Protection Systems and Devices
(Protective Relays)
Lecture 6
Dr. Ahmed Saber
Electrical Power Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
2020-2021
Lecture Contents
1. Example for Understanding Directional Element
2. Relay Settings and Coordination of A System with
Parallel Source Feeders
3. Relay Settings and Coordination of A ring System
Example for Understanding Directional Element
• A solidly 2-ph. to ground fault (b-c-g) occurs at point F. The
calculated phases voltages and currents at R1 are, as follow:
𝑈𝑎 = 3.98∠0° 𝑘𝑉, 𝑈𝑏 = 0 𝑘𝑉, 𝑈𝑐 = 0 𝑘𝑉
𝐼𝑎 = 0 𝑘𝐴, 𝐼𝑏 = 23∠140° kA, 𝐼𝑐 = 23∠80° 𝑘𝐴
• If self-polarized voltage is utilized for R1, RCA =45⁰ (lead),
Max. forward angle = 80⁰, and Min. forward angle =80⁰.
• Check if the directional element of R1 operates or not?
Example for Understanding Directional Element
Solution:
• All below cases should be checked in case of self-polarizing.
Example for Understanding Directional Element
• As Ub and Uc are equal to zero, R1 status of phases b and c
will be “unknown”, rows 2 and 3 in the table.
• As Ia is equal to zero, R1 status of phase a will be “unknown”,
row 1 in the table.
• As (Ub-Uc) is equal to zero, R1 status of phases (b-c) will be
“unknown”, row 5 in the table.
𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑏 = 23∠ − 40° kA, 𝑈𝑎 − 𝑈𝑏 = 3.98∠0° 𝑘𝑉
• As in the next figure, the directional element of R1 will not
operate for (a-b).
• In other words, Angle difference = 0 – (-40) – (-45) = 85 > 80⁰.
Example for Understanding Directional Element
𝐼𝑐 − 𝐼𝑎 = 23∠80° 𝑘𝐴, 𝑈𝑐 − 𝑈𝑎 = 3.98∠180° 𝑘𝑉
• Directional element of R1 will not operate for (c-a).
• Angle difference = 180 – 80 – (-45) = 145 > 80⁰.
• RCA should be modified to be equal 45⁰ (lag).
Example for a system with double sources
• The first step is to calculate the 3-ph. and 1-ph. fault current
at all relay locations.
Isc 𝑎𝑡 𝑅1 = 15.4 kA
Isc 𝑎𝑡 𝑅2 = 15.4 kA
Isc 𝑎𝑡 𝑅3 = 30.8 kA
Ig at R3 = 2000 A
Ig at R1 = 1000 A
Ig at R2 = 1000 A
Example for a system with double sources
1) Phase mode settings (51 and 67>):
• Consider that normal inverse IEC characteristic equation is
selected for both relays, where:
0.14
𝑡 = 𝑇𝑀𝑆 × 𝐼 0.02
(1)
;1
𝐼𝑠
Pickup current for R3 = 1.5*131.2 = 197 A.
Relay setting current for R3 (Is) = 197/200 = 0.99 A.
• Operating time of R3 is set at 0.5 sec corresponding to 3-phase
through fault current of the 2.5 MVA transformer.
Example for a system with double sources
• Fault current can be obtained from:
𝑆𝑆𝑐−𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠.2 35.7
𝐼𝑠𝑐) 11𝑘𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = = = 1.875 kA
3×11 3×11
• Accordingly, to determine the TMS for R3, substitute in (1):
1875/200 0.02
0.5× ;1
0.99
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.164
0.14
• Therefore, the selected TMS is equal to 0.17
• Operating time of R3 for a 3-phase current at R3 location is:
0.17×0.14
t)R3 = = 0.224 𝑠𝑒𝑐
30800/200 0.02
;1
0.99
Example for a system with double sources
• For this configuration, R1 and R2 are not required to be
coordinated with R3.
• Thus, operating time of R1 or R2 can be set at 0.1 sec.
• Pickup current for R1 = 0.5*current rating of T2
• Pickup current for R1 = 0.5*32000/1.732/11 = 840 A.
• Relay setting current for R1 (Is) = 840/2000 = 0.42 A.
• Accordingly, to determine the TMS for R1, substitute in (1):
15400/2000 0.02
0.1× ;1
0.42
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.043
0.14
Example for a system with double sources
• Therefore, selected TMS is equal to 0.05 (minimum value of
TMS)
• Re-calculate operating time of R1 using equation (1):
0.05×0.14
t)R1 = = 0.117 𝑠𝑒𝑐
15400/2000 0.02
;1
0.42
• The same setting of R1 is applied to R2 since both 66/11 kV
transformers are typical.
Example for a system with double sources
2) Phase mode settings (50 and 67>>):
Pickup current for R3 = 1.3*1875 = 2437.5 A.
Relay setting current for R3 (Is) = 2437.5/200 = 12.19 A.
• Delay time is set at 0.02 sec (minimum relay operating time).
Pickup current for R1 = 0.7*15400 = 10780 A.
Relay setting current for R1 (Is) = 10780/2000 = 5.39 A.
• Delay time is set at 0.02 sec since R1 is not required to be
coordinated with R3.
• R1 and R2 have the same settings.
Example for a system with double sources
3) Ground mode settings (50N, 51N, and 67N):
Pickup current for R3 = 0.2*2000 = 400 A.
Relay setting current for R3 (Is) = 400/200 = 2 A.
• For 51N, the definite delay time is set at 0.1 sec.
Pickup current for R1 = 0.2*1000 = 200 A.
Relay setting current for R1 (Is) = 200/2000 = 0.1 A.
• Delay time is set at 0.1 sec since R1 is not required to be
coordinated with R3.
• R1 and R2 have the same settings.
Example for a ring system
• The first step is to calculate the 3-ph. and 1-ph. fault current
at all relay locations.
S)sc-network = 3600.8 MVA
S)sc-T1 or T2 = 320 MVA
S)sc-cable 1 or S)sc-cable 4 = 2348.6 MVA
S)sc-cable 2 or S)sc-cable 3 = 1565.7 MVA
S)sc-T3 =2.5/0.07 = 35.7 MVA
3600.8×(320×2)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆)𝑠𝑐 𝑎𝑡 𝑅1 = = 543.4 𝑀𝑉𝐴
3600.8:(320×2)
Example for a ring system
Isc at R1 = Isc at R8 = 543.4/1.732/11 = 28.52 kA
Calculations of Isc at R2, R3, R6, and R7 considering the
directions of these relays are as follow:
1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆)𝑠𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 2&3&4 = 1 1 1
: :
1565.7 1565.7 2348.6
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆)𝑠𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 2&3&4 = 587.1 𝑀𝑉𝐴
543.4× 2348.6:587.1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆)𝑠𝑐 𝑎𝑡 𝐵𝑢𝑠2 = = 458.5 𝑀𝑉𝐴
543.4: 2348.6:587.1
587.1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆)𝑠𝑐 𝑎𝑡 𝑅2 = 458.5 × = 91.7 𝑀𝑉𝐴
2348.6:587.1
Isc at R2 = Isc at R7 = 91.7/1.732/11 = 4.8 kA.
Example for a ring system
2348.6
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆)𝑠𝑐 𝑎𝑡 𝑅3 = 458.5 × = 366.8 𝑀𝑉𝐴
2348.6:587.1
Isc at R3 = Isc at R6 = 366.8/1.732/11 = 19.3 kA
Calculations of Isc at R4, R5, and R9 are as follow:
1565.7∗2348.6
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆)𝑠𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 1&2 = = 939.4 𝑀𝑉𝐴
1565.7:2348.6
543.4× 939.4×2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆)𝑠𝑐 𝑎𝑡 𝐵𝑢𝑠 3 = = 421.5 𝑀𝑉𝐴
543.4: 939.4×2
421.5
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆)𝑠𝑐 𝑎𝑡 𝑅4 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆)𝑠𝑐 𝑎𝑡 𝑅5 = = 210.7 𝑀𝑉𝐴
2
Isc at R4 = Isc at R5 = 210.7/1.732/11 = 11.1 kA.
Isc at R9 = 2*11.1 = 22.2 kA.
𝐼𝑔 ≈ 1000 A for all relays, except R1, R8, and R9 = 2000 A
Example for a ring system
1) Phase mode settings (51 and 67>): Start with relays, which do
not operate as a backup protection for others.
• Consider that normal inverse IEC characteristic equation is
selected for both relays, where:
0.14
𝑡 = 𝑇𝑀𝑆 × 𝐼 0.02
(1)
;1
𝐼𝑠
Pickup current for R9 = 1.5*131.2 = 197 A.
Relay setting current for R9 (Is) = 197/200 = 0.99 A.
Operating time of R9 is set at 0.5 sec corresponding to 3-phase
through fault current of the 2.5 MVA transformer.
Example for a ring system
Fault current can be obtained from:
𝑆𝑆𝑐−𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠.2 35.7
𝐼𝑠𝑐) 11𝑘𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = = = 1.875 𝑘𝐴
3×11 3×11
Accordingly, to determine the TMS for R9, substitute in (1):
1875/200 0.02
0.5× ;1
0.99
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.164
0.14
Therefore, selected TMS is equal to 0.17
Operating time of R9 for a 3-phase current at R9 location is:
0.17×0.14
t)R9 = = 0.240 𝑠𝑒𝑐
22200/200 0.02
;1
0.99
Example for a ring system
• Next relays are R2 and R7 as they do not operate as a backup
protection for others.
• Thus, operating time of R2 is set at 0.1 sec.
• Pickup current for R2 = 50% of cable current carrying capacity.
Pickup current for R2 = 0.5*2000 = 1000 A.
Relay setting current for R2 (Is) = 1000/2000 = 0.5 A.
• Accordingly, to determine TMS for R2, substitute in (1):
4800/2000 0.02
0.1× ;1
0.5
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.022
0.14
Example for a ring system
• Therefore, minimum value of TMS is considered at 0.05.
• Re-calculate operating time of R2 using equation (1):
0.05×0.14
t)R2 = = 0.219 𝑠𝑒𝑐
4800/2000 0.02
;1
0.5
• Same setting of R2 is applied to R7.
• Backup protection for R2 and R7 are R4 and R5, respectively.
• Operating time of R4 is set at (0.219 + 0.3 = 0.519 sec).
• Pickup current for R4 = 110% of cable current carrying capacity.
Pickup current for R4 = 1.1*1300 = 1430 A.
Example for a ring system
Relay setting current for R4 (Is) = 1430/1250 = 1.15 A.
• Accordingly, to determine the TMS for R4, substitute in (1):
4800/1250 0.02
0.519× ;1
1.15
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.0905
0.14
• Therefore, selected TMS is equal to 0.1
• Operating time of R4 using equation (1) due to fault at R4:
0.1×0.14
t)R4 = = 0.336 𝑠𝑒𝑐
11100/1250 0.02
;1
1.15
• Same setting of R4 is applied to R5.
Example for a ring system
• Backup protection for R4 and R5 is R6 and R3, respectively.
Thus, operating time of R6 = 0.336 + 0.3 = 0.636 sec.
• Pickup current for R6 = 110% of cable current carrying capacity.
Pickup current for R6 = 1.1*1300 = 1430 A.
Relay setting current for R6 (Is) = 1430/1250 = 1.15 A.
• Accordingly, to determine TMS for R6, substitute in (1):
11100/1250 0.02
0.636× ;1
1.15
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.189
0.14
• Therefore, selected TMS is equal to 0.19
Example for a ring system
• Operating time of R6 using equation (1) due to fault at R6:
0.19×0.14
t)R6 = = 0.499 𝑠𝑒𝑐
19300/1250 0.02
;1
1.15
• Same setting of R6 is applied to R3.
• Do not Forget to check that R3 and R6 are coordinated with R9.
• Operating time of R6 due to fault at R9:
0.19×0.14
t)R6 = = 0.637 𝑠𝑒𝑐
11100/1250 0.02
;1
1.15
CTI between R6 and R9 = 0.637-0.240 = 0.397 sec > 0.3 sec.
Example for a ring system
• R1 and R8 are backup protection for R3 and R6, respectively.
Thus, operating time of R8 = 0.499 + 0.3 = 0.799 sec.
Pickup current for R8 = 1.1*2000 = 2200 A.
Relay setting current for R8 (Is) = 2200/2000 = 1.1 A.
• Accordingly, to determine TMS for R8, substitute in (1):
19300/2000 0.02
0.799× ;1
1.1
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.253
0.14
• Therefore, selected TMS is equal to 0.26.
• Same setting of R8 is applied to R1.
Example for a ring system
2) Phase mode settings (50 and 67>>):
Pickup current for R9 = 1.3*1875 = 2437.5 A.
Relay setting current for R9 (Is) = 2437.5/200 = 12.19 A.
Delay time for 50 is set at 0.02 sec.
Pickup current for R2 or R7 = 0.7*4800 = 3360 A.
Relay setting current for R2 or R7 (Is) = 3360/2000 = 1.68 A.
Delay time is set at 0.02 sec.
Pickup current for R4 or R5 = 0.7*11100 = 7770 A.
Relay setting current for R4 or R5 (Is) = 7770/1250 = 6.22 A.
Example for a ring system
Delay time is set at (0.02+0.3 = 0.32 sec).
Pickup current for R3 or R6 = 0.7*19300= 13510 A.
Currant setting for R3 or R6 (Is) = 13510/1250 = 10.81 A.
Delay time is set at (0.32+0.3 = 0.62 sec).
Pickup current for R1 or R8 = 0.7*28520= 19964 A.
Currant setting for R1 or R8 (Is) = 19964/2000 = 9.982 A.
Delay time is set at (0.62+0.3 = 0.92 sec).
Example for a ring system
3) Ground mode settings (50N, 51N, 67N):
Pickup current for R9 = 0.2*2000 = 400 A.
Relay setting current for R9 (Is) = 400/200 = 2 A.
For 51N, definite delay time is set at 0.1 sec.
Pickup current for R2 or R7 = 0.2*1000 = 200 A.
Relay setting current for R2 or R7 (Is) = 200/2000 = 0.1 A.
Delay time is set at 0.1 sec.
Pickup current for R4 or R5 = 0.2*1000 =200 A.
Relay setting current for R4 or R5 (Is) = 200/1250 = 0.16 A.
Example for a ring system
Delay time is set at (0.1+0.3 = 0.4 sec).
Pickup current for R3 or R6 = 0.2*1000 = 200 A.
Relay setting current for R3 or R6 (Is) = 200/1250 = 0.16 A.
Delay time is set at (0.4+0.3 = 0.7 sec).
Pickup current for R1 or R8 = 0.2*2000 = 400 A.
Relay setting current for R1 or R8 (Is) = 400/2000 = 0.2 A.
Delay time is set at (0.7+0.3 = 1 sec).
Example for a ring system
• Important Notes:
1) Protection should protect against thermal damage of
transformer and cable.
2) These settings are only applicable for this network
configuration.
3) The protection settings may need to update if the network
configuration changes.
