대학수학능력시험 영어영역 대비 14회

1. 3.
Genetic engineering followed by cloning to distribute many Extinction involves the removal of a positive reward. Extinction
identical animals or plants is sometimes seen as a threat to the occurs when one tries to eliminate an undesirable behavior by
diversity of nature. However, humans have been replacing diverse withholding rewards when the behavior occurs. A student who is
natural habitats with artificial monoculture for millennia. Most late for class misses the teacher’s reward for promptness that day.
natural habitats in the advanced nations have already By withholding the reward, the teacher can eventually eliminate
been replaced with some form of artificial environment based the chronic tardiness (the tardiness becomes extinct). However,
on mass production or repetition. The real threat to biodiversity is extinction can also work on good, desirable behaviors that are
surely the need to convert ever more of our planet into not rewarded. A student who works hard during class,
production zones to feed the ever-increasing human population. but , may soon stop working as diligently.
The cloning and transgenic alteration of domestic animals Can you imagine receiving the chapter, state, or American FFA
makes little difference to the overall situation. Conversely, the (Future Farmers of America) degree with no awards, no banquet,
renewed interest in genetics has led to a growing awareness and no State Convention or National Convention to attend?
which there are many wild plants and animals with interesting Without these awards or some other type of recognition, students
or useful genetic properties that could be used for a variety of as- would no longer do the work that goes into earning these awards
yet-unknown purposes. This has led in turn to a realization that we — that behavior would become extinct.
should avoid destroying natural ecosystems because they may *tardiness: **chapter: ***banquet:
harbor tomorrow’s drugs against cancer, malaria, or obesity.
whose hard work goes unnoticed
*monoculture:
lacks inner motivation
achieves insignificant results
is recognized for other efforts
experiences constant interruptions

2. 4.
In no way is the use of the word “concept” intended to suggest
Observations are not always undertaken with a clear sense of
that perceiving is an intellectual operation. The processes in
what data may be relevant. Think, for example, of a detective at
question must be thought of as occurring within the visual sector
the scene of a crime. What small details need to be noted or
of the nervous system. But the term concept is intended to suggest
perhaps preserved for future reference? Moreover, a set of
a striking similarity between the elementary activities of the
observations may yield unanticipated information — data that
senses and the higher ones of thinking or reasoning. So great is
does not conform to the observer’s sense of what is relevant
this similarity that many psychologists attributed the achievements
— but information that is nonetheless of some importance.
of the senses to . Those psychologists
Recently, medical researchers at a large university were studying
spoke of unconscious conclusions or computations because they
the effect of calcium on pregnancy-related high blood pressure.
assumed that perception itself could do no more than mechanically
Though they observed no significant reductions in the blood
register the impingements of the outer world. It seems now that
pressure of the women in their study who took calcium, they did
the same mechanisms operate on both the perceptual and the
notice something quite interesting and unexpected. The women in
intellectual level, so that terms like concept, judgment, logic,
their study who took calcium during pregnancy had lower rates
abstraction, conclusion, computation, are needed in describing the
of depression than those who took a placebo instead of calcium.
work of the senses.
As a result, the researchers began an entirely new study, one
*impingement:
designed to determine the extent to which calcium can prevent
depression in pregnant women. As this example suggests, it is external factors influencing perception
important not to become too attached to fixed notions of what subconscious influences on cognition
may constitute relevant observational data. Otherwise, we run the innate predispositions towards reasoning
risk of detecting something that may turn out to be significant. innate deficiencies in sensory processing
*placebo: secret aid supposedly rendered them by the intellect

1
3 메다닥 미니 모의고사 [14회]
 영어 영역
5. 7.
The American Revolution (1774–83) ranks among the most Heller and Eisenberg claimed that gene patenting may cause
written about episodes in history. It achieved independence and a problem of the “tragedy of the anti-commons” for biomedical
forged a great nation. But historians and readers have mostly research, because a gene patent can be broad enough to cover
approached it as an isolated American drama, the decisive any commercial use of the gene and the gene product.
formative episode in the history of the nation-state. That it also
exerted an immense social, cultural, and ideological impact on the (A) However, when a scarce resource is overprivatized the result
rest of the world that proved fundamental to the shaping of can be a “tragedy of the anti-commons,” which will result in
democratic modernity has attracted little attention since the mid- the under-use of a resource because too many people are
nineteenth century until very recently. The American Revolution, excluded from using the resource.
preceding the great French Revolution of 1789–99, was the first (B) Under-use in human gene patents was said to be pervasive,
and one of the most momentous upheavals of a whole series of because the high licensing fee limits any further research,
revolutionary events gripping the Atlantic world during the three- especially when most diseases are polygenic, meaning that
quarters of a century from 1775 to 1848–49. Like the French multiple genes are involved in the manifestation of a disease
Revolution, these in and several pieces of genetic material are needed to develop a
ways rarely examined and discussed in broad context. product.
*forge: **upheaval: (C) When people hold a resource in common, they tend to overuse
it because they lack any incentive to conserve the resource.
were mere footnotes in the shadow of America
This overuse is generally referred to as a “tragedy of the
were largely unaware of, and unaffected by, America
commons,” and privatization is often used to solve this
were all profoundly affected by, and impacted on, America
problem.
were insignificant compared to, and unrelated to, America
(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C)
had definite connection to, and great influence on, America
(B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B)
(C) (B) (A)

8.
6. Most employees want to do a good job, make a difference,
A guarantee of authenticity through a form of certification is and be valued for their efforts.
important to many tourist consumers. Documentation of
legitimacy may be provided in the form of official paperwork and (A) Recognizing accomplishments in a timely manner by a
certificates, photographs, artisans’ signatures, and dates. In simple, sincere “Thank You” can go a long way in improving
their 1993 paper, Littrell and her colleagues suggest that it is performance. The level of motivation in part will be determined
typically tourists with a need for status who often judge authenticity by the time lapse between the occurrence and awarding the
by external markers such as these. According to nearly half of recognition.
the visitors in one New Zealand study, authenticity was important (B) The closer the recognition to the occurrence, the greater will
in their decision to buy an item of clothing. When asked if they be the motivation, creating a positive environment that fosters
would be more likely to buy clothing from New Zealand if design improved performance. Really listening to what employees
authenticity were included on the label, 46% said that they would. are saying lets employees feel they are contributing, giving
The same study also noted that domestic tourists from New them a sense of worth.
Zealand, as well as visitors from Australia and Asia, considered (C) Regardless of the situation, the company must take time to
verification of genuineness on labels very important in their determine what employees need. Employee performance is
purchasing decisions, while visitors from Europe and North often tied more to personal factors like being appreciated for
America were less concerned with the issue. Meanwhile, doing a good job than to money.
European and American tourists were found to spend more money (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C)
on food and experience than on shopping. (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B)
*verification: (C) (B) (A)

2
3
 영어 영역
9.

They were told that, according to their parents, these events

had occurred in their childhood.

In a study, 77 undergraduate students were interviewed. ( )

During these interviews, they were presented with various events
(e.g., falling on their head, getting a painful wound, or being sent
to a hospital emergency room). ( ) The interviewer gave
further details about the events supposedly given by the parents.
( ) Unknown to the interviewees, the events were invented by
the researchers and had never happened to the participants
according to their parents. ( ) Guided imagery instructions
were given to the participants to help them generate images for
the false event (e.g., “Visualize what it might have been like and
the memory will probably come back to you”). ( ) Results
indicated that 26% of students “recovered” a complete memory
for the false event, and another 30% recalled aspects of the false
experience.

10.

It is a transformative process based on trust and mutual

respect, in which we come to see another in new and more
accurate ways.

We live in times of great change, in which much is being asked

of us. ( ) We live at a time when we are less and less able to
listen and really hear one another in society, at a time when those
with different views, beliefs, or backgrounds are so easily cast as
the “other.” ( ) At this time when great forces of political,
social, economic, and environmental change are sweeping the
globe and intensifying our separation from self, others, and life,
we need to learn how to speak and listen in a new way. ( ) We
need to learn how to reperceive our world with fresh eyes, beyond
inherited historical and economic structures of competition and
separation that can so easily determine our relationships. ( )
True dialogue is more than the mere exchange of ideas. ( ) As
theologian David Lochhead explains, “it is a way of knowing
truth that neither party possesses prior to the dialogue.”

3
3 메다닥 미니 모의고사 [14회]