NAME: ORAFU FRANCIS CHUKWUDI

REG NO:

DEPARTMENT: SCIENCE EDUCATION

OPTION: COMPUTER

COURSE CODE: EDU 103

COURSE TITLE: HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

QUESTION

1. WRITE SHORT NOTE ON THE EVOLUTION OF GREEK

2. THE MOST FAMOUS OF GREEK CITY STATES WERE ATHENS AND SPARTA,

DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING:

A. SPARTAN EDUCATION

B. EDUCATIONAL CURRICULUM OF SPARTA

C. ATHENIAN EDUCATION

D. OLD ATHENIAN EDUCATION.

E. NEW ATHENIAN EDUCATION (DISCUSS BASED ON POLITICALLY,

ECONOMICALLY, SOCIALLY)

3. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE MAJOR GREEK EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHERS

OF THE ANCIENT GREECE, THEY ARE; SOCRATES, PLATO AND ARISTOTILE.

DISCUSS ALL DIFFERENT PARAGRAPHS AND THEIR CONTRUBUTIONS TO

EDUCATION.

LECTURER: MR. CHRISTOPHER ALARIBE

MARCH 2024
The evolution of Greek foundation marks a pivotal period in the development of Western

civilization. It began around 800 BCE with the emergence of the city-states, known as "polis."

These city-states laid the groundwork for democracy, philosophy, and various aspects of

modern society. Initially, Greek society was tribal, with distinct cultural and political entities.

However, the rise of city-states facilitated the exchange of ideas and the flourishing of art,

literature, and political thought. Greek civilization evolved through several stages, from the

Archaic period characterized by city-state rivalry to the Classical period marked by cultural

achievements in art, literature, and philosophy, epitomized by figures like Socrates, Plato, and

Aristotle.

This evolution laid the foundation for the later Hellenistic period, characterized by the spread

of Greek culture under the reign of Alexander the Great, influencing societies across the

Mediterranean and Near East.

The foundation of Greek education traces back to ancient times, reflecting a rich history of

intellectual and philosophical development. Initially, education in ancient Greece was largely

informal, imparted within the confines of the family and community. However, with the rise

of city-states, particularly Athens and Sparta, formalized education systems began.

Greek education evolved from a primarily oral tradition to a more structured system with the

influence of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Initially, education focused

on physical training, music, and poetry, with an emphasis on developing the body and mind

in harmony. Over time, this evolved to include subjects such as mathematics, philosophy, and

rhetoric, reflecting the broader interests of Greek society.

The Greek educational system also played a significant role in shaping Western intellectual

thought, with many of its principles and practices influencing educational institutions

throughout history.
Education in Ancient Greece: A Comparative Analysis

a. Spartan Education

Spartan education was distinctive for its focus on creating disciplined and physically fit

citizens. From a young age, Spartan boys underwent rigorous training known as the agoge,

which emphasized endurance, discipline, and military skills. This education aimed to produce

soldiers who were loyal to the state above all else, prioritizing the needs of the collective over

individual desires.

Spartan education was primarily geared towards producing strong and disciplined warriors

who could defend the city-state. The agoge was the rigorous training program for Spartan

boys starting at the age of seven. It included physical training, combat skills, survival skills,

and exposure to hardship to foster resilience.

The education system emphasized collectivism over individualism, with a strong emphasis

on loyalty to the state and obedience to authority.

b. Educational Curriculum of Sparta

The educational curriculum of Sparta cantered around military training and physical fitness.

Boys were taught combat skills, such as wrestling, boxing, and weapon proficiency, from an

early age. They also received instruction in tactics, strategy, and the values of loyalty and

obedience to the state. The curriculum in Sparta revolved around physical fitness and military

training, Boys were trained in various combat techniques such as wrestling, boxing, spear

throwing, and swordsmanship. The curriculum aimed to instil endurance, discipline, and

resilience in Spartan youths, preparing them for the harsh realities of war and Spartan

society, : Unlike Athens, Sparta placed little emphasis on academic subjects such as

philosophy, literature, and mathematics, : Unlike Athens, Sparta placed little emphasis on
academic subjects such as philosophy, literature, and mathematics, : Unlike Athens, Sparta

placed little emphasis on academic subjects such as philosophy, literature, and mathematics, :

Unlike Athens, Sparta placed little emphasis on academic subjects such as philosophy,

literature, and mathematics, : Unlike Athens, Sparta placed little emphasis on academic

subjects such as philosophy, literature, and mathematics.

c. Athenian Education

Athenian education differed significantly from that of Sparta. While physical training was still

valued, Athenian education placed greater emphasis on intellectual pursuits and the arts. Boys

received instruction in subjects such as mathematics, philosophy, literature, and music, with

an emphasis on developing critical thinking and civic participation. he city-state of Athens

was home to renowned philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, whose ideas

greatly influenced Athenian education, Athenian education gradually became more accessible

to a broader segment of the population, with the establishment of public schools and the

promotion of democratic ideals. Athenian youths were taught the importance of civic

participation, democracy, and citizenship, preparing them for active involvement in the

political and social life of the city-state. he city-state of Athens was home to renowned

philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, whose ideas greatly influenced Athenian

education, Athenian education gradually became more accessible to a broader segment of the

population, with the establishment of public schools and the promotion of democratic ideals.

Athenian youths were taught the importance of civic participation, democracy, and citizenship,

preparing them for active involvement in the political and social life of the city-state. he city-

state of Athens was home to renowned philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle,

whose ideas greatly influenced Athenian education, Athenian education gradually became

more accessible to a broader segment of the population, with the establishment of public

schools and the promotion of democratic ideals. Athenian youths were taught the
importance of civic participation, democracy, and citizenship, preparing them for active

involvement in the political and social life of the city-state.

d. Old Athenian Education

In ancient Athens, education was primarily reserved for the sons of wealthy families. Boys

would receive private tutoring or attend schools known as gymnasia, where they would study

under the guidance of philosophers and scholars. The curriculum focused on subjects such as

literature, philosophy, rhetoric, and physical education. Education in ancient Athens was

primarily reserved for the sons of wealthy families who could afford private tutors or

schooling. Boys attended schools known as gymnasia, where they received instruction from

philosophers, scholars, and tutors. The curriculum focused on subjects such as literature,

philosophy, rhetoric, mathematics, music, and physical education. In addition to traditional

subjects, some Athenian youths studied under sophists, who taught rhetoric, debate, and

persuasion skills.

Education in ancient Athens was primarily reserved for the sons of wealthy families who

could afford private tutors or schooling

e. New Athenian Education

The educational landscape in Athens underwent significant changes over time, particularly

with the rise of democracy and the expansion of the Athenian empire. Politically, education

became more accessible to a broader segment of the population, as democratic ideals

promoted the importance of an educated citizenry. Economically, the state began to invest in

public education, providing opportunities for children from less privileged backgrounds.

Socially, education became a means of upward mobility, allowing individuals to pursue

careers in politics, trade, and the arts. The New Athenian Education reflected these changes,

with an increased emphasis on civic education, practical skills, and the cultivation of well-
rounded individuals capable of contributing to society in various capacities. Democratic

Changes: With the rise of democracy in Athens, education became more inclusive and

accessible to a wider range of citizens. The Athenian government began to invest in public

education, providing resources and opportunities for children from less privileged

backgrounds. Education became a means of social mobility, allowing individuals to rise above

their circumstances and pursue careers in politics, trade, and the arts. New Athenian Education

emphasized practical skills, civic education, and the cultivation of well-rounded individuals

capable of contributing to society.

Socrates:

Socrates, one of the most influential philosophers in Western thought, revolutionized the

approach to education through his method of inquiry and emphasis on critical thinking. Born

in Athens around 470 BCE, Socrates did not leave behind any written works; instead, his ideas

were transmitted through the writings of his students, most notably Plato. Socrates' primary

contribution to education lies in the development of the Socratic method, a form of

cooperative argumentative dialogue that encourages students to question their assumptions

and explore the fundamental principles underlying their beliefs.

Socratic Method: Socrates believed that genuine understanding could only be achieved

through questioning and self-examination. He engaged his students in dialectical discussions,

probing them to think deeply about moral, ethical, and philosophical issues.

Critical Thinking: By challenging conventional wisdom and encouraging scepticism,

Socrates fostered an intellectual environment that prioritized critical thinking and self-

reflection.
Morality and Virtue: Socrates' teachings often revolved around the pursuit of moral

excellence and the importance of living a virtuous life. He emphasized the importance of self-

knowledge and introspection in the quest for wisdom.

Plato:

Plato, a student of Socrates and the founder of the Academy in Athens, made significant

contributions to education through his philosophical dialogues and idealistic vision of the

"Republic." Building upon the teachings of his mentor, Plato explored various aspects of

education, including the nature of knowledge, the role of the philosopher-king, and the

importance of moral and intellectual development.

Theory of Forms: Plato's theory of Forms posited that abstract, universal concepts such as

justice, beauty, and truth exist independently of the physical world. This metaphysical

framework influenced his views on education, as he believed that education should lead

individuals toward an understanding of these transcendent truths.

Philosopher-King: In his dialogue "The Republic," Plato envisioned an ideal society governed

by philosopher-kings who possessed both intellectual wisdom and moral integrity. Education

played a crucial role in the upbringing of these guardians, shaping their character and guiding

them towards the pursuit of justice and the common good.

The Allegory of the Cave: Plato's Allegory of the Cave serves as a powerful metaphor for the

transformative power of education. It highlights the journey from ignorance to enlightenment,

emphasizing the importance of philosophical inquiry and intellectual liberation.

Aristotle:

Aristotle, a student of Plato and the founder of the Lyceum in Athens, made profound

contributions to education through his systematic approach to knowledge and his emphasis
 on empirical observation and practical reasoning. Aristotle's works cover a wide range of

subjects, including logic, metaphysics, ethics, politics, and education.

• Teleological Approach: Aristotle viewed education as a teleological process aimed at the

cultivation of human potential and the realization of individual excellence. He emphasized

the development of virtues and practical wisdom as essential components of a well-rounded

education.

• Theory of Virtue: In his ethical writings, particularly the "Nicomachean Ethics," Aristotle

explored the nature of virtue and the role of education in fostering moral character. He argued

that virtuous habits are acquired through practice and habituation, highlighting the importance

of ethical education in shaping virtuous individuals.

• Politics and Education: Aristotle's "Politics" examines the relationship between education

and the ideal polis (city-state). He believed that education should serve the dual purpose of

promoting individual flourishing and contributing to the well-being of the community.

Aristotle's ideas on civic education and the cultivation of civic virtues continue to influence

discussions on citizenship and democracy.

of Western educational philosophy and practice. Their enduring influence extends beyond

their respective lifetimes, shaping the trajectory of educational thought for centuries to come.

Socrates laid the groundwork for a pedagogical approach centred on inquiry, dialogue, and

the pursuit of truth, emphasizing the importance of critical thinking and moral introspection.

Plato expanded upon Socrates' ideas, articulating a comprehensive vision of education aimed

at cultivating philosopher-kings and fostering a just and harmonious society. His allegorical

writings, such as the Allegory of the Cave, continue to resonate as powerful metaphors for the

transformative power of education.

Aristotle, in turn, provided a systematic framework for understanding the nature and purpose

of education, integrating insights from logic, ethics, and politics. His teleological approach

emphasized the development of virtues and practical wisdom, underscoring the ethical

dimension of education and its role in promoting human flourishing.

Together, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the groundwork for a holistic approach to

education that encompasses intellectual, moral, and civic dimensions. Their ideas continue to

inspire educators and philosophers alike, serving as a timeless reminder of the transformative

potential of education to shape individuals and societies for the better.

Socrates. (n.d.). In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved March 22, 2024, from

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/

Plato. (n.d.). In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved March 22, 2024, from

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/

Aristotle. (n.d.). In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved March 22, 2024, from

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/

Reeve, C. D. C. (2004). Aristotle on education: The Politics and the Ethics. In The Oxford

handbook of philosophy of education. Oxford University Press.