated
8) Authentication of grant of mirror land is necessary 4) Battle of Khajwa (1659) - between Mirjumla and Shahshuja in
9) Animal slaughter banned on Sunday and Thursday which Shahshuja was defeated
10) Sunday declared a respectable day 5) Battle of Deorai (1659) - The last battle that took place
11) Confirmation of Mansabdars and Jagirdars appointed between Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb in which Dara Shikoh
during Akbar's time was decisively defeated
12) release of long-term prisoners
 6.4) Reasons for the success of Aurangzeb

1) Military power of Dara Shikoh weakened (Battle of Bahadurgarh)

2) Aurangzeb's diplomacy
3) Kasim Khan's move to Aurangzeb's side
4) Aurangzeb's military and economic strength
5) Dara Shikoh was neither a good commander nor a good soldier
 7.1) Revolt against Aurangzeb
17.7) Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
1) Afghan Revolt :- Under the leadership of Afzal
1) Aurangzeb ascended the throne after defeating
Khan and Khushal Khan, tribes like Yusufzai, Gilzai,
his brothers in the war of succession.
Afridi, Khatak revolted.
2) Jat Revolt :- Jats revolted in 1666 under the
leadership of Gokul Jat
3) Satnami Rebellion :- In 1672 there was a rebellion
between the Mughal soldiers and the Satnami.
4) Bundela Rebellion :- Chhatrasal Bundela rebelled
and established an independent state in eastern
Malwa and made Panna the capital.
5) Sikh Revolt :- To avenge the murder of Guru Tegh
Bahadur, Guru Govind rebelled to establish the
Khalsa Panth
6) Marwar Rebellion :- The Rathores of Marwar 7.2) South/Deccan policy of Aurangzeb
revolted under the leadership of Durgadas
1) In relation to Aurangzeb's southern policy, the JN
Rathor.
government said that Aurangzeb's southern rebellion
7) Maratha Revolt :- Marathas revolted under
proved fatal for his empire.
the leadership of Shivaji in South India 2) Objective :-
8) Revolt of Prince Akbar :- Prince Akbar ♀ punishing his rebellious son Akbar
revolted and declared himself as the ♀ Right on Bijapur and Golconda
emperor. ♀ crushing the power of the Marathas

Thus Aurangzeb faced many rebellions during his 3) Key steps :-

♀ First phase - He entrusted the task of conquering
reign and after Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the
South to the Subedars in which Mughals got Kalyani,
decline of the Mughal Empire began.
Bidar, Parinda, Sholapur etc.
♀ Phase II - Aurangzeb conquered Bijapur and Golconda
in 1686 and 87 respectively and included them in the
Mughal Empire. Maratha ruler Shambhaji killed
 7.3) Reasons for Aurangzeb's failure 7.4) effects/results

1) geography of the south 1) political instability in North India

2) Difference between Mughal army and Maratha 2) The Mughal Empire became vast due to the inclusion

army (large, slow and small, dynamic, guerilla) of Bijapur and Golconda in the Mughal Empire, due

3) The spirit of national inspiration in the Marathas to which there was pressure on administration and

4) Erroneous policy of Aurangzeb (army under direct resources.

3) Direct conflict between the Marathas and the
rule)
Mughals began
5) Aurangzeb's suspicious attitude
4) Damage to agriculture business industry etc.
5) Weak economic condition of Mughals
6) encouraging many rebellious forces
Thus Aurangzeb's southern policy proved fatal for his
empire. Vincent Smith has rightly written that South
India became a grave for Aurangzeb's reputation and his
body.
 7.5) Aurangzeb's role in the decline of the Mughal Empire
Aurangzeb's religious policy - ╚ Rathor rebellion
1) Aurangzeb was a staunch Sunni Muslim who made Shariat the ╚ Jagirdari crisis weakened the economic condition due
basis of governance and followed a strict religious policy.
to which non-islamic programs were banned.
2) Objective :- Conversion of Darul Harb to Darul Islam
╚ Empire expansion
3) Factors influencing :-
╚ Example -
♀ To gain the support of the Muslim masses
♀ The challenge of proving himself as a staunch Muslim
▪ Applying Tilak, Tuladan, Jharokha Darshan banned

ruler ▪ Restrictions on festivals like Holi, Deepawali,

4) Stages of religious policy :- Dussehra etc.
♀ First phase - Adopted liberal religious policy towards ▪ Destroyed Vishwanath Temple, Keshavrai Temple
Rajputs and appointed Jaisingh and Jaswant Singh as etc.
Subedar.
▪ Completely abolished octroi from Muslim traders
♀ Second phase - Adopted strict religious policy towards
▪ imposed jizya tax on Hindus and imposed
Rajputs, behind which were the following reasons -
pilgrimage tax
╚ Revolt of Jats, Satnamis, Bundelas
╚ Shivaji's escape from Mughal captivity ▪ Restrictions on Muharram, Tazia etc.
Rajput policy of Aurangzeb - Mughal-Rajput relations
7.4) Effects/results
soured during Aurangzeb's reign. The Mughal-Rajput relation
1) Extra burden on revenue in suppressing Rajput
during the reign of Aurangzeb can be understood by
dividing it into the following phases :- rebellion

1) First phase :- Tried to establish strong relations with 2) Public welfare work affected

Rajputs and appointed them on important 3) The co-operation and support of the majority Hindu
administrative posts like- Jaisingh and Jaswant Singh people ended
were made Subedar of Gujarat and Deccan 4) decline of mughal military power
2) Second phase :- Bitterness came in relation to 5) Damage to the prestige of the Mughal Empire
Aurangzeb and Rajputs due to which the following -
♀ Shivaji's escape from Mughal captivity
♀ Not getting Rajput support in Jat and Satnami
rebellion
♀ Increase in Maratha collaboration (in southern
expansion policy)
♀ marwar problem
 ♀ Military loss to the Mughals (Takhte Taus,
Nadir Shah's Invasion
Kohinoor Diamond)
1) Nadir Shah was the ruler of Iran, who is called the ♀ North-West Frontier Province's security line
Napoleon of Iran and the last great general of destroyed
Asia. ♀ factionalism started between Irani, Turani and
2) Purpose/reason :- Hindu nobles
♀ Getting wealth in india Thus Nadirshah's invasion proved disastrous
♀ Nadir shah's enemies were given shelter by for the Mughal Empire, which made the downfall of
mohammad shah. the Mughal Empire inevitable.
♀ Assassination of nadirshah's messenger
♀ Nizam-ul-mulk invites Nadirshah to attack
3) Effects/results :-
♀ Decline of the prestige of the Mughal Empire
♀ Mughal Empire ended in Delhi for some time
 Reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire

1) External attack
2) Invasion of the royal court
3) Intervention of european powers
4) Ineligible heir
5) Defects of mansabdari system
6) Autocracy of mughal rulers
7) Fiefdom crisis
8) Responsibility of aurangzeb
9) Lack of rule of succession
10) Separate state system
 Central administration
Mughal administration
The head of the central administration of the Mughals was
1) The concept of kingship of the Mughals was
the emperor, who was the supreme ruler, law maker, judge,
based on the Turko-Mongol tradition. Akbar's etc., who were assisted by the following officers :-
kingship was based on the policy of Sulh-e-Kul 1) Wazir - supervised the entire Mughal administration
while Aurangzeb's stated objective was to (Bairam Khan)

convert Dar-ul-Harb into Dar-ul-Islam. 2) Diwan-i-Kul - head of the finance department who used

2) Principle/Features :- to assess, collect and inspect land revenue

3) Mir Bakshi - head of the military department, who is
♀ lack of law of succession
responsible for recruiting soldiers, branding horses and
♀ autocratic monarchy
elephants, etc.
♀ dominance of the military
4) Diwan-e-Sama - Chief of the state factories who inspect
♀ mix of Indian and foreign elements
the items of state requirement, war weapons etc.
♀ religious tolerance 5) sadr us sud - head of the religious department
♀ divineization of kingship overseeing religious affairs and advisor to the emperor
6) Qazi ul Qujat - Head of the Judicial Department 3) Military units :- The Mughal army was divided
7) Muhtasib - the act of overseeing the moral conduct of into 5 parts which are as follows -
the public
♀ Infantry - the largest branch of the Mughal
8) Daroga e Topkhana - Chief of the Royal Artillery
army
9) Inspector A Post Office - Head of the Information
♀ Cavalry army - it had two types of soldiers
Department
╚ Bagir - Weapons Horse received from the
10) Shah e Bandar - Chief of the Inspection of Ports
state
Military administration
╚ Siledar - had to bring weapons and horse
1) The organization of the Mughal army was based
himself
on the decimal system of the Mongols.
♀ Celebrity Army - Peelkhana Department
2) Categories of the Mughal Army :-
constituted for Celebrity Army
♀ Army of vassal kings
♀ Navy - formed a naval department named
♀ Ahdi army
Nawada and made Mir-e-Lahar the chief
♀ Army of mansabdars
♀ Artillery - Mir-i-Atish was the chief officer of
♀ Enlistment force
the artillery
 Judicial system ♀ Qisas - Based on the principle of blood for blood

1) In the Mughal period, the supreme judge of the state

Results of Mughal Administration
was the emperor and the chief judge of the state was
Qazi-ul-Kujat.
Positive result Negative result
2) Basis :- Quran, Hadith, Ijma, Qayas
3) In the Mughal period, criminal cases were judged under
‡ Creation of a Greater ‡ Exploitation of the public
Islamic laws.
Muslim State through elaborate
4) Types of Offenses :- Divine Offenses, State Offenses,
bureaucracy and military
‡ Internal and external
Personal Offenses
system
challenges ended and
5) Penal Code :- Four types of Penal Codes were ‡ highly centralized system,
peace established
prevalent in the Mughal period. - therefore a capable
‡ efficient administrative
♀ Hadd - Punishment for a divine crime (death emperor is necessary
system established ‡ qualification bypass
penalty)
‡ tough stance against ‡ Groupism started by
♀ Tajir - To reform criminals
corruption including people of all
♀ Tasheer - Punishment given to Hindus (shaving
castes and sects
the head, blackening)
 Other administration Mansabdari system
1) Provincial Administration :- According to Abul Fazl, Akbar 1) Mansab is an Arabic word which means rank/category. In
had divided the empire into 12 provinces, which are as follows the Mughal period, the man who got all was called
- Kabul, Multan, Lahore, Delhi, Agra etc. Mansabdar. Akbar's Mansabdari system was based on the
♀ The subedar was the head of the provincial decimal system of Mongols.
administration.
2) Source :- Aine Akbari, Iqbalnama e Jahangiri.
2) Sarkar Administration :- The division of provinces was in
3) Akbar's Mansabdari system had two parts :-
Sarkar whose chief officers were Faujdar, Malguzar, Khazandar
♀ Caste - Determination of Rank Pay of Mansabdar
3) Chakla :- Shah Jahan formed a unit called Chakla between
♀ Sawar - How much army can be maintained by
Sarkar and Pargana.
Mansabdar
4) Pargana :- The government was divided into parganas whose
4) Categories of Mansabdars divided into two types :-
chiefs were shiqdars and amils, fautdars and kanungos.
♀ on the basis of caste - divided into three categories
5) Urban Administration :- Kotwal was the head of the urban
administration, who was appointed by the emperor. ♀ Mansabdar - 10 to 500 caste mansab

6) Rural Administration The smallest unit of administration was ♀ Amir - 500 to 2500 caste mansab

the village which was headed by Mukadam/Patwari. ♀ Amir-e-Azam - more than 2500 caste mansabs
 ♀ On the basis of Sawar Mansab - divided into 8) Shortcoming :-
3 categories ♀ Fit to be king
╚ First class - equal to caste mansab ♀ Weak central military organization
╚ Class II - half or more than half of the ♀ Fiefdom crisis
caste mansab ♀ It is difficult to maintain cooperation and
╚ Class III - less than half of the caste coordination in the central army
mansab ♀ Promotion of court factionalism
5) Appointment :- On the basis of merit by the Despite having many defects in the above
emperor Mansabdari system, it was superior to the feudal and
6) Salary Allowances :- In the form of cash / jagir, Iqtadari system.
Shah Jahan implemented the monthly salary
system.
7) Benefit :-
♀ administrative integration set up
♀ Caste and religious discrimination among
 Jagirdari system ♀ Position not hereditary
6) Administrative control :-
1) Jagir A piece of land that was given by the emperor
♀ By officers like Faujdar, Diwan, Kanungo etc.
as a salary or donation, pleased with the service of
and Rajgamita law
someone, who received the jagir, was called Jagirdar.
7) Benefits of Jagirdari System :-
2) Started by :- Akbar
3) Objective :-
♀ better law and order at the local level

♀ Maintenance of soldiers by mansabdars ♀ Build a better army than revenue

♀ Solving the challenges of land revenue ♀ Avoid hiring excessive number of employees

collection 8) Demerits of jagirdari system :-

♀ Establishment of law and order ♀ Rise in peasant exploitation
4) Types of Jagiros :- Simaha, Jagir-e-Tankhwah, ♀ The condition of agriculture and farmers
Mashrut, Inam, Watan, Astamga, Shishgaha became low
5) Rights / duties :- ♀ The jagirdari crisis that led to the decline of
♀ Get paid the mughal Empire
♀ Can be transferred / can be taken away
 zamindari system ♀ Tertiary zamindars - Raja, Rao, Rai - autono
mous zamindars, the state used to collect
1) Zamindari is a Persian word which literally means lord
taxes from them itself
of the land.
4) Rights / duties :-
2) Ways to get zamindari :-
♀ inheritance tax ♀ State taxes on the produce of the land
♀ take another's land by war ♀ Revenue collection from farmers
♀ buying someone's land ♀ Make soil fertile
♀ making a hill or wild land fertile ♀ Encouraging farmers to do farming
♀ acquired the right of zamindari by the state ♀ In the event of a natural disaster, deducting
3) Categories of landlords :-
revenue by informing the state
♀ Primary Zamindar - Malgujar - collecting tax from
♀ Maintaining peace and order
farmers and depositing it in the treasury
♀ State military aid
♀ Secondary zamindars - khut, mukaddam,
The zamindars played an important role in the
chaudhary - assisting the state in collecting taxes
from the farmers development of the rural economy during the Mughal
period.
 ♀ Ain e Dahsala - At the time of Akbar, prevalent in
Land revenue system
8 provinces - Lahore, Delhi, Multan, Agra, Awadh,
1) The main source of income of the state was the land Bihar, Allahabad and Malwa
revenue which was on the basis of production.
2) There were mainly four systems of land revenue Ain-i-Dahsala

assessment prevalent during the Mughal period. :- 1) Ain-i-Dahsala or 10-year system was implemented in the
♀ Galla Bakshi / Batai - 1/3 of the land revenue was newspaper in 1580. The real pioneer of this system was
determined by estimating the production. There Todermal, due to which it is also called Todermal
were three types of this system- system.

╚ Field sharing - on the basis of standing crop 2) Key steps :-

╚ Lank Batai - without removing the husk ♀ Ilahi Gaj or Gaj-e-Ilahi (41 Angul) was used as the

╚ Raas Batai - After removing the straw unit of land measurement.

♀ Classification of land - on the basis of frequency
♀ Nasak / Nask - Determination of land revenue by
the land is divided into four categories -
taking the average of tax paid in the last 10-12 years
╚ Polaj - cultivable land each year
recorded in Patwari's records
╚ Fallow - Cultivated at an interval of 1 or 2
♀ Funkoot - 1/3 part land revenue fixed by estimating
years
production
 ╚ Chachar - Intervals of 3 or 4 years 3) Positive result :-

╚ barren - no cultivation for 5 years ♀ Loans, seeds, fertilizers were given keeping in
mind the interests of the farmers.
♀ Determination of land revenue - 1/3 part
♀ Issued lease to farmers
land revenue fixed on the average basis of
♀ Increase in state funds from regular revenue
production of last 10 years.
4) Negative consequences :-
♀ Conversion of grains into cash - made a rate
♀ Limited area applicable only in 8 provinces
table for converting grains into cash, which ♀ Burden in the exchequer due to the appointment
was called Rai of new officers
♀ Land Revenue Collection - Amalgujar, Amil, ♀ excess land revenue amount
Mukaddam, Patwari etc. responsible for Extracted Ain-e-Dahsala system Despite certain

revenue collection limitations, in this system of a progressive system, many

arrangements were made for the protection of the farmers
by removing the anomalies of the pre-existing land revenue
systems.
 Mughal Economy 4) Traffic communication :- Business facilities were
provided by building new highways and new inns.
The information about the Mughal economy is mainly
5) Ports :- Bharuch, Surat, Lahori, Calicut, Satgaon etc.
available from the description of Aine Akbari and European
6) Banking and insurance system :- In the Mughal
travelers which are as follows -
period, merchants named Saraf were related to the
1) Agriculture :- Agriculture was the main base,
insurance system.
production of 17 types of Rabi and 26 types of Kharif
crops like sugarcane, indigo, cotton, maize, tobacco 7) currency system :-

etc. ♀ Ashrafi, Muhar, Shahenshah (Gold)

2) Industry Business :- Gujarat Malwa and Banaras for ♀ Shahrukh, Kandahar, Rupee (silver)
cotton textile industry while Punjab Delhi Bengal ♀ daam, ana, jital (copper)
Banaras is famous for iron industry, copper industry, 8) Measurement :- The biggest scale of measurement
bronze industry, brass industry. was mana which was equal to 40 sers.
3) Commercial trade :- Prevalence of internal and 9) Urbanization :- Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Ajmer, Jaipur,
external trade, external trade mainly with Central Asia, Patna, Gwalior were the main cities.
Europe and Africa in which import of silver, horse, ivory
etc. and export of cotton cloth, muslin, sugar etc.
 Mughal society 4) Status of women :- Inspite of evil practices like
purdah system, child marriage, polygamy, dowry
1) Indian society was mainly divided into two parts
system, prostitution etc., there were many capable
during the Mughal period: - Hindu and Muslim
women like Karnavati Jodha Bai Durgavati Chand Bibi
society
Noorjahan Tarabai etc.
2) Hindu society was exploited and weak whereas
5) Slavery :- Often war prisoners were made slaves,
Muslim society was ruling class and powerful.
slavery was prevalent in both the societies.
♀ Hindu society - was mainly divided into three
6) Catering :- Vegetarian and non-vegetarian rice,
classes - ruling class, feudal class and common
pulses, millet, while fish, chicken, sheep, goat etc.
class - traders, artisans, farmers
7) Dress :- Men used to wear dhoti kurta tunic and
♀ Muslim society - was mainly divided into
churidar pyjama while women used to wear saree
three classes - ruling class, elite class, common
ghagra sal odhani etc.
class
8) Festivals :- Basant Panchami Shivratri Holi Dussehra
3) Caste system :- Hindu society was divided into
Diwali by Hindu while Nauroz Eid Muharram and other
various castes and sub-castes while Muslim society
festivals were celebrated at Mazars by Muslims
was divided into Shia and Sunni sects.
9) मनोिंजन :- संगीत नृत्य कला प्रदशवन नाटक नशु युद्ध जशकार 9) Entertainment :- music dance art performance
आदद तथा शतरंि चौगान आदद drama animal war hunting etc. and chess chaugan
इस प्रकार मुगलकालीन समाि में दहिं दू व मुस्लिमों की etc.
सामाजिक मान्यताओ ं एवं दक्रयाकलान में नयावप्त अं तर था दिर भी In this way, there was a substantial difference in the
दोनों ही समाि के लोग नारस्पररक सद्भाव के साथ एक दूसरे से social beliefs and activities of Hindus and Muslims in
घननि रून से संबंजित थे the Mughal society, yet the people of both societies
were closely related to each other with mutual
harmony.